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The following fifty seven words are the synonyms of vac (speach). 1 1.Slokah: The word occurs in twenty eight places with 2 its forms In fifteen places the word is explained as vac or stutirupa vac. In eight places the word is used as stotra. Of these Slokah in VII,97.3 and blokam in I.190.3 are interpreted as 'stavakah mantral and mantravisesanam respectively. 3 1. 1 1. slokah 2. dharom 3. ila 4. gauh 5. gori 6. gandheva 7. gabhira 8. gambhira 11. vasi 12. vani 13. vanici 16. bharati 17. dhamanih 17. dhamanah 18. nalih 21. surya 22. sarasvati 23. nisit 24 svaha 25. vagnuh k 9. mundra 10. 10. mundrarjani 14. vanah 15. qfa: 19, meno 20. mailih 29. jiva 26. upabdih 27. mayuh 28. kakut 29. jiva 30. ghosah 31. svareh 32. sabdah 33. 799: 34. 35. hotro 36. 77: 37. pTEI 38. 39. At 40. JAT: 41. dipa 42. nna 45. kasi 440 dhisanam 45. nauh 46. aksaram 47, mahi 58. aditih 49. saca 50. vak 51. anustup 52. 52. dhenuh 53. valguh 54. gulda 55. sareh 56. suparni 57. bekura 2. slokam sloki, slokam yantrasah | }

L 160 In the rest of the places the word is interpreted 3 differently. (In some places with alternative meanings). The word is also used as a prose formula (for sacrifice) in III.53,10. Yaska (Niru.9,9)4 derives the word sloka from the root Jbr (to break open), - 2. Dhara: The word occurs in one hundred and seven S places with its forms. Out of these in one hundred and three places it is used in the sense of 'flow' of Soma, mainly in the IX mandala, or in the sense of udaka (water) or ghee. " 3. 1. 190. 4. 8 brhaspateh | slokah stutyatmika kirtih garjita vak va | 10. 159.3. upalokaniyam yasah | 1.51. 12. sloka stotralaksana vaco yaso va | "sloka samghate | slokyate itislokah | 3.53.10. slokyate sasyate anena iti slokah sastram | 4.53.3. ymfedy. I 4. slokah srnoteh | 5. dharih dharaya, dharama, dharabhih | f

$ 161 The form dharam occurs in five places; in four places 6 Sayana explains differently.' The word dhara does not have the assigned meaning (speech). 3. Ila This word has been already explained in prthivinamani (Nigh.1.1.1). In two places the word is interpreted as vao (III.7.57 V.36.5) out of sixty five places. 4. Gauh: This word also has been already explained in prthivinamani (Nigh.1.1.1). The word is interpreted as speech in thirty three places out of seven hundred and ninety four places. i ' 5. Gaurl: The word occurs with its forms, in six 路 places. The form gouri-iti and gaurih occur in only one place each (i.e. IX.12.3 and I.164.41). They are interpreted as madhyamika vac. The forms gauryah and gauryan 6. ayaso nam dharam | yatha ayomayasya parasvaderdhara prakseptu- kamastiksikaroti tadvat | 6.47.10. khadgaderdharabhiva sa OUT HEAT I 8.73.9. 37: Tet neut agaranE I 1.67.4. hrtasya dharam | satyasya yajnasya va dharam dharayitam | 1

} 1 are interpreted as gauravarna-qavah and gam respectively (gauryah 1.84.10; gauryam IV. 12.61 X,126.8).7 The word gauri-vitah occurs in V.29.11. sayana explains gauri-viti as the name of a seer. 162 1 1 The word gauri is also listed in the V chapter of the Nighantu (5.5.28). * Yaska (Niru.11.39)³ derives the word gaurl from the root 'ruc,' meaning to shine. The word word gaura, which means white colour is derived from the same root, it is praiseworthy. It may be noted that Yaska does not state that the word belongs to the vannamani. : 7, gauri'iti gaurih, gauryam, gauri'vitah | gauryacit gauri gamapi . 4.12.6. ca.10.126.8. gaurya cit | gauri gauravarna somakapanim gam | "sidagauradibhyasca " pa . su . 4.1418 iti nis | * abhipurvah 1 pa . su . 6.1.107) ityatra va chandasi deva . su . 6.1.1063 ityanuvartanatpurvarupasyapurvasavarnadirghasya cabhave yanem | 8. gauri rocateh | jvalati karmanah | ayamapitari gauri varna etasmadeva | prasasyo bhavati |

6. Gandharvi: Its form gandharvim occurs only once (RV.V.80.6). sayana says that it belongs to the list oOE synonyms of vac 9 7.Gabhira: The word and its form gabhirah occurs in six places (1.24.9; VII.32.6; II.27.3; VI. 75.9; VIII. 16.4; and X.108.4). They are used, as adjectives (VII.32.6 gabhirani savanani and X.108.4 gambhira nadyah) meaning 'serene or deep. The word is not used in the sense of Vac. It is also not used as adjective to vac. 163 3 It may be noted that the other forms of the word which are mentioned below are listed in the other sections of the Nighantu. Form Reference Synonym No.of places used - 1. Gabhiram 11. Gabhirah 1.12.61 3.3.18 Udakanamani S 1 Mahannamani 3 (a) iii. GabhIre 3.30.13 Dyavaprthivinamani y These forms also are not used in the sense of vec. 9. gandharvim 10 80.6. agnigandhavam | vai namaitat | 10.80.6. vacam srrnoti | yajnasya gandhavam | $

