365bet娱乐

In this last chapter a comparison of different important 艢颈办峁Ｄ� will be discussed in the basis of seven different points of view. These are:

鈥� Comparative study on the process of sound production;
鈥� Comparative study on place of speech sound production;
鈥� Comparative study on letters;
鈥� Comparative study on accent;
鈥� Comparative study of Sanskrit sound on quantity;
鈥� Comparative study on Sandhi;
鈥� Comparative study on insertion or expulsion of sounds; 

1 Comparative study on the process of sound production

According to the 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� there are very important conditions for the production of sound. This three factors are -

(i) The contact of mind with the soul is a necessary or primary condition for the production of speech sound.

啶嗋い啷嵿ぎ啶� 啶�啷佮う啷嵿ぇ啷嵿く啶� 啶膏ぎ啷囙い啷嵿く啶距ぐ啷嵿ぅ啶距え啷� 啶�啶ㄠ�� 啶�啷佮�權�嵿�曕�嵿い啷� 啶掂た啶掂�曕�嵿し啶�啶距��

膩tm膩 buddhy膩 samety膩rth膩n mano yu峁卥te vivak峁�ay膩|

(笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,3)

No cognition is possible unless the mind invariably comes into touch with the soul. It is surely an activity of the mind that sends a stimulus to the whole mechanism of speech and sets the sounding apparatuses to work.

(ii) Secondly, the mind first acts upon the physical fire鈥�

啶�啶ㄠ�� 啶曕ぞ啶�啶距�椸�嵿え啶苦ぎ啶距す啶ㄠ�嵿い啶�

尘补苍补岣� 办腻测腻驳苍颈尘腻丑补苍迟颈

(笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,3);

This physical fire is the most active element known to the world of phoneticians. The world is said to be an embodiment of fire. It may be considered to be the essence of all things. From a physiological point of view fire is the vital force which animates all living beings and accounts for the activity of all physical mechanisms.

(iii) Another important part for the production of speech sound is the life-breath or 辫谤腻峁嘺惫腻测耻. It gives rise to all kinds of sounds. The navel region is generally considered to be the place where from air passes upwards till it reaches the speech-organs which are finally employed for the production of sound like k, kh etc.

The mental process of speech sound production seems to have been widely accepted by the 痴补谤峁嘺谤补迟苍补辫谤补诲墨辫颈办腻 艢颈办峁Ｄ�. According to this 艢颈办峁Ｄ� the internal effort is the creative factor of sound. 

The soul urges the mind in order to give expression, i.e. to vocalize the thought rising within.

啶嗋い啷嵿ぎ啶距ざ啶曕�嵿い啷嵿く啶� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶掂�曕�嵿し啷嵿く啷囙そ啶灌�傗�︵イ

膩tm膩艣akty膩 pravak峁�ye'ha峁冣��|

(痴补谤峁嘺谤补迟苍补辫谤补诲墨辫颈办腻 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,24)

2 Comparative study on the speech sound production place

According to the 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� the speech sounds have eight places of articulation: chest, throat, and roof of the mouth, root of the tongue, teeth, nostril, lips and palate.^[1]

On the other hand according to the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� also admitted eight^[2] places of articulation like鈥揷hest, velar or guttural, cerebral, palatal, dental, labial, the roof of the teeth, the roof of the tongue. The 痴补谤峁嘺谤补迟苍补辫谤补诲墨辫颈办腻 艢颈办峁Ｄ�^[3] also mentioned these same types of articulator place. Though in the 惭腻峁囜笉耻办墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�^[4] and the 狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� the total number of articulator place is not mentioned but they stated various organs of different musical note. In this content they mentioned one different type of articulator place which called the forehead.

The forehead is the creator of the sixth musical note.

啶侧げ啶距�熰ぞ啶︵�嵿ぇ啷堗さ啶む�� 啶掂た啶︵�嵿く啶距え啷嵿え啶苦し啶距う啶� 啶膏ぐ啷嵿さ啶膏え啷嵿ぇ啶苦�溹ぎ啷嵿��

lal膩峁�膩ddhaivata峁� vidy膩n苍颈峁Ｄ乨补峁� sarvasandhijam|

(狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 1/5/6)

3 Comparative study on letters

There are different numbers of letters according to the different 艢颈办峁Ｄ� of different Veda. For example according to the 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� the total numbers of letters are sixty three or sixty four^[5]. Though the total number of letters are not mentioned in the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� but according to the view of 痴颈惫峁泃颈办腻谤补 the total number of letters are sixty five. 

