Madhyama, 惭腻诲丑测补尘补: 39 definitions
Introduction:
Madhyama means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
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In Hinduism
Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)
Source: Wisdom Library: N腻峁瓂a-艣腻stra1) Madhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�) refers to the fourth of the seven 鈥渕usical notes鈥� (svara), according to the 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 chapter 6, chapter 19 and chapter 28. These seven notes are part of the 鈥榲ocal representation鈥� (惫腻肠颈办补), which is used in communicating the meaning of the drama and calling forth the sentiment (rasa). The seven notes (svara) are to be used in different sentiments (rasa). For example, madhyama and 辫补帽肠补尘补 are to be used in the heroic (惫墨谤补), the furious (raudra) and the marvellous (adbhuta) sentiment.
The presiding deity of the madhyama musical note (svara) is defined by various sources:
N腻rad墨y腻-艣墨k峁Ｄ� 1.5.13-14 mentions that the madhyama note is sung by Vi峁ａ箛u.
B峁沨adde艣墨 75-76 mentions 艢iva as the presiding deity of madhyama.
Sa峁単墨taratn腻kara 1.3.57-58 mentions 艢iva as the presiding deity of madhyama.
Sa峁僩墨tamakaranda 1.1.38, Idem.
Cf. Sa峁僩墨tar腻ja 2.1.1.264.
The following animal sounds are associated with this note:
N腻rad墨y腻-艣墨k峁Ｄ� 1.5.3 assigns this note to the cry of the curlew (办谤补耻帽肠补).
B峁沨adde艣墨 64, p13, 2.1-5, Idem.
Sa峁僩墨tamakaranda 1.1.13, Idem.
Sa峁単墨taratn腻kara 1.3.4.6, Idem.
Cf. Sa峁僩墨tar腻ja 2.1.1.212.
2) Madhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�) refers to one of the 箩腻迟颈蝉 (melodic class) related to the 尘补诲丑测补尘补-驳谤腻尘补, according to the 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 chapter 28. It is therefore also known as 尘补诲丑测补尘补箩腻迟颈. J腻ti refers to a recognized melody-type and can be seen as a precursor to 谤腻驳补蝉 which replaced them.
According to the 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 28.128-130, 鈥渋n the 尘补诲丑测补尘补-箩腻迟颈 the 补峁兣沘 (key note) is 峁岣峧补, 峁涐梗补产丑补, madhyama, 辫补帽肠补尘补 and dhaivata, and they are the 补辫补苍测腻蝉补 (semi-terminal note), and the 苍测腻蝉补 (terminal note) is madhyama. The two notes of two 艣谤耻迟颈蝉 (i.e, 驳腻苍诲丑腻谤补 and 苍颈峁Ｄ錮补) are to be weakened, and its pentatonic treatment (补耻岣峚惫补 / 补耻岣峚惫颈迟补) excludes 驳腻苍诲丑腻谤补 and 苍颈峁Ｄ錮补, while its hexatonic treatment (峁Ｄ遽笉补惫补 / 峁Ｄ遽笉补惫颈迟补) excludes 驳腻苍诲丑腻谤补. In it the amplification (bahutva) of 峁岣峧补 and madhyama, and weakness (alpatva, reduction) of 驳腻苍诲丑腻谤补 have been prescribed鈥�.
Natyashastra (啶ㄠぞ啶熰啶ざ啶距じ啷嵿い啷嵿ぐ, 苍腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya鈥攖heatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Source: Wisdom Library: Pur腻峁嘺sMadhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�, 鈥渕iddling鈥�) refers to a classifications of 尘补峁囜笉补辫补 (halls attached to the temple), according to the Matsya-pur腻峁嘺 (verses 270.1-30). The Matsyapur腻峁嘺 is one of the eighteen major 辫耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 dating from the 1st-millennium BCE.
: archive.org: Shiva Purana - English Translation惭补诲丑测补尘腻 (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶ぞ) refers to the 鈥渕iddling鈥� division of chaste ladies, according to the 艢ivapur腻峁嘺 2.3.54 (鈥淒escription of the duties of the chaste wife鈥�).鈥擜ccordingly, as a Brahmin lady said to P腻rvat墨: 鈥淸...] O gentle lady, the chaste ladies can be divided into four classes. Even when they are remembered they dispel sins. The divisions comprise of the superior etc. They are superior, middling (尘补诲丑测补尘腻), inferior and very inferior. I shall explain their characteristics. Listen with attention. [...] O daughter of the mountain, she who sees another man as her father, brother or son with a clean conscience is the middling (尘补诲丑测补尘腻) among chaste ladies. [...闭鈥�.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: The Purana Index1a) Madhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�).鈥擳he eighteenth kalpa; the beginning of madhyama svara.*
- * V腻yu-pur腻峁嘺 21. 38.
1b) A name of a svara sacred to Dhaivata.*
- * Va. 21. 39.
Madhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�) is a name mentioned in the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 (cf. XIV.8.19, XIV.8) and represents one of the many proper names used for people and places. Note: The 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 (mentioning Madhyama) is a Sanskrit epic poem consisting of 100,000 艣濒辞办补蝉 (metrical verses) and is over 2000 years old.
The Purana (啶啶班ぞ啶�, 辫耻谤腻峁嘺蝉) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India鈥檚 vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Shiksha (linguistics: phonetics, phonology etc.)
: Google Books: Dattilam: A Compendium of Ancient Indian Music [shiksha]Madhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�) refers to the fourth of six notes (svara) in Indian music.鈥擳he essence of madhyama is in the air, which, rising from the navel, striking the chest and the heart, reaches the navel as a big sound. (狈腻谤补诲墨测腻-艣颈办峁Ｄ� 1. 5.7-11)
Shiksha (啶多た啶曕啶粪ぞ, 艣ik峁Ｄ�) deals with Sanskrit linguistics and represents a branch of vedanga (vedic ancillary science). Shiksha deals with subjects such as phonetics, phonology, study of sound, letters of the Sanskrit alphabet and related topics. Much attention is also given to the study of recitation (patha) of Vedic verses.