I 164 } 8. Gambhira: Its form gambhiraya occurs in one place 10 (VI,18,10) in the RV. It is used as an adjective. + I The form gambhire is listed in dyavaprthivinamani (Nich.3.30.14). But the word occurs only once (RV.VI.24.8) 嗉� and Sayana interpretes it as agadhe (sthane) in locative singular. This shows that the inclusion of gambhire as a synonym of dyavaorthivi is not evidenced. The mistake was probably due to the fact that the form is similar to gabhire. i > 鈥� 1 11 9. Mandra: The word with its forms occurs in fifteen places. Out of these in RV. VIII. 100.10 the word is inter- qu ' preted as: madayitri madhyamika vac. In three places the word is explained as stuti. In five places Sayana gives alternative meanings and in rest of the places the word is 12 interpreted as madakara. But the words mandra-lihva and mandra-jihvam are explained modamana vac and madaka vacam respectively (RV.VI.71.41 1.190.1). The word mandra-hihva is explained as devanam madanajvalau (RV. I. 142.8). 1 10. gambhiraya satrubhiradharsaniyaya indrah | 11. mundra, mandraya, mandram mandrah mandre'bhimandrah, mandrajiddava, mundra啷� jimdavasa, mandrajihva | 7 12. 60 16020 mandrabhih madakaramih stutyabhih va |

} ' 165 Yaska in his Nirukta (11.28, 29) interpretes the word mandra as madana (i.e. mandra madana). The word mandra derived from the root mad (to delight) is essentially an adjective (delightful). It is used as a substantive. 10. Mandratani: This occurs only once in the Rgveda. The word is not interpreted as vac by Sayana. 13 14 11. Vasi: Its forms" are used in ten places. In four places the word is interpreted in the sense of vac (VIII, 12. 12; VIII.19.23; 1.87.6, and X*20.6). In four places it is explained as sound 15 (Babda), In three places the word 13. 4069.2. madakarasya rasasya prerayitri somadhara | mandrajani 24. vasi iva, vasih, vasibhih, vasima, vasi mantah, 1.5. vasimantam, vasisu | 1.37.2. vasyah sabda visesah parakiyasenabhiti hetavah | * vasi vani " ni . 1. 11.11.8 iti vai namasu pathitatvat | 8.10.23. vasim |vacam sabdam | vai namaitat | yadva | vapanasilam sabdakarinim jvalamudbharate | ' 8. 29.3. sabdayatyakrndayati satrunanayeti | vasi taksanasadhana kutharah | 1.88.3. vasih satrunam bhayotpadanena akrosasabdakaranam vajah |

! 166 is explained as ayudha (weapon) VIII.29.3; sound or weapon. V.57.2; (V.53.4). In two places the word is interpreted as patra (X.53.10; 101.10). The word is also listed in the IV chapter of the Nighantu (4.1,44). Yaska derives the word vasi and explains in his Nirukta (4.16; 19). He states"vasi is a synonym of speech, so called because it is spoken. #16 Yaska gives the meaning 'with the songs of praise to the form vasibhih in x.101, 10. But as mentioned above, sayana interpretes it as patrena. 17 occur in twenty- 12. Vani: The word and its forms two places. In eighteen places the word is explained as vec or stuti. In three places it is interpreted as nadI or apah. A few examples are given below. 18 16. vasiti vai nama vasyata iti satyah | niru . 4. 168 17. vanah, vani'iti vanah iva, vani'bhih, vani, vanisu | 18. 1.7.1. vagbhirupabhih | 1.164.24. vapagadhisthitani saptachandamsi | 5.86.1. vani iva prativadi-vakyaniva | 1 3.7.1. vananiya nadih | 2. 11.8. madhyamikom vacam | 3.1.6. 974: 743 1 30.10. vanih vanamniyah UHFAT: NEETHRITAT: AT: 34: | | i

neu 47 167 Yaska (Niru.622) explains pravanvanih as apo va vahanat vaco va vadanat. 13. Vanici: It occurs only once in RV.V.75.4. Sayana interpretes it as vagrupa stutih. 14. Vanah: The word occurs with its forms, vanam and vanasya in six places. In two places (VI.24.9, X.32.4) it is interpreted as vacana or stutisabda. places as vadya and bana. 19 In other three 15. Pavih: The word occurs also in the second and fourth chapters of the Nighantu i.e. vairanamani (2.10.5) and padani (4.2.25). 20 The word with its forms' occurs in thirteen places. In 拢ive places the word is explained by Sayana as rathanemi or cakra. He quotes Yaska (Niru 5.5) (V.62.21 1.139.3; 180). 19. 8.20.8. vanah marudrina | 9.97.8. vanam vadyavisesam | 1.85.10. vanam satasamkhyakatantribhiryuktam vinavisesam | unarana vana sabdarthah | 19.50.1. visrstasya banasya nalasya va vaditra visesasya | 20. pavayah purva'rbhah puvam prvisu pavisyeh : 1

] I.64.11; VII.69.1). The word is interpreted as vaira in five places (1.34.2; 180.1; I.168.8, 180.2; 1.166.10). The word is explained as Sabda in only one place by Sayana quoting Nighantu, as it belongs to vannama. The word is -L 21 sayana also used in some other senses in three places. explains it in the two Rks I.180.1 and VII,69,1 with alternative meanings. 22 J 169 It may be noted that the forms pava and pavaya occur in one place each. Sayana interpretes them as pavamanaya dharaya and puyamanaya dharaya respectively (IX.97.53 & 53). Yaska interpretes the word pavl as a javelin because it tears the body open. (Nirukta 12.30).23 'Pavi-ram' means a pointed weapon. -21, 6.5413. TP 9: UTET ZUHZU UTETO 22. 23. 5.31.5. 994: 9 AHTAT TEGA: (AGA:) pavamana gacchantah 10. 27.6. pavayah anyayudhani | maruta 1.180 1. vaja啶监ぞ rathanamayo va | 7.69.1. rathanemibhih madhupatraih pavih salayobhavati | yadvipunati kayam | tadvat paviramayudham tadvanindrah paviravan | niru . 12.30.8 $ 1 - -7*> 士ly va| t }