In the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� the category or Sanskrit letter are mentioned clearly. For example鈥�

啶膏�嵿さ啶班ぞ啶� 啷� 啶膏�嵿お啶班�嵿ざ啶距え啷嵿い啶膏�嵿く啷嬥し啷嵿ぎ啶距ぃ啶� 啷� 啶曕ぃ啷嵿�熰�嵿く-啶溹た啶灌�嵿さ啶距ぎ啷傕げ啷�啶�啶むぞ啶侧さ啷嵿��-啶�啷傕ぐ啷嵿う啷嵿ぇ啶ㄠ�嵿く-啶︵え啷嵿い啷嵿く啷嬥し啷嵿�犩�嵿く-啶�啶�啶距え啷佮じ啷嵿さ啶距ぐ 啶掂た啶膏ぐ啷嵿�溹え啷�啶�啷嬥お啶о�嵿ぎ啶距え啷�啶�啶ㄠぞ啶膏た啶曕�嵿く啶距そ啶ㄠ�佮え啶距じ啶苦�曕�嵿く啶班�權�嵿�椸ぞ啶冟イ

svar膩岣� | spar艣膩ntasyo峁�m膩峁嘺岣� | ka峁囜弓ya-箩颈丑惫腻尘奴濒墨测补t膩lavya-m奴rddhanya-dantyo峁ａ弓hya-yam膩nusv膩ra visarjan墨yopadhm膩n墨yan膩siky膩'nun膩sikyara峁単膩岣�|

(艢颈办峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha, p.13)

According to the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� there are twenty three vowels. In this connection the 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� admits only twenty one vowels. 痴补谤峁嘺谤补迟苍补辫谤补诲墨辫颈办腻 艢颈办峁Ｄ� also mentioned only twenty one vowels. 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� admit both 岣� and extra long 岣�3 in the 鈥�惫补谤峁嘺辫谤补办补谤补峁嘺鈥�. This matter can be clearly described by the help of a table 23.

Table: 23 Total Number of Vowels according to 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 痴补谤峁嘺谤补迟苍补辫谤补诲墨辫颈办腻 艢颈办峁Ｄ�

Name of the 艢颈办峁Ｄ�	Vowels	Total Number of Vowels
笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�	a, 膩, 膩3, i, 墨, 墨3, u, 奴, 奴3, 峁�, 峁�, 峁�3, 岣�, e, e3, ai, ai3, o, o3, au, au3	21
驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�	a, 膩, i, 墨, 峁�, 岣�, e, ai, o, au, 膩3, 墨3, u, 奴, 奴3, 诲墨谤驳丑补 峁�,峁�3, 岣�,pluta 岣�,e3, ai3, o3, au3	23
痴补谤峁嘺谤补迟苍补辫谤补诲墨辫颈办腻 艢颈办峁Ｄ�	a, 膩, 膩3, i, 墨, 墨3, u, 奴, 奴3, 峁�, 峁�, 峁�3, 岣�, e, e3, ai, ai3, o, o3, au, au3	21

4 Comparative study on accent

Accent is one of the important factor of pronunciation. Every Vedic text is based on accent. There are three major types of accent as 耻诲腻迟迟补, an耻诲腻迟迟补 and svarita. According to the 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� the number of accent are three. 

But these varieties of accent are turned into the seven notes at the time of chanting of the 厂腻尘补惫别诲补鈥�

啶夃う啶距い啷嵿い啷� 啶ㄠた啶粪ぞ啶� 啶椸ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿ぇ啶距ぐ啶距さ啶ㄠ�佮う啶距い啷嵿い啶嬥し啶�啶о�堗さ啶む�屶��
啶膏�嵿さ啶班た啶� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶�啶掂ぞ 啶灌�嵿く啷囙い啷� 啶粪ぁ啷嵿�� 啶�啶о�嵿く啶�啷� 啶�啶炧�嵿�氞ぎ啶距��

ud膩tte 苍颈峁Ｄ乨补 g膩ndh膩r膩van耻诲腻迟迟补峁涐梗补产丑补dhaivatau|
svarita prabhav膩 hyete 峁�a岣峧补 madhyame pa帽cam膩||

(狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 1/8/8)

According to the 狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,鈥�

驳腻苍诲丑腻谤补 (驳腻) and 苍颈峁Ｄ乨补 (ni) proceeded from the high accent,
峁涐梗补产丑补 (re) and dhaivata (诲丑腻) originated from the low accent and,
峁�a岣峧补 (蝉腻), madhyama (尘腻) and 辫补帽肠补尘补 (辫腻) notes proceeded from the svarita accent.