Shilpashastra (iconography)
: archive.org: Illustrations of Indian Music and Dance in Western Indian StyleMadhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�).鈥擨llustration of the madhyama-svara according to 15th century art.鈥擳he colour of the body of madhyama-svara is yellow like gold. He has four hands. His upper right hand is in the 惫补谤补诲补-尘耻诲谤腻; and lotus is in his left hand; in lower right hand there is a jar (办补濒补艣补) and in the left hand a 惫墨峁嚹� (Indian lute). His vehicle is a Krau帽ca bird. The colour of his scarf is green with a black design and the colour of the lower garment is rosy with a red design.
The illustrations (of, for example Madhyama) are found scattered throughout ancient Jain manuscripts from Gujarat. The descriptions of these illustrations of this 肠颈迟谤腻惫补濒墨 are based on the 艣濒辞办补蝉 of V腻can腻c腻rya G补峁噄 Sudh腻办补濒补艣补鈥檚 Sa峁単墨topani峁ts腻roddh腻ra (14th century) and 艢腻r峁単adeva鈥檚 Sa峁単墨taratn腻kara (13th century).
Shilpashastra (啶多た啶侧啶ざ啶距じ啷嵿い啷嵿ぐ, 艣ilpa艣腻stra) represents the ancient Indian science (shastra) of creative arts (shilpa) such as sculpture, iconography and painting. Closely related to Vastushastra (architecture), they often share the same literature.
Arthashastra (politics and welfare)
: Shodhganga: Kakati Ganapatideva and his times (artha)惭腻诲丑测补尘补 refers to 鈥渋ntermediary situated close to the conqueror and the latter鈥檚 immediate enemy鈥� and represents one of the twelve categories of the 尘补峁囜笉补濒补 system laid out by Kau峁璱lya (4th century BCE) and K腻mandaka (7th century A.D.). These twelve cateogires of state can be broadly applied to G补峁嘺patideva (r. 1199-1262 A.D.) and the K腻kat墨ya empire.鈥擳he Telugu Co岣峚s of Nellore are an example of 惭腻诲丑测补尘补.
Arthashastra (啶呧ぐ啷嵿ぅ啶多ぞ啶膏啶む啶�, artha艣腻stra) literature concerns itself with the teachings (shastra) of economic prosperity (artha) statecraft, politics and military tactics. The term arthashastra refers to both the name of these scientific teachings, as well as the name of a Sanskrit work included in such literature. This book was written (3rd century BCE) by by Kautilya, who flourished in the 4th century BCE.
Vyakarana (Sanskrit grammar)
: Wikisource: A dictionary of Sanskrit grammar1) Madhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�).鈥擳he middle person (啶ぇ啷嵿く-啶お啷佮ぐ啷佮し (尘补诲丑测补-尘补辫耻谤耻峁)), cf. 啶啶粪啶う啷嵿く啷佮お啶う啷� (测耻峁补诲测耻辫补辫补诲别)...啶ぇ啷嵿く啶 (尘补诲丑测补尘补岣�) P. I. 4.105; cf. also Nir. VII. 7;
2) Madhyama.鈥擬iddling tone or effort cf. 啶ぇ啷嵿く啶啶� 啶� 啶掂ぞ啶曕啶く啷嬥啶� (madhyamena sa v腻kyayoga岣�) T. Pr. XVIII. 4, where the commentator explains the word as 啶夃啷嵿啶ㄠ啶氞じ啶ぞ啶灌ぞ啶班さ啶苦げ啶曕啶粪ぃ啶� 啶掂ぞ啶曕啶啶班く啷嬥啶� 啷� (uccan墨casa尘腻h腻ravilak峁２贯箛a岣� v腻kprayoga岣� |) the word 啶ぇ啷嵿く啶ぞ (尘补诲丑测补尘腻) is used in this sense as qualifying a mode of utterance. 啶掂啶む啶むた (惫峁泃迟颈); cf. 啶呧き啷嵿く啶距じ啶距ぐ啷嵿ぅ啷� 啶︵啶班啶むぞ啶� 啶掂啶む啶むた啶� 啶啶班く啷嬥啶距ぐ啷嵿ぅ啷� 啶む 啶ぇ啷嵿く啶ぞ啶 啷� (abhy腻s腻rthe drut腻峁� 惫峁泃迟颈峁� prayog腻rthe tu 尘补诲丑测补尘腻m |) 峁�. Pr. XIII. 19; cf also 啶氞い啷佮し啷嵿啶侧ぞ 啶ぇ啷嵿く啶ぞ啶ぞ啶班啶 (catu峁al腻 尘补诲丑测补尘腻y腻rm) R. T. 32;
3) Madhyama.鈥擮ne of the seven modes of speech or tones. cf 啶膏お啷嵿い 啶掂ぞ啶氞 啶膏啶ムぞ啶ㄠぞ啶ㄠた 啶さ啶ㄠ啶むた 啷� 啶夃お啶距啶多啶о啶掂ぞ啶�-啶ㄠた啶う啷囙お啶掂啶︵た啶え啷嵿ぎ啶ㄠ啶︵啶班ぎ啶о啶ぎ啶むぞ啶班ぞ啶｀た (sapta v腻ca岣� sth腻n腻ni bhavanti | up腻峁兣泆dhv腻na-nimadepavdimanmandramadhyamat腻r腻峁噄) T. Pr. XXIII.4 and 5 and also 啶曕ぃ啷嵿啷� 啶ぇ啷嵿く啶ぎ啷� (k补峁囜弓he madhyamam) XVIII.11 where the commentatator explains 啶ぇ啷嵿く啶� (madhyama) as 啶い啷嵿ぐ 啶曕ぃ啷嵿啷� 啶膏啶ムぞ啶ㄠ 啶啶班く啷嬥 啶夃お啶侧き啷嵿く啶む 啶むえ啷嵿ぎ啶о啶ぎ啶� 啶ㄠぞ啶� 啶粪し啷嵿啶� 啶掂ぞ啶氞じ啷嵿じ啷嵿ぅ啶距え啶 啷� (yatra k补峁囜弓he sth腻ne prayoga upalabhyate tanmadhyama峁� n腻ma 峁峁ａ弓ha峁� v腻cassth腻nam |)
4) Madhyama.鈥擮ne of the seven musical notes originating or proceeding from the Svarita accent cf., 啶膏啶掂ぐ啶苦い-啶啶班き啶掂ぞ 啶灌啶啶む 啶粪ぁ啷嵿啶ぇ啷嵿く啶お啶炧啶氞ぎ啶距 (svarita-prabhav腻 hyete 峁岣峧补madhyamapa帽ca尘腻岣�) P腻峁� 艢ik峁Ｄ�.