169 25 16. Bharatl: The word with its forms, 24 occurs in twelve places. Sayana explains them as bharatasya adityasya sambandhini patnl or vac or rasmi or dipti in nine places (1.142.91 II.1.11; III.4.8; VII.2.8; X.110.8; III.4.8; x bharatibhih VII.2.8, 1.22.10; 188.8). In one place (IX.5.8) the word is used as an adjective to goddess Sarasvati and in III.62.3 the word is directly interpreted as Sarasvati. In II.3.8, Sayana states 'etannamika devl.. + Bharat occurs with the other goddess Ila and Sarasvati. Yaska (Niru.8.13) 25 explains the word thus: 'the sun is called bharata, its light therefore is called bharati." Sayana quotes Yaska in his commentary on RV. in 1.22.10. 17. Phamanih: Its form dhamanim occurs only once in II.11.8. Sayana explains it as Sabdam kurvanam tam vacam. 18. Nalih: The word occurs only once in X.135.7. Sayana explains it as "vadyaviseso venuh yadva nall iti vannama iyam stutirupa vagasya prinanaya dhamyate uccaryate. 1 26 19. Mena: The word occurs with its forms' in six 24. bharatibhih, bharatiya, bharati | 25. bharata adityah tasya bhah | 26. mainam, mainem, 5 iti, mainem iveti, mainem imva . Hafe, , A

170 places.(1.51.13; II,121.2; X.111.3; 1.62.7; 95.6; II.35.2). Sayana explains it as strinama quoting Yaska. Yaska in 27 his Mirukta (3.21) states menah and ghah are synonyms cf 28 women. Menah (women) are so called because men honour them (manayanti) them (manayanti). The word is also listed in the section uttarani namani of the Nighantu (3.29.17).. 20. Melih: Its form melim occurs in two places 29 (III.26,9 and IV.7.11). Sayana explains them as vaktaram and balam respectively. 30 " 21. Surya: The word with its forms) occurs in twenty four places, Nowhere it is explained as vac by Sayana. The word is interpreted in ten places in the sense 27. 28. 29掳 1.51.13. maina nama kanyaka | maineti strinama | "maina gnah nie 3.21-8 iti pathat "man jnane | manyate grhakrtyam janati STA HAT I maina gna iti strinam | maina manayantyenah hai nie 3.21.8 3.26.9. melim | mailakam nana sakhagatanam vakyanam eka smin artha sakalayuryam vaktaram | 4.7.11. balam | 30. surya, suryas, suryayah suryayai, surya, surya iva

} of the bride of Asvins (i.e. V.35.5; X.85.9; IV.43.6, VI.63.6; X.85.8) 13, 14, 15; VI. 58.4, VIII.22.1). In other places Sayana interpretes alternatively i.e. wife or daughter of Savitr. A few examples are given below. Yaska in his Nirukta (12.7) 32 states 'surya is the wife of the Sun. This very dawn, usas after the expiry of a good deal of time (becomes surya). 31 171 22. Sarasvati: The word is also listed in the v chapter of the Nighantu (5.58); and the form Sarasvatyah is listed in nadinamani (1.13.31), But it is not used 33 in the Roveda. The word with its forms occurs in seventy one places. Seracy 4 I 31. * 8.3.16. suryah iva | yatha suryarasmayah sarvam jagadvyapnuvanti tadvat 1 10:85.9. suryam vadhukamaya somaya savita tatpita adadat | 6.58.4. suryayai suryasya patnyai yadva savitryai suryakhyayai asvinairvaranaya | 1.167. surya iva surya patniva | yadva | suryasya duhita asvino rathamiva sa matha arohati tadvat | 32. surya suryasya patni | esam eva abhistakalatama | 33. sarasvati, sarasvati sarasvati, sarasvatyam, sarasvatim, sarasvati'vatoh | '

172 The word is explained as vac or vagdevI even in vocative in forty nine places, In twenty four places the word is interpreted as river or river goddess even in vocative. The word is also interpreted as madhyamika vac in five places ( 1,142.97 1110111 III. 4. 81 43.11: 17.7). sayana 34 A few gives explanation with alternative meaning also. examples are given below. While explaining vannamani Yaska states, "With reference to vac the word Sarasvati is used both in the sense of a river and of a deity in Vedic passages. We shall explain the Vedic passages where it is used in the sense of a deity later, (Niru, II.26) and 35 how those, where it is used in the sense of a river. And he quotes the RK.VI.61.2. But Durga explains this RK. 路 (i.e. VI.61.2) as addressed to Sarasvati the deity; Sarasvati is the atmospheric speech etc. 340 35. 1.3.10. sarasvati | devi vagdevata " syenah somah " ityadisu pancatrimsatsamkhyakesu devata visesa vacisu padesu "sarama sarasvati " 8 nigha . 5.5.188 iti pathitam ni . 1. 268 - ! anaya tu nardarupa 1.3.12. dvividha sarasvati vigrahavadadevata nadirupa ca | tatra purvabhyam agbhyam vigrahavati pratipadita ! pratipadyate tadrsi sarasvati | 1.142.9. sara ityudakanama | tadrati anitadikapa madhyamika ca vak | 2.1.11. saranavan vayuh | 3.54.13. gadyapadyarupena prataranam astha astiti sarasvati | vagdevata | 5.5.8. sara udakam tasmat sarasvanu vayuh | tasya stri sarasvati | 1. 188.8. sarasvati sarah vagudakamva | tadvatyantariksa devate | sarasvatityetasya nadivardevadevatavacca nigama bhavanti | tad yaddevatavada uparistattadvyakhyasyamah | athaitannadivat |