On the other hand varieties of the svarita accent are also discussed by the different 艢颈办峁Ｄ�. For example according to the 狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 耻诲腻迟迟补 and an耻诲腻迟迟补 each is of one kind; but the third accent the svarita alone has seven varieties.

They are鈥�

1. 箩腻迟测补;
2. abhinihita;
3. 办峁�a颈辫谤补;
4. 辫谤补艣濒颈峁ａ弓补;
5. 迟补颈谤辞惫测补帽箩补苍补;
6. 迟补颈谤辞惫颈谤腻尘补;
7. 辫腻诲补惫峁泃迟补. 

In this subject 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� mentioned eight varieties of svarita accent

啶呧し啷嵿�熰�� 啶膏�嵿さ啶班ぞ啶ㄠ�� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶掂�曕�嵿し啶距ぎ啶� 啶む�囙し啶距ぎ啷囙�� 啶む�� 啶侧�曕�嵿し啶｀ぎ啷�

a峁ａ弓au svar膩n pravak峁Ｄ乵i te峁Ｄ乵eva tu lak峁�a峁嘺m

(驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,76)

They are鈥�

1. 箩腻迟测补;
2. abhinihita;
3. 办峁�a颈辫谤补;
4. 辫谤补艣濒颈峁ａ弓补;
5. 迟补颈谤辞惫测补帽箩补苍补;
6. 迟补颈谤辞惫颈谤腻尘补;
7. 辫腻诲补惫峁泃迟补;
8. 迟补迟丑腻产丑腻惫测补.

The 痴补谤峁嘺谤补迟苍补辫谤补诲墨辫颈办腻 艢颈办峁Ｄ� also admitted the circumflex accent has eight varieties like鈥�

1. 箩腻迟测补;
2. abhinihita;
3. 办峁�a颈辫谤补;
4. 辫谤补艣濒颈峁ａ弓补;
5. 迟补颈谤辞惫测补帽箩补苍补;
6. 迟补颈谤辞惫颈谤腻尘补;
7. 辫腻诲补惫峁泃迟补;
8. 迟补迟丑腻产丑腻惫测补. 

Both the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� and The 痴补谤峁嘺谤补迟苍补辫谤补诲墨辫颈办腻 艢颈办峁Ｄ� mentioned 迟补迟丑腻产丑腻惫测补 as another type of svarita accent.

The 惭腻峁囜笉耻办墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� also admits seven varieties of svarita accent. By the classification of the svarita accent it is clearly pointed out that the 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 痴补谤峁嘺谤补迟苍补辫谤补诲墨辫颈办腻 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� and 惭腻峁囜笉耻办墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� all are interconnected with another. The basic concepts of seven svarita accent are same to all of the 艢颈办峁Ｄ� which belong to different Veda. 

The 惭腻峁囜笉耻办墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� also mentioned seven types of accent on the musical point of view. For example鈥�

啶粪ぁ啷嵿�溹�嬥し啶�啶椸ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿ぇ啶距ぐ啷� 啶�啶о�嵿く啶�啶� 啶�啶炧�嵿�氞ぎ啶膏�嵿い啶ムぞ啷�
啶о�堗さ啶むざ啷嵿�� 啶ㄠた啶粪ぞ啶︵ざ啷嵿�� 啶膏�嵿さ啶班ぞ啶� 啶膏お啷嵿い啷囙す 啶膏ぞ啶�啶膏�佮ゥ

峁�a岣峧补峁涐梗补产丑补g膩ndh膩ro madhyama岣� 辫补帽肠补尘补stath膩|
dhaivata艣ca 苍颈峁Ｄ乨补艣ca svar膩岣� sapteha s膩masu||

(艢颈办峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha, p.463)

5 Comparative study of Sanskrit sound on quantity

Quantity is one of the important factors of speech sound production. The standard duration of human speech sound are of three kinds like鈥搎uick(hrasva), intermediate(诲墨谤驳丑补) and slow(pluta).