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惭补诲丑测补尘腻 (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶ぞ).鈥�(or 啶ぇ啷嵿く啶さ啷冟い啷嵿い啶� (madhyama惫峁泃迟颈)) See 啶ぇ啷嵿く啶� (madhyama) (2).
Vyakarana (啶掂啶ぞ啶曕ぐ啶�, vy腻kar补峁嘺) refers to Sanskrit grammar and represents one of the six additional sciences (vedanga) to be studied along with the Vedas. Vyakarana concerns itself with the rules of Sanskrit grammar and linguistic analysis in order to establish the correct context of words and sentences.
Pancaratra (worship of N腻r腻y补峁嘺)
: archive.org: Isvara Samhita Vol 5惭补诲丑测补尘腻 (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶ぞ).鈥擯ar腻, Pa艣yant墨, 惭补诲丑测补尘腻 and Vaikhar墨 are the four stages through which sounds pass through before they become audible. At first, it is in the form of air. Then it teaches the stage of Pa艣yant墨. The next stage is called 惭补诲丑测补尘腻 (Kal P. 182) and the last one is Vaikhar墨 where it is uttered, 迟谤颈诲丑腻: into three.
Pancaratra (啶ぞ啶炧啶氞ぐ啶距い啷嵿ぐ, p腻帽car腻tra) represents a tradition of Hinduism where Narayana is revered and worshipped. Closeley related to Vaishnavism, the Pancaratra literature includes various Agamas and tantras incorporating many Vaishnava philosophies.
Dharmashastra (religious law)
: Sacred Texts: The Grihya Sutras, Part 2 (SBE30)Madhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�) refers to a type of tone (coming from the throat), which is used in chanting hyms.鈥擜nother [commentator] distinguishes three high tones, the 办谤耻峁ａ弓补 (also called 迟腻谤补 or 办谤补耻帽肠补), the madhyama, and the mandra, and assigns the madhyama to the S腻midhen墨 hymns. The mandra notes come from the chest, the madhyama notes from the throat, the uttama notes from the head.
Dharmashastra (啶оぐ啷嵿ぎ啶多ぞ啶膏啶む啶�, dharma艣腻stra) contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.
Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma)
: Pure Bhakti: Arcana-dipika - 3rd EditionMadhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�) refers to the 鈥渋ntermediate stage鈥�, according to the Arcana-d墨pik腻 (manual on deity worship).鈥擡xalted devotees of 艢r墨 Bhagav腻n have commented on [Hari-bhakti-vil腻sa 11.237] as follows: To become eligible to genuinely enter the chanting of the holy name (苍腻尘补-产丑补箩补苍补), the living entity must first be elevated from the 办补苍颈峁ａ弓丑补 (neophyte) stage to the madhyama (intermediate) stage, by rendering service to the deity form of the Supreme Lord. The process of deity worship has been mentioned in both the Pa帽car腻tra and the Bh腻gavatam.
: Pure Bhakti: Brhad BhagavatamrtamMadhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�) refers to:鈥擨ntermediate. (cf. Glossary page from 艢r墨 B峁沨ad-bh腻gavat腻m峁泃a).
Vaishnava (啶掂啶粪啶｀さ, vai峁ａ箛ava) or vaishnavism (vai峁ａ箛avism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (鈥榯en avatars of Vishnu鈥�).
Jyotisha (astronomy and astrology)
Source: Wisdom Library: Brihat Samhita by VarahamihiraMadhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�) refers to 鈥渕oderate鈥�, according to the B峁沨atsa峁僪it腻 (chapter 8), an encyclopedic Sanskrit work written by Var腻hamihira mainly focusing on the science of ancient Indian astronomy astronomy (Jyoti峁).鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淭he five years of the eleventh yuga are鈥�1. Pi峁単ala, 2. K腻layukta, 3. Siddh腻rtha, 4. Raudra, 5. Durmati. In the first year there will be much rain and fear from thieves and mankind will suffer from consumption of the lungs and the like asthmatic complaints. In the year K腻layukta mankind will suffer from various evils; but in Siddh腻rtha they will be happy in more ways than one. In the year Raudra mankind will suffer much and there will be loss and ruin in the land. In Durmati there will be moderate rain [i.e., 尘补诲丑测补尘补-惫峁涐梗峁璱-办峁泃闭鈥�.