1 173 Yaska in his Nirukta (9.26) 36 commenting on the Rk. X. 75.5 ( 1 man me gafge) states 'The word saras is a synonym Toot of water; it is derived from thefer (to flow). Sarasvati A is rich in water. And in Niru.11.27, while interpreting the RK. RV.I.3.10 he states "This is applied to the objects of speech; speech is therefore regarded as belonging to * the sphere of the atmosphere. #37 23. Nivit: Its forms occur in six places (Nividah II.36.6; IV.18.7; VI.67.10; Nividem I.175.6; 176.6 repeated nivida 1.89.3 and 96.2). Sayana explains them as vac or stuti in the form of nivid 38 (liturgy). : tasmanmadhyamika vacam manyante | 36. sara ityudakanama | sarteh | tadvati | sarasvati | 37. vagaryesu vidhiyate | 38. 2. 3606. nividah vai namaitat | sastralaksana vacah | I 4. 18.7. marutvatiyasastre prayujyamanani "marustotri marudgana " ityadini indrastuti pratipadakani kanicit padani " nivida " sabdenocyante | E 1.89.3. nivido | vedatmikaya vaca nividiti vajha nama | yadva | nivida "visvedevah somasya matsana ityadikasya 'vaisva devya nivida ahavayamah hai

*> ** 1 174 1 24. explains it as a term which is used while offering obla Svaha: The word occurs in nineteen places. Sayana L tions into the fire. It is also a synonym of vak. He states "She is the wife of Agni.". A few examples are given below. 39 The word is used in the sense of vac. In two places (1.13.12 and VIII.8.5) the compound forms svaha-krtam, krtani, and krtasya occur in the sense of oblation, which is offered. Yaska in his Nirukta (8.20) 40 interpretes the word svahakrtayah. He states "Consecrations are so called because the word svaha is uttered in them. Or speech herself said 'well ho!, or it addresses itself, or one offers cblation which are consecrates with 'suaha) hail'." ' 39, 1. 1.3.12. svahasabdo havispradanavaci san etannamakamagni visesam laksyate | 8.8.5. zatstgat caretatto arifect what i dat i zateia ats. ath | Farfaguut atat egaT I 8.63.5. svahavarasya svahadevyah pateragneh | 40. svahetyetatsu aheti va | sva vagaheti va | svam praheti va | svahutam havirjuhotiti va | che.

175 25. Vagnuh: The word occurs with its other forms 41 in seven places, Sayana explains it as vac, Sabda or stuti or abhisava Sabda. A few examples are given below. 42 26. Upabdih: The word occurs in seven places with its forms (i.e. upabdibhih X.94.4; 13 and upabdalh VII.104.17). In three places the word is interpreted as vac, Sabda (1.74.7; 169.7; IX.88.5) and in three places it is explained as Sabda of abhisavagravan. Examples are given below. 43 27. Mayuh: The word occurs with its form mayum in four places only. In all the places it is interpreted as the lowing of cows. But in X.95.3 the word is explained 44 as simhanada (VII.103,2; mayum I.164.28, 29, X.95.3). 41. vagnuna, vagnu, vagnun 42. 43. 44. 9774, 9. 97. 13. vagnuh vai namaitat | tasya vak sabdah | 1. 84.3. varaluni | vacaniyenabhisavasabdena | 9. 3.4. vagnun stutikarino janata | 1. 74.7. upabdih sravanarhah sabdah | 1.169.7. upagurvadi samipe gamyate jnayate upapadyate iti va upabdivat | 6. 104. 17. upabdaih abhisava sabdaih 10.95.3. mayum miyate praksipyata iti mayuh sabdah simhanadam | 1 $

1 1 28. Kakut: The word occurs in three places with its two forms. Kakut is interpreted as jihva (tongue) in VI.41.2; it is in the form kakudah (1,8.7 as 'mukhasambadhinyah' and the other form kakudam (VIII.69,12) as talum, samudrakhyam). i 176 The word is interpreted by Yaska in his Nirukta. He states "Palate is called kakudam. Kokuva signifies tongue, that tongue is placed under it. Tongue is called kokuva because, being noisy (kokuyamana) it utters sourris, " (or it may be derived from the root kokuya meaning, to ge make a sound), 45 7 46 29. Jihva: The word occurs in forty nine places with its forms. Only in three places the word is interpreted as vac (1.87.5; VI. 67.8; 37.12). The word is explained in twenty nine places in the sense of ivala and in thirteen places in the sense of tongue. It may be noted that aoni ivala is figuratively called jihva in many places. A few 45. nirukta 5.26. kakudam tavityayaksate | jihva kokuva | sa asmindhiyate | jiva kokuva | kokuyamana varsam nudati iti va | kokuyateva syacchabba karmanah 46. jivah jiksvami, jivama, jihvaya, jivarya |

} examples are given below. 47 In his Nirukta (5.26) Yaska interpretes the word. He states "The tongue (fihva) is so called because it calls out again and again (Lihva johuva 177 48 30. Chosah: The word occurs with its forms in twenty four places. In five places the word is explained as stuti or stotra (III.31.10, VII.23.2; VIII.63.7; VI.38.21 1.181.5). The word is generally used in the sense of + Sabda in twenty three places, 49 The forms ghosa ghosa iva and ghosavai appear in X.40.5; 1.122.5 and 1.117.7 respecThey are interpreted as the name of a brahmavalinI. tively. 47" 9. 75.2. TET 1 Houran fazurato: ata: 1 3. 20.2. jihavah | "lii asvadane " | lihantyabhi rasaniti | fad: me露ratur: feat: 1 10.53.3. jihvam agnirhi yajnasya jihva | 1.87.5. jihva stutirupa vak | 48. ghosanu, ghosa, ghosayeh, ghosada, ghasa ghosai ghosana ghosaih | 49. 3.31.10. ata 1 eofgrafat netcofa: zofagra: at 1 7.83.3. sainikanam sabdah | 5.540 12. bhayajanakam sabdam | ghosam | 10.94.1. abhisavasabdam 1 10.123.4. garjitalaksanam meghastham gabdam |