啶灌�嵿ぐ啶膏�嵿さ啷� 啶︵��啶班�嵿�樴�� 啶�啷嵿げ啷佮�� 啶囙い啶� 啶曕ぞ啶侧い啷� 啶ㄠた啶�啶�啶� 啶呧�氞た啷�

hrasvo 诲墨谤驳丑补岣� pluta iti k膩lato niyam膩 aci|

(笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,11)

Hrasva (Quick or Short)鈥�

The word hrasva is derived from the root hras (to become short or small and means originally short, small, dwarfish).

In the 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 it is used in the sense of a 鈥淪hort Vowel鈥濃��

啶嬥�曕ぞ啶班げ啷冟�曕ぞ啶班�� 啶灌�嵿ぐ啶膏�嵿さ啷屶イ

峁沰膩ral峁沰膩rau hrasvau|

(罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补辫谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 1.31)

啶呧�曕ぞ啶班ざ啷嵿�氞イ

补办腻谤补艣肠补触

(罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补辫谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 1.32)

啶呧ぎ啶距い啷嵿ぐ啶膏�嵿さ啶班�� 啶灌�嵿ぐ啶膏�嵿さ啶冟イ

am膩trasvaro hrasva岣�|

(痴腻箩补蝉补苍别测墨 prati艣膩khya 1.55)

Hrasva means short or a term used in connection with the short vowels taking a unit of time measured by one mora (尘腻迟谤腻) for their utterance.

顿墨谤驳丑补鈥�

D墨rgha means long in space and in time. This term is used in connection with long vowels taking a unit of time measured by two more (尘腻迟谤腻) for their utterance.

笔濒耻迟补鈥�

Pluta means protracted vowels. The term pluta comes from 鈥�Plu鈥�: to float, to swim etc. This term is used in the sense of vowel in the protracted grade. The vowels in this grade which are termed protracted vowels are possessed of three 尘腻迟谤腻 and in writing they are marked with the figure 鈥�3鈥� placed after them. In pronunciation a protracted vowel takes longer time than the long vowels.

The 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� also mentioned these three types of quantity. According to this 艢颈办峁Ｄ� quantity is measured for purposes of phonological description by mora or 尘腻迟谤腻. This 尘腻迟谤腻^[6] (mora) is subdivided into four parts called the four 补峁嘘蝉. 鈥�础峁嘘鈥� is the minimum standard of duration. However, it is too delicate for perception. The 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� compares 鈥�补峁嘘鈥� to a particle of air reflecting the sun鈥檚 rays; the spatial comparison being presumably intended to convey an idea of its delicate nature^[7]. The quantity of a mora or 尘腻迟谤腻 is analogically described in several ways. In the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, one mora is compared to a note of the woodcock, the quantity of two moras or the long vowel is compared to the cawing of the crow, while the quantity of three moras or the ultra long i.e. pluta vowel is compared to the note of the peacock^[8]. Also in the 峁歬 recension of the 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补-艢颈办峁Ｄ� the accurate measurement of moras are given by the help of animals sounds. 

For examples the 肠腻峁�a gives out one mora, the crow gives out two mora, the peacock gives out three moras and the mongoose only half of a mora-

啶氞ぞ啶粪じ啷嵿い啷� 啶掂う啶む�� 啶�啶距い啷嵿ぐ啶距�� 啶︵�嵿さ啶苦ぎ啶距い啷嵿ぐ啶� 啶�啶距く啶膏�嬥そ啶掂�嵿ぐ啶掂��啶む�嵿��
啶多た啶栢�� 啶掂う啶むた 啶む�嵿ぐ啶苦ぎ啶距い啷嵿ぐ啶� 啶�啶距い啷嵿ぐ啶距ぃ啶距ぎ啶苦い啶� 啶膏�傕じ啷嵿ぅ啶苦い啶苦�冟ゥ

肠腻峁�astu vadate 尘腻迟谤腻峁� dvim膩tra峁� b膩yaso'vrav墨t|
艣ikh墨 vadati trim膩tra峁� 尘腻迟谤腻峁嚹乵iti sa峁僺thiti岣�||

(笔腻峁噄苍墨测补-艢颈办峁Ｄ� 49).

Now this comparative study is represented in the table 24.

In this connection according to Atharvaved墨ya 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 quantity of vowel and consonant are mentioned as one mora^[9].