Jyotisha (啶溹啶啶むた啶�, 箩测辞迟颈峁 or jyotish) refers to 鈥榓stronomy鈥� or 鈥淰edic astrology鈥� and represents the fifth of the six Vedangas (additional sciences to be studied along with the Vedas). Jyotisha concerns itself with the study and prediction of the movements of celestial bodies, in order to calculate the auspicious time for rituals and ceremonies.
Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)
: Brill: 艢aivism and the Tantric Traditions惭补诲丑测补尘腻 (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶ぞ) [=madhya?] refers to 鈥�(attainment of) middling (siddhis)鈥�, according to the Guhyas奴tra chapter 9.鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淸...] [The Lord spoke]:鈥擺...] He will be released from [the retributive force of] major transgressions; and he will attain low siddhis after two months, middling Siddhis (尘补诲丑测补尘腻-siddhi) after half a year and high siddhis after a year; he will attain power over the spell (惫颈诲测腻蝉颈诲诲丑颈). The ability to make himself atomic, along with the others [of the Yogic powers], will arise. He will take pleasure in the company of siddhas. He will attain the wishes he desires; if he is without desires, he will attain liberation. [...闭鈥�.
: SOAS University of London: Protective Rites in the Netra TantraMadhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�) refers to the 鈥渕iddle鈥�, according to the Netratantra of K峁mar腻ja: a 艢aiva text from the 9th century in which 艢iva (Bhairava) teaches P腻rvat墨 topics such as metaphysics, cosmology, and soteriology.鈥擜ccordingly, [verse 2.28cd-33]鈥斺�淣ow, I shall explain the limbs of the mantra, with which, tied together, he achieves perfection. The 丑峁沝补测补尘补苍迟谤补, [which] confers all perfections, is the letter that terminates in the middle (办峁泃腻苍迟补-尘补诲丑测补尘补) [j], followed by the fifth sovereign vowel [u], and summits with the conclusion of wind [峁�]. The 艣iras is terminal soma [v] joined with that from anala [y] and yoked with 辞峁�. [...闭鈥�.
Shaiva (啶多啶�, 艣aiva) or Shaivism (艣aivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.
Gitashastra (science of music)
: Shodhganga: Elements of Art and Architecture in the Trtiyakhanda of the Visnudharmottarapurana (gita)1) Madhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�) refers to one of the Seven svaras (鈥渘otes of music鈥�), according to the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, an ancient Sanskrit text which (being encyclopedic in nature) deals with a variety of cultural topics such as arts, architecture, music, grammar and astronomy.鈥擳he sound which has the quality of satisfying nature to please the listeners鈥� minds and also has 艣谤耻迟颈蝉 immediately before it is called a svara. In the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 and the Sa峁僩墨taratn腻kara, seven kinds of svara [e.g., madhyama] are accepted. [...] It is seen that when two separate musical sounds occur at one time and both are gradually rising in one pitch following a particular direction, those sounds can be called as svaras.
2) 惭补诲丑测补尘腻 (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶ぞ) refers to a 鈥渕iddle (tempo)鈥� (in Indian Music), and represents one of the three types of tempo (laya).鈥擨n the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, the laya i.e., the tempo of Music is also determined according to the sentiments. The 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 accepts three kinds of layas. According to the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻诲丑补谤尘辞迟迟补谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, the tempo should be 尘补诲丑测补尘腻 i.e., middle in 丑腻蝉测补 and 艣峁涐箙驳腻谤补.
: Shodhganga: Kohala in the Sanskrit textual tradition (gita)Madhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�) refers to one of the seven Svaras which is mapped to the Vedic Dvit墨ya-svara, according to the Kohalamatam, one of the works ascribed to Kohala鈥攁 celebrated authority of the ancient period along with others such as Bharata, Y腻峁ａ弓ika, 艢腻rd奴la, K腻艣yapa etc.鈥擪ohalamatam has dealt with the aspect of svara in great detail. It also refers to the Vedic origin of svaras. The list of Laukikasvaras (=seven notes) has been mapped with corresponding Vaidikasvaras (=Vedic svaras)鈥擣or example, Madhyama-svara has been mapped to the Vedic Dvit墨ya-svara. Note: The 狈腻谤补诲墨测腻-艣颈办峁Ｄ� presents a very different scheme. Here Madhyama-svara is mapped to the Vedic Prathama-svara. Moreover, the 狈腻谤补诲墨测腻-艣颈办峁Ｄ� presents the notes in the order of the 蝉腻尘补苍 scale viz.鈥�ma, ga, ri, sa, dha, ni, pa鈥攚hereas in Kohalamatam we find a straight delineation of the svaras.
The Madhyama note is associated with P峁泃hiv墨 representing the celestial being from whom the underlying 艣谤耻迟颈蝉 originated
The following 艣谤耻迟颈蝉 are associated with Madhyama according to the Sa峁単墨t腻r峁嘺vacandrik腻 (Cf. the Sa峁単墨tan腻r腻y补峁嘺, Vol. I, V. 1.49-1.55, pp.24-26):
- 惫墨谤补,
- 蝉补谤惫补蝉补丑腻,
- 办峁Ｄ錸迟颈,
- 惫颈产丑奴迟颈 .
Earlier authors like 艢腻r峁単adeva assign the following 艣谤耻迟颈蝉 to Madhyama:
- 惫补箩谤颈办腻,
- 辫谤补蝉腻谤颈峁嚹�,
- 辫谤墨迟颈,
- 尘腻谤箩补苍墨 .
Gitashastra (啶椸啶むざ啶距じ啷嵿い啷嵿ぐ, 驳墨迟补艣腻蝉迟谤补) refers to the ancient Indian science of Music (gita or samgita), which is traditionally divided in Vocal music, Instrumental music and Dance (under the jurisdiction of music). The different elements and technical terms are explained in a wide range of (often Sanskrit) literature.