3 31. Svarah: The word occurs in the form svarina. However, the form svara is used as verb in three places and avaravahaas svarumantah in four places. Svare is used as Sabda karma svarau as pasvanjanakale. f But the form svarena occurs in 1.62.21. Sayana explains it as udatta or mandra sound. The word is used 50 as an adjective to stubh (stotra).. 1 178 32. Sabdah: The word does not occur in the Rgveda. The form Sabdaya occurs in Ma 30,19 and Ka.34.4.1 samhitas. # 51 33. Svanah: The word with its forms occurs in twelve places, Sayana explains it as sound (Sabda). 52 1 L 34. Rk: Its form Fkbhih occurs in II, 35.12. Sayana interpretes it as mantraih. { 1 50. udattadi sravyasvaropetena | yadra | mandramadhyamadi svarena stubha stotrana | 51. svanah, svane, svanan svani, 52. 5.87.5, svanah marutam vegajanitah sabdah | } 9.50. 1. samudrasya taranga dhvanih | 5.60.3. svane bhayamkarasabde | J FTFF 6.46.14. HTHIN (3 JATATY) t

179 It may be noted that Rkkah (X.36.5), rkkata (IV.4 C.5), rkkabhih (1.87.6), rkka (VII.37.4) etc., occur in the Egveda. They are interpreted as mantra or stotra chanted by sages. 35. Hotra: The word is listed also in yainanamani (Nigh. 3.17.8). 53 The word occurs with its forms' in forty two places. Out of these in fourteen places the word is interpreted as vac or stuti. The form hotrava is interpreted as yalnaya and hotrartham (VI,11,1; X.98.7). In other places the word is used in the sense hotrka or hotrkanna. r Yaska interpretes hotram as rsim. In III.62.3 and 1.18.8 Sayana gives alternative meanings. A few examples are given below. 54 53. hotra, hotrani hotrata hotrabhih hotramm hotraye, ho hoya hotram | 540 1.18.8. hotra | huyamana devata tustasati yajamanam prakhyapayitum devesu gacchati ya | hotra asmadiya stutirupa vak | devan paritosayitum devesu gacchati | 3.62.3. huyante asyam visi iti | yadva | huyate tatra prana iti hotra vak | tatha ca srutih - vaci ha pranam juhumah prani va vacam iti | yadva | hotreti yajnanama | huyate atra haviriti | yajnasca - vagucyate | vacam yacchanti vagvai yajnah (ai.bra . 5.248 iti 10.64.15. hotra 1 vainamaitat | ahuyante brahmanam | anaya deva iti |

$ 180 55 36. Cih: The word and its forms occur in three hundred and eighty three places. In all the places it is used in the sense of vac. It is mainly interpreted as stuti or stotra. In some places sayana interpretes the Rks with 56 derivations They are given below. Yaska derives the word girah. (songs) from the root ar (to speak), (Niru. 1.10), 57 37. Gatha: Its forms' occur in twelve places. Everywhere it is interpreted in the sense of vac or stuti or stotra. 55. gih 5 bhih, girah, niram, gura, gire, girsa 56. 7.73. 1. gih | garita stota vasisthah | stauti 1.37.10. giravah sunavah | vaca utpadakah marutah | vayavo hi talavostadisu samcaranto vacamutpadayanti | 1.61.4 sastrasambandhinih kevala acasca | 1.178.3. stutirupani vacamsi stotanu va | 2.35.1. gunatiti gih stota tasya | 7.39.5. garaniyan stutyan daivan asmadiyam yajnam prati ahvayanti | 45. 4. grnanti stuvantiti girah stotrayah prajah | yadva | imah stutirupa vacah | 8669.14, madhyamikaya vaca stutilaksanaya | 57. gatheya, gathabhih, gadhinah, gathanyaih, gathanyaim gathama gatha'patim gaya sravasam | 5 1 7

A few examples are given below. 58 181 } 59 38. Ganah: The word and its forms occur in forty two places, Mainly the word is interpreted as marut-qana. In some places the word is used to mean devagana or sangha (V, 44, 12) manusyagana or janasangha (VI, 56.57. IX 32.3) This word is explained even as 'Satrusangha' (VI.40.1; X.103.3). In V.112.9 the form ganesu is interpreted as The compounds gana-patim and gana-pate accur in two places each (II.23.1 and 112.9). The word is interpreted as the leader of the group of gods. The word is not used in the sense of vac. stotr-ganesu. Yaska (Niru.6.36) states that 'gana and guna are so called because they acant group and quality (gano ganar.at gunasca). 60 39. Dhena: The word and its forms occur in fifteen 58. 10.85.6. gathaya | "gatha giyate " ityadi brahrmanokana gatha | 1.7.1. gathinah giyamana samayukta udgatarah | gatha esam santiti gathinah | 1.43.4. gathapatim | stutipalakam | gatha iti vai nama | 59. gunama, gunah, gunanam, ganaya, gana, gunenai, ganesu ganaih guna patimana ganapate, ganam'ganam, ganya | 60. dhenoh, dhenobhih, dhenam hum

z 182 i places. In nine places it is interpreted as vac or stuti (I.2.3; X.104.10; I.141.1; III.1.9; VII.94.41 VIII.32.72; X.43.67 104,3; 1.55.4). In two places the word is interpreted as nad] (IV.58.6, VII.21.3) and in V.62.2, Sayar a interpretes it as lokanam prinavitri dyutih, In III.343 dhenah is explained as cows. Yaska (Niru.6.17) derives the word dhena (milk beverage) while explaining the Rk. RV. I.101.10 from the root aha (to put). Thena-iti is explained by Sayana differently. 61 40. Gnah: The word occurs also in uttarani namani (3.29.18) of the Nighantu. 62 The word with its forms occurs in twenty places, The word is explained by Sayana in eighteen places in the sense of devapatnI, and he quotes Yaska. In 1.43.13 the word is explained as gantrih ivalah and in II.1.5 the word is interpreted as ya stutivacah santi tah (the Rk is altributed to Agni).' 61. 1101.10. paine iti panasadhanabhutau jivopajivike | 5.30.9. gufuaut get 1 (feaut) 62. Jarfai:, Tatu, Jand: Jan Jatsofa:, Jat: 鈥� i