Table: 24 Comparative study of Sanskrit sound on the basis of quantity

Speech Sound	笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�	驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�	狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�	痴补谤峁嘺谤补迟苍补辫谤补诲墨辫颈办腻 艢颈办峁Ｄ�	惭腻峁囜笉耻办墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�
Short Vowel	One more	One more	-	One more	One more
Long Vowel	Two more	Two more	-	Two more	Two more
Consonants	Half more	Half more	-	Half more	Half more
Extra Long	Three more	Three more	-	Three more	Three more
Pause	-	峁沢惫颈谤腻尘补- Three more, 辫补诲补惫颈谤腻尘补鈥揟wo more, 补惫补驳谤补丑补惫颈谤腻尘鈥揌alf more	-	-	-
础苍耻蝉惫腻谤补	-	One more(after a long vowel) Two more (after a Short Vowel)	-	-	-

6 Comparative study on Sandhi

Sandhi is one of the important variants concerning phonetic relations of various individual sounds. This Sandhi is necessary in the case of the internal structure of a pada. According to 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, the Sandhi is of four kinds-lopa (elision), 腻驳补尘补 (augment), 惫颈办腻谤补 (change) and 辫谤补办峁泃颈产丑腻惫补 (retention of the original form)10. On the other hand, the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� also discussed different types of 痴测补帽箩补苍补厂补苍诲丑颈. According to this 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, there are seven kinds of 痴测补帽箩补苍补厂补苍诲丑颈. They are-奴谤峁嚹乸颈峁囜笉补, jv膩l膩pi峁囜笉a, 尘峁泃辫颈峁囜笉补, v膩yupi峁囜笉a, vrajapi峁囜笉a, 补测补辫颈峁囜笉补, 诲腻谤耻辫颈峁囜笉补. According to different 艢颈办峁Ｄ� texts different types of svarita accents are prouduced by Sandhi. For example when an 鈥渁鈥� is absorbed by a preceding final 鈥�e鈥� or 鈥�o鈥�, the resulting circumflex is abhinihita^[10]. This is one of the most interesting section. The variant seems to us to indicate clearly that an attempt was made at some time or other to standardize the writing of `a鈥� after `e鈥� and `o鈥� in accordance with the pronunciation in metrical passages. 碍峁�a颈辫谤补^[11] circumflex is an example of 蝉补尘辫谤补蝉腻谤补峁嘺 Sandhi. For example when 颈,墨,耻,奴,峁� become respectively y,v,r before a following dissimilar vowel the resulting circumflex is 办峁�a颈辫谤补. The phonetic importance of these variants is therefore secondary and contributory. They show that fluctuation occurred between such sounds or sound-groups and so tend to support the ablaut relations of i> ya as a factor in the language. Another type of circumflex which is called 辫谤补艣濒颈峁ａ弓补 circumflex also arises from the sandhi. It is arising from the fusion of two short 鈥渋鈥� s. For example鈥�abhi indhat膩m > abh墨ndhat膩m.

驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 痴补谤峁嘺谤补迟苍补辫谤补诲墨辫颈办腻 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 惭腻峁囜笉奴办墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� these all 艢颈办峁Ｄ� schools of different Veda mentioned three types of circumflex accent which arise from Sandhi. In the 痴补谤峁嘺谤补迟苍补辫谤补诲墨辫颈办腻 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 鈥�Sandhi鈥� is mentioned as a one type of combination(蝉补峁儁辞驳补). 

This 艢颈办峁Ｄ� classifies consonant group into three sections and figuratively calls each combination respectively鈥�

1. 补测补辫颈峁囜笉补 (an iron ball);
2. 奴谤峁嚹乸颈峁囜笉补 (a ball of wool);
3. 诲腻谤耻辫颈峁囜笉补 (a wooden ball).

According to this 艢颈办峁Ｄ� a consonant group in which a Yama occurred was compared the combination to a iron ball^[12].In this connection the observation of the 痴补谤峁嘺谤补迟苍补辫谤补诲墨辫颈办腻 艢颈办峁Ｄ� is interesting. It states that the combination of plosive + semi-vowel was lax and compares the combination to a wooden ball which can be broken easily^[13]. According to the 痴补谤峁嘺谤补迟苍补辫谤补诲墨辫颈办腻 艢颈办峁Ｄ� a hissing fricative + nasal consonant, in which no Yamas were said to occur, was compared to a ball of wool.