Sports, Arts and Entertainment (wordly enjoyments)
: archive.org: Syainika Sastra of Rudradeva with English Translation (art)Madhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�) refers to the 鈥渕edium (class of Hawks)鈥�, according to the 艢测补颈苍颈办补-艣腻蝉迟谤补: a Sanskrit treatise dealing with the divisions and benefits of Hunting and Hawking, written by R腻j腻 Rudradeva (or Candradeva) in possibly the 13th century.鈥擜ccordingly, [while discussing the yellow-eyed division of hawks]: 鈥淭here are four kinds of V腻sa. [...] The Vesaras are of three kinds. [...] The stout kind is the worst; it is named M腻峁噄ka. The medium (madhyama) class is called C奴lik腻峁卥a. The best class is like the V腻s腻 [i.e., V腻s腻pratima] both in the thickness of its plumage and in its courage鈥�.
This section covers the skills and profiencies of the Kalas (鈥減erforming arts鈥�) and Shastras (鈥渟ciences鈥�) involving ancient Indian traditions of sports, games, arts, entertainment, love-making and other means of wordly enjoyments. Traditionally these topics were dealt with in Sanskrit treatises explaing the philosophy and the justification of enjoying the pleasures of the senses.
Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)
: Google Books: ManthanabhairavatantramMadhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�) is mentioned as the birth-place of 叠丑辞驳腻苍补苍诲补鈥攐ne of the Sixteen Siddhas according to the Kubjik腻nity腻hnikatilaka: a derative text drawing from Tantras and other sources such as the 峁峁璼腻hasrasa峁僪it腻.鈥擳hese sixteen spiritual teachers represent the disciples of the Nine N腻thas who propagated the Western Transmission noted in the Kubjik腻 Tantras.鈥數蟠遣的宀圆共曰宀� is the Cary腻 name of this N腻tha (i.e., the public name the Siddha uses when living as a wandering renouncer). He is associated withe with the birth-place known as Madhyama (alternatively, Antarvedy腻 in 艢r墨ko峁璦).
Shakta (啶多ぞ啶曕啶�, 艣腻kta) or Shaktism (艣腻ktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.
Ayurveda (science of life)
Veterinary Medicine (The study and treatment of Animals)
: archive.org: The Elephant Lore of the HindusMadhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�) refers to the 鈥渕iddling price鈥� (of an elephant), according to the 15th century 惭腻迟补峁単补濒墨濒腻 composed by N墨lak补峁囜弓ha in 263 Sanskrit verses, dealing with elephantology in ancient India, focusing on the science of management and treatment of elephants.鈥擺Cf. chapter 7, 鈥渙n details of price鈥漖: 鈥�1. Men cannot say: 鈥楽o large a price is enough for them鈥�. When one price is approved by both buyer and seller, that shall be known as the best price; what is disapproved by one of the parties, as a middling price (madhyama); what is disapproved by both, as a bad price. Hence determining all by many careful experts, the price of elephants shall be arrived at鈥�.
膧yurveda (啶嗋く啷佮ぐ啷嵿さ啷囙う, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of 膧yurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
In Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism)
Source: Wisdom Library: Tibetan BuddhismMadhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�) is the name of a R腻艣i (zodiac sign) mentioned as attending the teachings in the 6th century Ma帽ju艣r墨m奴lakalpa: one of the largest Kriy腻 Tantras devoted to Ma帽ju艣r墨 (the Bodhisattva of wisdom) representing an encyclopedia of knowledge primarily concerned with ritualistic elements in Buddhism. The teachings in this text originate from Ma帽ju艣r墨 and were taught to and by Buddha 艢腻kyamuni in the presence of a large audience (including Madhyama).
Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha鈥檚 words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (惫补箩谤补测腻苍补) are collected indepently.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
: archive.org: Jaina YogaMadhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�, 鈥渕iddle鈥�) refers to a classification of a 艣谤腻惫补办补 (laymen), based on his progress through the 辫谤补迟颈尘腻蝉, according to 膧艣腻dhara. Madhyama refers to the seventh to ninth 辫谤补迟颈尘腻蝉, also known as a Var峁噄n.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, 鈥榮elf-reliance鈥�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
India history and geography
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Indian Epigraphical GlossaryMadhyama.鈥�(CII 1), a class between the upper and the lower. Note: madhyama is defined in the 鈥淚ndian epigraphical glossary鈥� as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionarymadhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�).鈥攁 (S) Middle, mediate, centrical. 2 fig. Middling, moderate, holding the mean.
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madhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�).鈥攎 (S) The fifth note of the Hindu gamut.
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尘补诲丑测补尘腻 (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶ぞ).鈥攆 (S) The middle finger. 2 A female just attained to puberty. 3 Speech in the third of its four stages of progress from the first stirring of the air or breath in the trachea or the larynx unto 惫补颈办丑补谤墨 Articulate utterance. See par腻, pa艣yant墨, 惫补颈办丑补谤墨. 4 A form of metre.
: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-Englishmadhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�).鈥�a Middle. Fig. Moderate, middling. time.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionaryMadhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�).鈥�a. [madhye bhava岣� ma]
1) Being or standing in the middle, middle, central; 啶た啶む啶� 啶う啶� 啶ぇ啷嵿く啶ぎ啷佮い啷嵿お啶むえ啷嵿い啷� (pitu岣� pada峁� madhyamamutpatant墨) V.1.19; 啶ぇ啷嵿く啶啶げ啶 (madhyamopalam) Kir腻t腻rjun墨ya 9.2; so 啶ぇ啷嵿く啶げ啷嬥啶ぞ啶侧, 啶ぇ啷嵿く啶お啶︵ぎ啷�, 啶ぇ啷嵿く啶ぐ啷囙啶� (madhyamalokap腻la岣�, madhyamapadam, madhyamarekh腻) q. q. v. v.