183 0 Yaska in his Nirukta ( 3.21) states mena and gnah are 63 synonyms of women. Gnah are so called because men go to them (gacchanti), - } 64 41, Vipas The word vioah is listed in ahgulinamani (Nigh.2.5.9) and the word vipah is listed in medhavinamani (3.15.14). The word vipa occurs in five places, (V.68.1, IX. 3.2; 22,3; 65.12; X.99.6). In three places vipa is interpreted as angulinamani (IX.3.2; 65.12; X.99.6). In three places the form vipam is interpreted as vipranam medhavinam. The word is not used in the sense of vac anywhere, 路 42. Nana: The word occurs only in RV. IX.112.3. 65 Sayana abterpretes it as mother or daughter. Yaska in his Nirukta (6.5) derives the word nana from the root nam meaning either mother or daughter. the sence 'vac. The word nana does not have 63. 20310 40 gnabhih devapatnibhih | chandamsi vai gnah " iti taittiriyakam | gayatryadini chandamsi ca devapatnyah ityuktam | 640 65. 5.43.6. gnam devim | sarvairgantavyam etannamikam devatam | "maina gna iti strinam hai niru . 3.21. 8 iti yaskah | 9.65.12. vipa | "visa prerane " | havimsyagni prerayantiti vipo' i . gulayah | ekavacanam chandasam | nana | mata duhita va | namakriya yogyatvat | mata khalvapatyam prati stanapanadina namanasila bhavati | duhita va sasrusartham | nana namatermata va duhita va niru . 6.5.8 1

184 66 43. Kasa: The word with its forms fccurs in ten f places. In three places the word is used in the sense of vac. (1.22.3; 1.157.4; 168.4). In VIII.25.24 the form kasavanta is interpreted as kasavantau the immediate word is vipra (viprau), So here also the word can be explained in the sense of vac. In five places (1.22.3, VIII.33.11; 1.37.3, 1.162.17; V.83.3) the word is interpreted as asvatadini (whip). The form kasavati in VIII.68.18 is explained as 'drpta-vadava'. In 1.22.3 Sayana gives alternative meaning with explanation. The word kabah is listed in udakanamani (1.12.17). But it does not occur in the Veda. 67 1 The forms kasa-juvam and kasah-plakau occur in I.112.14 and VIII 33.19. The first form is explained as asurabhitya udakam pravestum gantaram; and the second form is interpreted as kasati iti ahananakarma. 66. kasi, kasavati, kasavanta, kasaya, krsah juvam | 67, 1.22.3. kasa | asvatahini | tivrana kamsatadanena yo dhvanirnispadyate, tadanavelayam asvarudhena ca yah akrosah kriyate tadubhayam sighragamanahetutvena yajamanasyapriyam | yadva slokah dharetyadisu saptapacasadainamasu "kasa dhisana nigha . 1. 11.43.8 iti pathitam | asvinorya vak madhumati madhuyapita ...|

185 Yaska (Niru.9.19) states "Whip is so called because It reveals (pra-kalayat 1) danger to the horse. Or else it is derived from the root Kre (to drag) on account of being small. Further, speech is called kaba because it reveals meaning or it rests in space) or it is derived from the root krus (to make a noise). 68 69 路 44. Dhlsana: The word and its forms occur in thirtytwo places. Out of these in nineteen places it is interpreted in the sense of vac or stuti or vagdevata. In two places (I.102.1; III.32.14) it is explained as buddhih. sayana explains the form dhisnanam in (V.69.2) as sthananam (prthivyantariksadyulokanam Sayana interpretes the word as adhisavana in two places. In IX.59.2 it is explained as the pressing stones. 70 68. kasa prakasayati bhayamasvaya | krsyatairvanabhavat | vakpunah prakasayatyarthani | khaya | krosatava | asvakasaya esa bhavati | 69. visno' iva, dhisananam visanobhyah ghumagama, dhisanayah, dvirma啶�nisa dhisana, siksana' iti bha visane'iti dhisanyantah 70. 1.109.3. dhisanayah | stutayah | yadva | adhisavana carma | tavadindragni udidasaya . | 10. 17.12. dhisanetyadhisavanaphalaka nama | pratyeka vivaksayaikavacanam | 8

The form dhisane is listed in dyavaprthivinamani of 71 the Nighantu (3.30.3). 186 Yaska while commenting on the Rk (II.37.3) states "Dhisnya = dhisanya i.e. the subordinate alter, so called because it is the place of recitation. Thisana (speech) is derived from the root dhis, used in the sense to hold. Or else it distributes or procures intelligence (Niru.8.3). 72 Durga further states 'speech holds the meaning, for eternal indeed is the connection between speech and meaning, & 73 71. ko 3.5.6. dhisane | he devamanusyadinam dharayitrau | yadva | pragalbha samartha svasritan racitumiti dhisane dyavaprthiyo | 1.160.1. dhisane iti | dharsanopete svavyaparesu pragalbha ityarthah | atra yadyapi dhisane ityetat " dhisane rodasi hai nigha . 3. 30.3: 8 iti tannamasu uktatvat dyavaprthivinama, tathapi dyavaprthivi ityasya vidyamanatvat yaugikam padam drastavyam | 6.70.3. dhisane iti | dhrste sarvasya bhuvanasya nivasabhate va rodasi 路 720 dhisnyat | visnom vinyom dhisanabhavah | dhisana vaka vidadhatyarthe, thi sadiniti sanititi va | niru . 8.3.8 73. durgacaryabhasya - sa hi va artha dharayati, sabdarthayoh sambandhanityatvat | , ,