7 Comparative study on insertion or expulsion of sounds

7.1 Svarabhakti

Svarabhakti is one of the general topic of every 艢颈办峁Ｄ�. It means a vowel part or appearance of a consonant as vowel. It is the character of a vowel. Many times a semi-vowel, which consists of one letter, has to be divided, especially for purposes of metre. It is divided as also for accentuation into two letters or rather and it has to be turned into two letters by inserting a vowel before it or after it. Almost every 艢颈办峁Ｄ� mentioned Svarabhakti in their different way of expianation. 

For example a clear definition is given by the author of 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ佲��

啶班げ啶距き啷嵿く啶距�� 啶�啶� 啶娻し啷嵿ぎ啶距ぃ啷� 啶�啶む�嵿ぐ 啶膏�嵿く啷佮�� 啶膏�嵿さ啶班た啶む�嬥う啶�啶距�冟イ
啶膏�嵿さ啶班き啶曕�嵿い啶苦ぐ啶膏�� 啶溹�嵿�炧�囙く啶� 啶�啷傕ぐ啷嵿さ啶�啶距�曕�嵿ぐ啶�啷嵿�� 啶�啶犩�嵿く啶む�囙��

ral膩bhy膩峁� para 奴峁�m膩峁噊 yatra syu岣� svaritoday膩岣�|
svarabhaktirasau j帽ey膩 p奴rvam膩kramya pa峁環yate||

(艢颈办峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha, p. 17)

In this subject there are five examples has given by the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�鈥�

啶曕ぞ啶班た啶｀�� 啶班す啶�啷嬥ぐ啷嵿く啷嬥�椸�� 啶曕�佮ぐ啷嵿さ啶苦ぃ啷� 啶侧す啶曕ぞ啶班く啷嬥�冟��
啶灌ぞ啶班た啶｀�� 啶班ざ啶�啷嬥ぐ啷嵿く啷嬥�椸�� 啶灌ぐ啶苦い啶� 啶侧ざ啶曕ぞ啶班く啷嬥�冟��

k膩ri峁嚹� rahayoryoge kurvi峁嚹� lahak膩rayo岣�|
h膩ri峁嚹� ra艣ayoryoge harit膩 la艣ak膩rayo岣�||

(艢颈办峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha, p. 14)

At the same time according to 狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� the Svarabhakti which is followed by an 补苍耻蝉惫腻谤补 or a consonant or a same group of succeeding consonant and it always belongs to the preceding syllable 15. According to 狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� there are two types of Svarabhakti, one which is describe as being like the `峁�鈥� vowel and another is described as being like the 鈥�ref鈥�<sup>[14]</sup>. Actually a `峁�鈥� with a spirant is always high quality, but without a spirant `峁�鈥� becomes low quality^[15]. According to 狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� if the following consonant is a spirant and itself followed by a 鈥�峁�鈥� the Svarabhakti is the longer one and in another case it is the shorter one.

The 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� and the 痴补谤峁嘺谤补迟苍补辫谤补诲墨辫颈办腻 艢颈办峁Ｄ� described Svarabhakti in the same way. According to the 痴补谤峁嘺谤补迟苍补辫谤补诲墨辫颈办腻 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,`r鈥� or `l鈥� and before a spirant which is followed by a vowel is inserted a Svarabhakti 17. In the 惭腻峁囜笉奴办墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� a clear definition is given by the author. According to 惭腻峁囜笉奴办墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, Svarabhakti occurs after `r鈥� or `l鈥� when they are followed by a fricative^[16]. As regards the pronunciation of Svarabhakti, some of the 艢颈办峁Ｄ� give us interesting data.

According to the Ke艣av墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� 19 the Svarabhakti vowel should be pronounced like `e鈥�, thus ` 惫补谤峁�a鈥� was to be pronounced 鈥�惫补谤别峁�a鈥�. However according to 尝辞尘补艣墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, Svarabhakti was to be pronounced like 鈥渁鈥�^[17]. Both the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�^[18] and the 惭腻峁囜笉奴办墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�^[19] prohibit that it is one type of defective pronunciation of Svarabhakti. According to this authorities the correct pronunciation of Svarabhakti was like `i鈥�. For Example ` 惫补谤峁�a鈥� was to be pronounced as 鈥�惫补谤颈峁�a鈥�.

7.2 Doubling

Doubling is one type of phonetic change. There are three opinions of Indian Grammarians regarding doubling of syllable. These three opinions are:

1. The 峁欢惫别诲补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补^[20] and 笔腻峁噄苍颈^[21] expressed their opinion regarding doubling of syllable. Because doubling exist very much in living Indian dialect. In this subject matter 艢 腻办补濒测补鈥檚 opinion was that is found doubling never took place. But it is not clear that, whether 艢腻办补濒测补 was referring to phonetic or orthographic doubling.

