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笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 is one of the authentic source on the matter of ancient Indian Phonetics. According to 厂补谤惫补蝉补尘尘补迟补艣颈办峁Ｄ�, if 艢颈办峁Ｄ� and 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 are found at variance, the 艢颈办峁Ｄ� is said to be the less authoritative, as the deer is weaker than the lion^[1]. Therefore the 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 which belong to the second stage of the study of the 艢颈办峁Ｄ� had a primary importance in respect of the study of Indian Phonetics.

The original term for the 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 was the 鈥�辫腻谤峁�a诲补鈥�. It signifies that this treatise belong to a social group or groups in which the general principal of phonetics were adapted to the Vedic text by `oral鈥� instruction or public discussion. The term 鈥�辫腻谤峁�a诲补鈥� indicates that for a long time `phonetic鈥� treatises were not put in writing.

The position of the 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 in history of the ancient Indian phonetic literature is highly valuable as they are the only phonetic treatises relating to the pronunciation of the different school of the Vedas. A particular 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 deals with phonetic peculiarities of a partcular school of the Veda. But the 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补s are only very few. We have only six 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补s as authentic as mentioned in the table no. 22.

Table: 22 Branches of 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补

峁欢惫别诲墨测补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补	S膩maved墨ya 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补	驰补箩耻谤惫别诲墨测补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补	Atharvaved墨ya 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补
峁欢惫别诲墨测补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补	S膩maved墨ya 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补	i. 艢耻办濒补测补箩耻谤惫别诲墨测补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 - 痴腻箩补蝉补苍别测墨 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补. ii. 碍峁涐梗峁嘺测补箩耻谤惫别诲墨测补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 - 罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补, Maitr膩ya峁嚹珁a 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补.	Atharvaved墨ya 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补

1 The Date of the 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补

The lower limit for the date of 罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 is 150 B.C. because of 笔补迟补帽箩补濒颈 (about 150 B.C.) who described and explained a passage which was found in the 罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补 Pr膩ti艣膩khyu^[2]. So it is clear that 笔补迟补帽箩补濒颈 thoroughly 罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 knew the 罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补. The upper limit for the Kernel of Indian Phonetic literature should go as far back as 800-700B.C., the period of the Aitareya 膧谤补峁噛补办补. The upper limit for 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 was not earlier than 驰腻蝉办补 for the 峁欢惫别诲补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 of 500 B.C. Extinct 艢颈办峁Ｄ乻 are the prototype of the 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补. They are probably synchronous with the time of the Aitareya 膧谤补峁噛补办补 and 驰腻蝉办补 refers to phonetic literature under the name of 鈥�辫腻谤峁�a诲补鈥�. So the chronology of the earlier but extinct phonetic literature should be therefore between 800-500 B.C. According to Dr. Monnomohan Ghosh, the rise and development of the 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 can be roughly placed between 600-200 B.C.^[3]

2 Importance of 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补

According to 鲍惫补峁璦 the basis of 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 was 艢颈办峁Ｄ� and Grammar. 鲍惫补峁璦 pointed out that, 

鈥�Sound of the alphabet are thought in the world, the 峁欢惫别诲补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 selects only those sounds of their alphabets which pertain to its own 艣腻办丑腻.鈥�^[4]

鲍惫补峁璦 also added that鈥搃n one 艣腻办丑腻 鈥�r鈥� is said to be cerebral and in another dental. The 艢颈办峁Ｄ� thus prescribes rules of pronunciation common to all the 艣腻办丑腻 s but do not specify in which 艣腻办丑腻 s `r鈥� is cerebral and in which it is dental. Now it is the specification which made in 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补. Among all of the 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补s, the 罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 indicates a development of phonetic study which is more advanced than any of the other 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补. 

For example鈥�

鈥� The different opinions on the degree of nasal in the 补苍耻蝉惫腻谤补 and the nasal consonants.

鈥� Mentioning the new kind of terms for accent as vikrama and 诲墨谤驳丑补 or pracaya of the 艢颈办峁Ｄ�.

鈥� The minute details on the various type of `pause鈥�.

鈥� Further rules of syllabication (as Plosive+ Fricative, Plosive + Semi-vowel) not mentioned in any of the 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补.

鈥� Details of the seven musical tones, their relation to accent and the relation of tone and whisper, the former of which, is the main subject of the 狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�.

3 Comparative Study between 峁欢惫别诲补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 and 罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补:

According to Siddheswar Varma, the 峁欢惫别诲补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 and 罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 seems to be oldest among all 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补. For that reason the comparative study between 峁欢惫别诲补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 and 罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 is very important for the development of phonetic changes.

Firstly, according to 峁欢惫别诲补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 there are eight simple vowels^[5]. But the numbers of simple vowels are nine according to 罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补^[6]. The 峁欢惫别诲补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 omits the vowel 鈥樶阜鈥� but the 罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 includes it among the list of vowels in the very beginning.

Secondly, as regards the 补苍耻蝉惫腻谤补, the 峁欢惫别诲补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 first states that the 补苍耻蝉惫腻谤补 is either a vowel or a consonant, and then includes it among the eight fricatives. The treatment of the 罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 is more precise and advanced. It mentions only six fricatives and keeps the 补苍耻蝉惫腻谤补 as a separate category.