187 75 74 45. Nauh: The word with its forms occur in forty three places, everywhere except in one place, the word is interpreted as boat. In IX.45.5 the form navah is interpreted as vacah. Sayana refers to the Nighantu and says that it belongs to vannamani, The word nauh is figuratively applied to vaci ie, prayer which carries safely through difficulties. In X.135.4 Sayana gives alternative meaning. 76 Yaska in his Nirukta (5.23) states "A boat (nau) is so called because it is to be impelled ( nud) or the word may be derived from the root nam (to bend)." ' 77 74. nabha nave, navah narvam, nava, navasaheva navaya navam, nava, nava, iva, navi | 75. 9073.1. navah | somasya navah nauka iva sthitah 76掳 77掳 catasah sthalayah 1.140.12. navam asmakam yajamanasya samsari- -tarika somayagatmikam navam | " yajno vai sutarma nauh " 8 e. ba . 1. 13.3 ityadisu srutisu naurupatvena stutatvat | $ | 10. 135.40 navi 1 nauvattarana sadhanaya buddhau | yada | rksamadisadhyamstotram navi nauvattarayitryam vaci vedatmika 啶緔am 鈥� nauh pranottavya bhavati | namateva | I bha

la 46. Aksaram: The word occurs also as the synonym oz waters (Nigh. 1.12.32 ) . 4 78 79 The word occurs with its forms in ten places. n five places it is explained in the sense of vac (VII. 15.9; (VII.15.9; VII, 1. 147 I.164.39; I.164.24; I.13,3). In VII.36.7 the word is used as vyapta, adjective to vagdevata. 188 In III.55.1 it is explained in the sense of immortal rays of the sun; and in III,31.6 as kgaya-rahitanam (garam). In VI,16,35 it is interpreted as ksaranarahite vedyakhy? sthane. ' 1. The word is interpreted as water in two places (refer Nigh. 1.12.32). 78. aksara, aksaroda iva, aksaramnam, aksare, aksarena 79掳 1. 164.39. rcah aksarem | rk sabdena .... catvasi vedah ucyante | aksare adrsya digunake ksaranarahite anasvare nitye sarvatra vyapte brahamani | aksarasabdasya brahumavacakatvam | 鈥� * etadvai tadaksarasya prasasane gargi (br . 3.38.8 yaya tadaksaramadhigamyate | ma0 u . 1. 15.8 "yenaksaram purusam veda satyam | ma0 u . 1.2.13] ityadi srutisu prasiddham | sragarayoh pratipadya pratipadakabhavah sambandhah 1.64.240 aksarana saptavani | astadhara gayatri ekadasaksara tristup dvadasaksari jagatiti | aksaraih padah parimiyante padaih chandamsi | tatah padanam chandasam aksaram mulamiti | * parimitaih

R 189 47. Mahl: The word occurs with its forms in one hundred and forty one places. It is used as an adjective to vac or stuti in six places (1.8.8; 45.41 II,33.8, VI.38,1) X.158.12; V.45.3). (Details have been already given under prthivinamani; Nigh,1,1,12). 48. Aditih: The word with its forms occurs in one hundred and sixty five places. Nowhere it is used in the sense of vac. (Details have been already given under prthivinamani: Nigh,1,1,14). 49. SacI: The word is listed also in karmanamani and ainanamani (Nigh.2.1.22; 3.9.8). 80 Its forms occur in eighty six places. Out of these in fifty four places the word is explained as karmanama and in eighteen places it is explained as praina. Sayana - 80. sacinam, sinam, svabhih sayi i patih sacipatimu, satrupati iti saci'pati, savipate sacyo, sacyamsa, vidavah, sava'vatah prsivah sacavan sacivasu iti savavat, sacivaso 'iti, savi'vasi

F } gives alternative explanations.81 The word is nowhere interpreted as vac. kA 190 The word saci patim in 1.106.6 is explained by sayana 82 as karmanam palavita Sacipati Indra. The word Sacipate which occurs in ten places is interpreted as karmapalakendra. 50. Vac: The word occurs with its forms b 1 83 in one hundred and thirty three places. In all the places the word is interpreted either as stuti, or as stotra. A few 1 i 8 t 82. 4. 43.3. sinam yusyatsambandhinam karmanam saktinam va madhye | 1.112.8, karmabhih prajnabhirva | 6.45.24. atmiyaih karmabhih prajnabhirva | 10. 39.13. prajnabhih karmabhirva | 134.3.HITCH TUTTA: saktibhih atmiyaih karmabhirva | 3.60.6. sacya indranya karmana va | 8.96.13. karmana prajnanena va | 96.17. svakiyaya prajnaya karmana va | 10.104.3. karmana saktya va yuktah | 24. 43.3. saktimattari ke sobhanakarmavantau va 1 8.60.12. sacivaso iti sayi vaso | prajnaya vasayitah karmadhanava hai agnau 1.106.6. saciti karmanama | sarvesam karmanam palayitaram | yadva | sayyadevyah bhartaram | sacipatim | vanaspatyadisu pathat ubhayapadaprakrtisvaratvam | 83. vaceh, vacah, vacam vaca, vapi, vaci, vaca, vacamuvacam vacamu iinvayam, vaca'stenam |