2. According to all 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 and some of the 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, the first member of every consonant group to be doubled when it is preceded by a vowel.

3. 笔腻峁噄苍颈 s opinion is consonants under the conditions similar to those laid down by the 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 may be optionally doubled.

Doubling of Final Consonants鈥�

Doubling of final consonants is not prescribed by Indian Grammarians. But they agree that the final 鈥�n鈥� or 鈥樶箙鈥� when preceded by a short vowel and followed by any vowel are doubled, e.g., pratya峁� -atra > pratya峁呩箙atra, san鈥揳tra > sannatra^[22].

According to the 痴补谤峁嘺谤补迟苍补辫谤补诲墨辫颈办腻 艢颈办峁Ｄ� when a consonant follows, these nasals like all final consonants may be doubled^[23].This 艢颈办峁Ｄ� calls them `final consonant鈥�. But they are not exactly and strictly final, as they are followed by other consonants.

Doubling in Sandhi鈥�

Regarding the doubling in Sandhi, the observation of the 罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补岣�^[24] is very important. In the 罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补岣�, the finals are of two kinds: those given in the texts i.e. orthographic and those due to the incapability of the speaker to continue the speech. Textual finals occur in regular position and the phonetic change has no fixed place. It has also described that 蝉补峁僪颈迟腻 is similarly of two kinds: textual and phonetic. And the phonetic case of 蝉补峁僪颈迟腻 should be uttered in a single breath. But the author鈥檚 opinion or observation is not adequate enough, because it depends on living phenomenon in the language. The 础迟丑补谤惫补惫别诲墨测补辫谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补^[25] represents the fact that all final consonants will be doubled. But it has some limitations; it happens in academic Sanskrit where doubling of finals are commonly observed .

Limitations of Doubling鈥�

There are some limits of doubling as suggested by our ancient scholar鈥�

啶� 啶班�囙か啷� 啶掂ぞ 啶灌�曕ぞ啶班�� 啶掂ぞ 啶︵�嵿さ啶苦ぐ啷嵿き啶距さ啷� 啶溹ぞ啶�啶む�� 啶曕�嵿さ啶氞た啶む�� 啷�
啶� 啶� 啶掂ぐ啷嵿�椸う啷嵿さ啶苦い啷�啶�啷囙し啷� 啶� 啶氞い啷佮ぐ啷嵿ぅ啷� 啶曕う啶距�氞え啷�

na rephe v膩 hak膩re v膩 dvirbh膩vo j膩yate kvacit |
na ca vargadvit墨ye峁�u na caturthe kad膩cana||

(狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� 2/2/6)

It means that the doubling cannot occur in a group of second and fourth consonants. It also restricts the doubling of 鈥�r鈥� and 鈥榟鈥�. The 惭腻峁囜笉奴办墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�^[26] of Atharvaveda also states the same limits of doubling. The majority of Indian Grammarians are unanimous that 鈥榟鈥� is not doubled. But a few exceptional cases were actually noticed by Indian Grammarians where 鈥榟鈥� can be optionally doubled. According to the 尝辞尘补艣墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� of 厂腻尘补惫别诲补, 鈥榟鈥� is also doubled when it occurs between 鈥�r鈥� and 鈥�y鈥�^[27]

Rules of Doubling

According to 惭腻峁囜笉奴办墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� there are twenty one consonants which are doubled^[28]. This 惭腻峁囜笉奴办墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� and the 狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� both are described the general rules of doubling.

For example 狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� and 惭腻峁囜笉奴办墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� both are described the same number of consonants which are doubled.