Thirdly, a similarity between 峁欢惫别诲补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 and 罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 has noted in the treatment of articulation. For instance while the 峁欢惫别诲补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 simply states that 鈥�a鈥� is a velar sound, the 罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 points out that in its articulation the lips and the jaws are neither brought very near each other, nor very much separated. Again while the 峁欢惫别诲补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 merely states that 鈥樶弓鈥� is a cerebral sound, the 罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 specifies that at the time of pronunciation of the 鈥樶弓鈥� class, the tip of the tongue is rolled back against the 尘奴谤诲丑腻.

4 Comparative Study between 峁欢惫别诲补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 and 痴腻箩补蝉补苍别测墨 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补

痴腻箩补蝉补苍别测墨 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 is younger than the 峁欢惫别诲补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 and 罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 but contrarily it is very closer to 础迟丑补谤惫补辫谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 and 笔腻峁噄苍颈. For example鈥�

I. In 痴腻箩补蝉补苍别测墨 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 there are some technical terms which are found exactly in the Grammatical text of 笔腻峁噄苍颈, like 鈥�迟颈峁�鈥�(I.27), 鈥�腻帽鈥� (VI.24), 鈥�luk鈥� (III.12), 鈥�lup鈥� (I.114), the use of `t鈥� in `et鈥�, `ot鈥�(I.114,IV.58). But the 痴腻箩补蝉补苍别测墨 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 does not agree entirely with 笔腻峁噄苍颈 so far as its use of the technical terms is concerned. It Possesses a large number of such terms which are particularly its own.

II. There are certain 蝉奴迟谤补 (尘辞蝉迟濒测辫补谤颈产丑腻峁Ｄ�) in the 痴腻箩补蝉补苍别测墨 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补, which appear exactly in 笔腻峁噄苍颈, e.g. tasminniti nirdi峁ａ弓e p奴rvasya (痴腻箩补蝉补苍别测墨 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 I.134), 础峁ａ弓腻诲丑测腻测墨 (I.I.67).

III. The pronunciation of short `a鈥� became so much closed at the time of 笔腻峁噄苍颈 that the letter considered the short vowel 鈥�u鈥� as the norm for the remaining vowels: 痴腻箩补蝉补苍别测墨 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 and also the Atharva 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 considered the short vowel `a鈥� as the norm ,which was assumed to retain its closeness (i.e. 蝉补尘补惫峁泃迟补) fully. 峁欢惫别诲补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 and 痴腻箩补蝉补苍别测墨 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 are very closely related with each other. Although 痴腻箩补蝉补苍别测墨 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 is younger than 峁欢惫别诲补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补. The comparative study between them is very important for the development of phonetic changes.

According to 峁欢惫别诲补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 (I.11) there are eight simple vowels. 痴腻箩补蝉补苍别测墨 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 also mentioned eight simple vowels and four diphthongs. In the 痴腻箩补蝉补苍别测墨 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 the eight vowels are (i.e. 补,腻,颈,墨,耻,奴,峁�,峁�) which stands at the beginning of the 痴补谤峁嘺蝉补尘腻尘苍腻测补 are known as a term 鈥�sim鈥�^[7] technically.

The 峁欢惫别诲补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 (I.12) admits eight kind of 耻峁�m补惫补谤峁嘺蝉, since in reckons 补苍耻蝉惫腻谤补, visarga, ha, along with 鈥�艣鈥�, 鈥�峁�鈥�, 鈥�s鈥�, 耻辫腻诲丑尘腻苍墨测补 鈥�p鈥� and 箩颈丑惫腻尘奴濒墨测补 鈥�k鈥� as such. But the 痴腻箩补蝉补苍别测墨 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 omitted 鈥榟鈥� as a 鈥�耻峁�m补鈥浓赌�奴峁�m膩峁嘺艣ca hivarjam (I.51)

According to 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� and 痴腻箩补蝉补苍别测墨 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补, 鈥�岣�鈥�, 鈥�l鈥�, 鈥�s鈥� and the dental consonants(i.e. stops)^[8] are to be pronounced at the root of the teeth. But the 峁欢惫别诲补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 (I.19.20), mentioned that these are to be pronounced at the root of the teeth(诲补苍迟补尘奴濒补) excluding 鈥�岣�鈥�, which is considered as 箩颈丑惫腻尘奴濒补.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

厂补谤惫补蝉补尘尘补迟补艣颈办峁Ｄ�,edited by Franka, p.49 鈥溑沬k峁Ｄ� ca pr膩ti艣膩khya峁� ca virudhyete parasparam| 艣ik峁�aiva durbalety膩hu岣� si峁僪asyaiva 尘峁沢墨 测补迟丑腻||鈥�

[2]:

罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补,XXII.9-10

[3]:

The 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,edited by Manmohana Ghosh, p.XXXIX, Introduction

[4]:

峁欢惫别诲补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补, edited by Max Muller,p.21.Beneras,1870

[5]:

峁欢惫别诲补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补,I.11

[6]:

罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补,I.2

[7]:

鈥�sim膩dita峁ａ弓au svar膩峁嚹乵鈥�((滨.44)

[8]:

痴腻箩补蝉补苍别测墨 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补,I.69