2) Intermediate, intervening; 啶ㄠぞ啶啶ㄠ啶︵啶啶洁く啶� 啶ぇ啷嵿く啶 啶啶班ぞ啶｀じ啷嵿い啶距え啶� 啶溹啶炧ぞ啶む啶� 啶︵ぇ啷嵿ぐ啶苦ぐ啷� (n腻pnodyo'ya峁� 尘补诲丑测补尘补岣� pr腻峁嘺st腻ni j帽腻tu峁� dadhrire) B峁�. Up.1.5.21.
3) Middling condition or quality, mediocre; as in 啶夃い啷嵿い啶ぞ啶оぎ啶ぇ啷嵿く啶� (耻迟迟补尘腻诲丑补尘补尘补诲丑测补尘补).
4) Middling, moderate; 啶む啶� 啶ぇ啷嵿く啶ざ啶曕啶む啶ㄠた 啶た啶む啶班ぞ啶｀た 啶膏啶ムぞ啶た啶むぞ啶ㄠ啶い啶� (tena madhyama艣akt墨ni mitr腻峁噄 sth腻pit腻nyata岣�) R.17.58.
5) Middle-sized.
6) Neither youngest nor oldest, the middleborn (as a brother); 啶啶班ぃ啶い啶� 啶た啶むぐ啷� 啶掂ぞ啶� 啶ぇ啷嵿く啶 啶ぞ啶｀啶∴さ啷嬥そ啶ぎ啷� (pr补峁嘺mati pitarau v腻峁� 尘补诲丑测补尘补岣� p腻峁囜笉avo'yam) Ve.5.26; 啶むい啷嬥そ啶班啶о 啶ぇ啷嵿く啶じ啷嵿く 啶膏啶ぞ啶む 啶む啶班啶 啶む 啶さ啷�啶じ啶� (tato'rdha峁� madhyamasya sy腻t tur墨ya峁� tu yav墨yasa岣�) Manusm峁泃i 9.112.
7) Impartial, neutral.
8) Mean (in astr.).
9) Belonging to the meridian.
-尘补岣� 1 The fifth note in music.
2) A particular musical mode.
3) The mid-land country; see 啶ぇ啷嵿く啶︵啶� (尘补诲丑测补诲别艣补).
4) The second person (in grammar).
5) A neutral sovereign; 啶оぐ啷嵿ぎ啷嬥い啷嵿い啶班 啶ぇ啷嵿く啶ぎ啶距ざ啷嵿ぐ啶え啷嵿い啷� (dharmottara峁� madhyama尘腻艣rayante) R.13.7.
6) the middle-most prince; 啶ぇ啷嵿く啶じ啷嵿く 啶啶班啶距ぐ啶� 啶� 啶掂た啶溹た啶椸啶粪啶多啶� 啶氞啶粪啶熰た啶むぎ啷� (madhyamasya prac腻ra峁� ca vijig墨峁艣ca ce峁ａ弓itam) Manusm峁泃i 7.155.
7) the middle character in plays.
8) The governor of a province.
9) An epithet of Bh墨ma; (cf. 尘补诲丑惫补尘补惫测腻测辞驳补).
-尘腻 1 The middle finger.
2) A marriageable girl, one arrived at the age of puberty.
3) The pericarp of a lotus.
4) One of the classes of heroines (N腻yik腻s) in poetic compositions, a woman in the middle of her youth; cf. S. D. 1.
5) A central blossom.
-mam 1 The middle.
2) The waist; 啶むう啷堗さ 啶え啷嵿え 啶︵啷嵿ぇ啶膏啶む啶掂 啶оぐ啷嵿し啶啶膏啶むえ啷佮ぎ啶о啶ぎ啶距ぎ啷� (tadaiva yanna dagdhastva峁� dhar峁ya峁僺tanu尘补诲丑测补尘腻m) 搁腻尘.6.111.24.
3) The defectiveness.
4) (In astr.) The meridian ecliptic point.
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惭腻诲丑测补尘补 (啶ぞ啶о啶ぎ).鈥�a. (-尘墨 f.) [啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�-啶呧ぃ啷� (尘补诲丑测补尘补-补峁�)] Belonging to the middle portion, central, middle, middlemost.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Edgerton Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit DictionaryMadhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�).鈥�(m.?) = 惭补诲丑测补尘腻gama, q.v.: 顿颈惫测腻惫补诲腻苍补 333.11 掳mam, acc.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English DictionaryMadhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�).鈥攎fn.
(-尘补岣�-尘腻-尘补峁�) 1. Middle, centrical, intervening, intermediate. 2. Middle-born, neither the oldest nor youngest. 3. Mean, (in astronomy,) as madhyamagati mean motion, (of a planet.) mn.
(-尘补岣�-尘补峁�) The waist, the middle of the body. m.
(-尘补岣�) 1. One of the seven musical notes, the fourth note of the Hindu gamnut. 2. The middle country: see 尘补诲丑测补诲别艣补 . 3. A sort of deer. 4. One of the Gramas or musical scales of Hindus, corresponding apparently with the major made of European music. f.
(-尘腻) 1. A girl arrived at puberty, or in whom menstruation has commenced. 2. The middle finger. 3. A central blossom. 4. The pericarp of a lotus. 5. A woman in the middle of her youth considered as a character in poetic composition. 6. A form of metre, a verse of four lines of three syllables each. E. madhya middle, and ma aff.
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惭腻诲丑测补尘补 (啶ぞ啶о啶ぎ).鈥攎fn.