啶氞い啷佮ぐ啷嵿ぅ啶� 啶む�� 啶む�冟い啷�啶�啷囙�� 啶︵�嵿さ啶苦い啷�啶�啶� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶ムぎ啷囙�� 啶む�佮��
啶嗋う啷嵿く啶�啶ㄠ�嵿い啷嵿く啶� 啶� 啶�啶о�嵿く啶� 啶� 啶膏�嵿さ啶距�曕�嵿し啶班�囙ぃ啷堗さ 啶�啷�啶∴く啷囙い啷嵿ゥ

caturtha峁� tu t峁泃墨yena dvit墨ya峁� prathamena tu|
膩dyamantya峁� ca madhya峁� ca sv膩k峁�are峁嘺iva p墨岣峚yet||

(狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 2/2/7)

啶氞い啷佮ぐ啷嵿ぅ啶� 啶む�� 啶む�冟い啷�啶�啷囙�� 啶︵�嵿さ啶苦い啷�啶�啶� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶ムぎ啷囙�� 啶む�佮��
啶嗋う啷嵿く啶�啶ㄠ�嵿い啷嵿く啶� 啶� 啶�啶о�嵿く啶� 啶� 啶膏�嵿さ啶距�曕�嵿し啶班�囙ぃ啷堗さ 啶�啷�啶∴く啷囙い啷嵿ゥ

caturtha峁� tu t峁泃墨yena dvit墨ya峁� prathamena tu|
膩dyamantya峁� ca madhya峁� ca sv膩k峁�are峁嘺iva p墨岣峚yet||

(惭腻峁囜笉奴办墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 124)

The 狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�^[29] and 峁欢惫别诲补-笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补^[30] both state that after an 补苍耻蝉惫腻谤补 the first member of a consonant group was doubled. The 狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� also prescribed second general rule that a consonant after 耻辫补诲丑尘腻苍墨测补 is doubled. The 艢耻办濒补测补箩耻惫别诲补辫谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补^[31] also admitted this same rule. According to the 痴补谤峁嘺谤补迟苍补辫谤补诲墨辫颈办腻 艢颈办峁Ｄ� the fricative 鈥�s鈥� is doubled only in two Sanskrit words; i.e. 艣补蝉蝉补惫补 and 谤腻蝉蝉补惫补^[32]. It is also a general rule of Sanskrit declension that it does not allow `s鈥� to stand before another `s鈥� within a word; it is either dropped or changed into the dental plosive `t鈥�; e.g., 鈥�asi vatsy膩mi鈥�. Though Grammatical rules allow it to stand when it is final but preceded by another `s鈥� as in `narassarvarta鈥�, the actual usage has been dropped the 鈥�s鈥� even in this position and to change it into 鈥溼弗鈥�.

Footnotes and references:

[back to top]

[1]:

笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 12.

[2]:

鈥�鈥�aurasa-办补峁囜弓丑测补-尘奴谤诲丑补苍测补-诲补苍迟测辞峁ａ弓丑测补-迟腻濒补惫测补诲补苍迟补尘奴濒墨测补-箩颈丑惫腻尘奴濒墨测补鈥︹�濃��(驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�)

[3]:

痴补谤峁嘺谤补迟苍补辫谤补诲墨辫颈办腻 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,25

[4]:

惭腻峁囜笉奴办墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 12

[5]:

鈥�迟谤颈峁�a峁ａ弓颈岣� 肠补迟耻岣メ梗补峁ａ弓颈谤惫腻 惫补谤峁嚹佱弗 艣补尘产丑耻尘补迟别 尘补迟腻.鈥�(笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,3)

[6]:

驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 10

[7]:

Ibid.Verse.11

[8]:

Ibid.Verse.17,18

[9]:

Atharvaveda 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补(I.59)

[10]:

艢颈办峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha, p. 10

[11]:

Ibid.p.11

[12]:

Ibid.p.132

[13]:

Ibid.p.133

[14]:

Ibid.Verse.2/6/7

[15]:

痴补谤峁嘺谤补迟苍补辫谤补诲墨辫颈办腻 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 53

[16]:

惭腻峁囜笉奴办墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,99,105

[17]:

Ibid.p.460

[18]:

驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,17

[19]:

惭腻峁囜笉奴办墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,101

[20]:

峁欢惫别诲补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补,VI.3

[21]:

础峁ａ弓腻诲丑测腻测墨, VIII.4.51

[22]:

峁欢惫别诲补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补, VI.4

[23]:

艢颈办峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha, p.130

[24]:

罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补,V.1.12

[25]:

Atharvaveda 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补, III.26

[26]:

惭腻峁囜笉奴办墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,123

[27]:

尝辞尘补艣墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 6

[28]:

惭腻峁囜笉奴办墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,122

[29]:

狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,2/2/11

[30]:

峁欢惫别诲补笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补, VI.7

[31]:

艢耻办濒补测补箩耻惫别诲补辫谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补,4.164

[32]:

艢颈办峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha, p.131