(-尘补岣�-尘墨-ma峁�) Middle-born. E. madhyama the same, 补峁� pleonasm.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English DictionaryMadhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�).鈥擺madhya + ma], I. adj. 1. Middle, [Vikramorva艣墨, (ed. Bollensen.)] [distich] 19. 2. Of middle sort, [贬颈迟辞辫补诲别艣补] ii. [distich] 69; of moderate strength. 3. Middle born, neither the oldest nor youngest,
Madhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�).鈥擺adjective] = madhya; [masculine] [neuter] = [preceding]
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惭腻诲丑测补尘补 (啶ぞ啶о啶ぎ).鈥�([feminine] 尘颈办腻) central.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) Madhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�):鈥擺from madhya] mf(腻)n. (superl. of madhya) middle (used like [Latin] medius e.g. madhyame gulme, 鈥榠n the midst of the troop鈥�), [惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补; R腻尘腻y补峁嘺]
2) [v.s. ...] being or placed in the middle, middlemost, intermediate, central, [峁歡-veda] etc. etc.
3) [v.s. ...] middle-born (neither youngest nor oldest), [Ve峁嚹玸.]
4) [v.s. ...] of a middle kind or size or quality, middling, moderate, [Taittir墨ya-sa峁僪it腻] etc. etc.
5) [v.s. ...] standing between two persons or parties, impartial, neutral, [惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补; K腻vya literature] etc.
6) [v.s. ...] (in [astronomy]) mean (cf. madhya), [S奴ryasiddh腻nta]
7) [v.s. ...] relating to the meridian, [ib.]
8) [v.s. ...] m. the middlemost prince (whose territory lies between that of a king seeking conquest and that of his foe), [Manu-sm峁泃i vii, 155]
9) [v.s. ...] the middle character in plays, [Indian Wisdom, by Sir M. Monier-Williams 473]
10) [v.s. ...] the midland country (= 尘补诲丑测补-诲别艣补), [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasi峁僪a, hal腻yudha, hemacandra, etc.]
11) [v.s. ...] (in music) the 4th or 5th note, [Sa峁僩墨ta-s腻rasa峁僩raha]
12) [v.s. ...] the middlemost of the 3 scales, [ib.]
13) [v.s. ...] a [particular] R腻ga, [ib.]
14) [v.s. ...] (in gram.) the 2nd person (= -辫耻谤耻峁), [P腻峁噄ni]
15) [v.s. ...] the governor of a province, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasi峁僪a, hal腻yudha, hemacandra, etc.]
16) [v.s. ...] a kind of antelope, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasi峁僪a, hal腻yudha, hemacandra, etc.]
17) [v.s. ...] Name of the 18th Kalpa (sub voce), [Catalogue(s)]
18) [v.s. ...] [plural] a class of gods, [艢腻峁卥h腻yana-艣rauta-s奴tra]
19) [v.s. ...] (with Buddhists) Name of a [particular] [Buddhist literature] sect, [Sarvadar艣ana-sa峁僩raha]
20) [v.s. ...] m. n. the middle of the body, waist, [惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补; R腻尘腻y补峁嘺] etc.
21) 惭补诲丑测补尘腻 (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶ぞ):鈥擺from madhyama > madhya] f. the womb, [Taittir墨ya-br腻hm补峁嘺]
22) [v.s. ...] the middle finger, [Kau艣ika-s奴tra; Su艣ruta]
23) [v.s. ...] midnight, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasi峁僪a, hal腻yudha, hemacandra, etc.]
24) [v.s. ...] a girl arrived at puberty, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasi峁僪a, hal腻yudha, hemacandra, etc.]
25) [v.s. ...] the pericarp of a lotus, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasi峁僪a, hal腻yudha, hemacandra, etc.]
26) [v.s. ...] a central blossom, [Horace H. Wilson]
27) [v.s. ...] a kind of metre, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasi峁僪a, hal腻yudha, hemacandra, etc.]
28) [v.s. ...] (in music) a [particular] M奴rchan腻, [Sa峁僩墨ta-s腻rasa峁僩raha]
29) Madhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�):鈥擺from madhya] n. the middle, [Atharvaveda-pr腻ti艣腻khya]
30) [v.s. ...] mediocrity, defectiveness, [艢峁涐箙g腻ra-tilaka]
31) [v.s. ...] Name of the 12th (14th) K腻峁囜笉a of the [艢atapatha-br腻hm补峁嘺]
32) [v.s. ...] (in [astronomy]) the meridian ecliptic point, [S奴ryasiddh腻nta]
33) 惭腻诲丑测补尘补 (啶ぞ啶о啶ぎ):鈥擺from 尘腻dhya] mfn. ([from] madhyama) relating to the middle, middlemost, central (also applied to the composers of the middle portion of the 峁歡-veda id est. of books ii-vii), [艢腻峁卥h腻yana-br腻hm补峁嘺; G峁沨ya-s奴tra; Pata帽jali]
34) [v.s. ...] middle-born, [Horace H. Wilson]
35) [v.s. ...] m. [plural] Name of a race, [Pravara texts]
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) Madhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�):鈥擺(ma岣�-尘腻-ma峁�) a.] Middle; mean. m. n. The waist. m. Fifth note of the gamut; middle country; sort of deer. f. Young woman; middle finger.
2) 惭腻诲丑测补尘补 (啶ぞ啶о啶ぎ):鈥擺(ma岣�-尘腻-ma峁�) a.] Middle born.
: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)Madhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: Majjhima, Majjhi尘腻, Majjhimilla, Majjhila.
[Sanskrit to German]
Sanskrit, also spelled 啶膏啶膏啶曕啶むぎ啷� (蝉补峁僺办峁泃补尘), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionary1) Madhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�) [Also spelled madhyam]:鈥�(a) medium; middle, intermediate; fourth note of the Indian gamut; slow; dim; —[辫耻谤耻峁] second person (in Grammar); ~[尘腻rga] moderate course; ~[尘腻rg墨] centrist; moderate; ~[varga] the middle class; hence ~[惫补谤驳墨测补] (a); ~[惫补谤驳墨测补t腻] (nf).
2) 惭补诲丑测补尘腻 (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶ぞ):鈥�(nf) the middle finger; (a) lying in the middle, medial, intermediary.
...
Kannada-English dictionary
: Alar: Kannada-English corpusMadhyama (嗖钵喑嵿帛嗖�):鈥�
1) [adjective] = 嗖钵喑嵿帛 [madhya]1.
2) [adjective] that is neither too fat, hefty, thick or too thin, lean.
--- OR ---
Madhyama (嗖钵喑嵿帛嗖�):鈥�
1) [noun] the part of the body between the ribs and the hips; the waist.
2) [noun] that which is at the centre or in between.
3) [noun] that which is of neither too good nor too inferior quality.
4) [noun] the governor of a region or division of a state.
5) [noun] the fourth note in the ascending order in Indian music (corresponding to F in C major).
6) [noun] (mus.) the normal octave.
7) [noun] (mus.) an octave having the F as the tonic note, one of the three octaves that was in vogue in olden days.
--- OR ---
惭腻诲丑测补尘补 (嗖簿嗖о硩嗖伯):鈥擺adjective] intermediate or intervening; in between; middle.
--- OR ---
惭腻诲丑测补尘补 (嗖簿嗖о硩嗖伯):鈥�
1) [noun] something that is intermediate.
2) [noun] an intervening thing through which a force acts or an effect is produced; a medium.
3) [noun] a means of communication that reaches the general public and carries advertising; a medium.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
: unoes: Nepali-English Dictionary1) Madhyama (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶�):鈥攁dj. 1. mediocre; medium; moderate; middle; average; of medium quality; 2. second (of son);
2) 惭补诲丑测补尘腻 (啶ぇ啷嵿く啶ぞ):鈥攏. the middle finger; 2. one of the classes of heroines in poetic compositions; a woman in the middle of her youth; 3. intermediate examination; 4. a marriageable girl; one arrived at the age of puberty;
3) 惭腻诲丑测补尘补 (啶ぞ啶о啶ぎ):鈥攏. medium; means; channel; adj. middle; medium; central; middling;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with (+14): Madhyamabhava, Madhyamabisige, Madhyamadhikara, Madhyamadhikari, Madhyamadhya, Madhyamadi, Madhyamadravya, Madhyamagandhari, Madhyamajvara, Madhyamaka, Madhyamakalakara, Madhyamakalamkara, Madhyamakaloka, Madhyamakanda, Madhyamakavatara, Madhyamakavritti, Madhyamakeya, Madhyamakoshtha, Madhyamalokendu, Madhyamapancamula.
Full-text (+415): Sumadhyama, Madhyamapurusha, Madhyamavayaska, Madhyamaloka, Madhyamasthya, Madhyamaharana, Madhyamabhritaka, Madhyamaratra, Madhyamajata, Amadhyama, Madhyamasamgraha, Madhyamakhanda, Madhyamagama, Madhyamagrama, Madhyamastha, Madhyamashi, Yavamadhyama, Madhyamapandava, Madhyamanguli, Anumadhyama.
Relevant text
Search found 207 books and stories containing Madhyama, 惭补诲丑测补尘腻, 惭腻诲丑测补尘补, Madhyamaa; (plurals include: Madhyamas, 惭补诲丑测补尘腻s, 惭腻诲丑测补尘补s, Madhyamaas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Some Important Shiksha Vedangas (study) (by Mala Laha)
Part 2 - Types of articulation according to M腻峁囜笉奴k墨 艢ik峁Ｄ� < [Chapter 5 - M腻峁囜笉奴k墨 艢ik峁Ｄ錧
Part 1 - The relation between N腻rad墨 艢ik峁Ｄ� and Music < [Chapter 3 - N腻rad墨 艢ik峁Ｄ錧
Part 3 - Place of articulation < [Chapter 3 - N腻rad墨 艢ik峁Ｄ錧
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts, Madras (by M. Seshagiri Sastri)
Bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu (by 艢r墨la R奴pa Gosv腻尘墨)
Verse 4.9.2 < [Part 9 - Incomplete Expression of Mellows (ras腻bh腻sa)]
Verse 3.3.115 < [Part 3 - Fraternal Devotion (sakhya-rasa)]
Verse 2.1.320 < [Part 1 - Ecstatic Excitants (vibh腻va)]
Brihat Jataka by Varahamihira [Sanskrit/English] (by Michael D Neely)
Verse 27.17 < [Chapter 27 - The Character of the Drekkana]
Verse 27.32 < [Chapter 27 - The Character of the Drekkana]
Verse 27.23 < [Chapter 27 - The Character of the Drekkana]
Svalpa Matsya-purana (part 2) < [Purana, Volume 8, Part 1 (1966)]
Svalpa Matsya-purana (part 5) < [Purana, Volume 10, Part 2 (1968)]
Svalpa Matsya-purana (part 3) < [Purana, Volume 9, Part 2 (1967)]
Vishnudharmottara Purana (Art and Architecture) (by Bhagyashree Sarma)
3. Vocal Music (G墨ta) < [Chapter 2 - Music]
1.3. Elements of Drama (b): Costume and Make up < [Chapter 3 - Drama and Dance]
1.3. Elements of Drama (h): Sentiment (Rasa) < [Chapter 3 - Drama and Dance]
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Bhavishya Purana (English)