examples are given below. 84 191 Yaska in his Nirukta (2,23) derives the word, vac (speech) 3 from the rootjvae (to speak) (vac kasmat vaceh) 鈥� 51. Anustup: The word does not occur in the Roveda Yaska in his Nirukta (7.12) states that the word is so called from *praising after' (anustobhanat). $ 85 - 52. Dhenuh: The word occurs with its forms in onehundred and twenty four places. Out of these in ninety seven places the word is used in the sense of cow (i.e. 84. 1. 173.3. vak | stuyamanah stuvan va devan | 1.79.10. vaceh | abhidadhatih girah 8 190.2. madhyamikah | yadva hotrapi prerita vacah 1 9.33.40 timro vacah | rgadi bhedena trividha stutih | 1.164.35. vacah mantradi-rupayah | 164.37. ekatmapratipadikaya upanisadayo yadi vaidamasmityuktaya 10.71.3. margam | 1.168.8. vacam | sabdam stanitam laksanam | va | anrtavacanamainam yatudhanam | 1.0.87.15. vaca -stanam 85. dhenu s iti, dhenu, dhenuh' iva, dhenumatyem, dhenaya, deva, dhana, dhanavai, dhenava, dhanu, dhenubhih, dhenumati, penah deva, dhenunam, dhenoh | +

navaprasuta or prinavitri dhenuh). In seven places the word is interpreted in the sense of vac. (II.35.7; X.61.19; VIII.2.6; dhenoh IX.34.6; VI.1.16, 41.5; VI,35.5), 86 In other places the word is explained as nadi, dyau, bhumi etc. A few examples are given below. Yaska in his Nirukta (11.42) derives the word dhenu (milch cow) from the root jahe (to suck); or from jdhi (to nourish) (dhenuh dhayaterva dhinoterva). 192 The word is listed in the V chapter also (Nigh.5.5.30). 86. dhenuh 3.55.13. prinayitri sa dyauh | 3.58.1 prinayitrayusah | 8.14.3. sunrta stutirupa vak dhenuh dogdhri gaurbhutva sunvate somabhisavam kurvata | 10.27.14. dhenuh 1 dyauh udakasyadharatvat varitrtvacca udhah sthaniyamadityam | yadva | dhanugastho yatha tadvadadityam yaurdharayati | 1.164.3. dhenu iti | dve dhenu agnihitakaranena prinayitryo patniyajamanalaksane dhenu | 3.55.50 12. jagatah prinayitryo, dyavaprthivyau 1357.3. sarvasya prinayitrayah ausadhayah 5.43.1. prinayayitryo nau 1 40 40 40 prinayitryo meghah | 1 8.4.8. dhenuvat pritijanaka asmadiyah somah | yadva | dhiveh prinanarthat dhenavah | prinayitara ityarthah | athava | "cheda pane theta icca " ityaunadiko nupratyayah | tatsanniyogena ikarantadesasca | patavyah somah ityarthah | 9.86.25. 8 sapta dhenavah | prinayitryah saptagayatryadyah saptagai gadya nadyo va | 1.160.3. dhenum | prinayitrim bhumim | 2.86.25. udakadanena prinayitaram |

53. Valguh: Its form valgu occurs in two places. The form valgu is used as an adjective; meaning manohara and kalyanam vacah (VIII.73.8; X.62.4) respectively. 54. Galda: Its form gaddaya occurs only once in the RV (VIII,1,20). Sayana explains it as galanena sravanena (stutya) as adjective to stuti, The word by itself does not have the sense vac. 55. Sarah: The word is listed also under udakanamani (Nigh. 1.12.38). 193 The word with its forms occurs in seven places. The word sarah which occurs in four places is interpreted as lake (VII, 103.7; VIII.1.23, 45.24; 49.3). The word sazasah is interpreted as tatakat (VII.1.33) and the form sarazi is is explained as udake vasativaryakhye (IX.97.62). sarasi-iti is explained as mahatsarah (VII. 103,2). The word Yaska in his Nirukta (9.26) states that the word sara belongs to udakanamani and he derives the word from the ts (to flow) sara ityudakanama, sarteh). does not have the assigned sence vac. The worl 1

' 56. Suparni: Its form suparnyah occurs in IX.86.37 and X.88.19. sayana interpretes the word as supatanah asvah and supatana ratryah respectively. = It may be noted that the word suparnah is listed in the V chapter (5.4.31); and the word suparnah under rasminamani of the Nighantu (1.5.15). 194 57. Bekura: The word does not occur in the Raveda. The form bekurayah occurs in Tai.3.4.7.1. 1 A.B. Keith explains it as 'of uncertain sense; *melodions' is equally or nore probable. Here it is not used in the sense of vac. (The Veda of the Black Yayus School, p.271 f.n.). The discussion made above may be given a tabular form as follows: Words No.of times 'used No.of times used in the sense assigned 1 Sloka 28 23 2 Dhara 107 3 Ila 65 '2' 7 4 Gauh 794 33 5 GourI 6 2 6 Gandharvi 1 1 7 GabhIra 6 8 Gambhira 9

195 Words No. of times used. 9 a Mandra 15 No. of times used in the sense assigned 34 (used as adjective) 10 MandrajanI 1 11 vasi \ 10 4 12 Vani 22 18 13 vanicI 1 14 Vanah 6 15 Pavih 13 16 Bharati 12 9 17 Dhamanih 1 l 18 Najih 1 1 19 Ma 20 Melih 2 1 21 surya 24 22 Sarasvati 71 49 23 Nivit 6 6 24 Svaha 19 5 25 Vagnuh 7 7 26 Upabdih 6 27 Mayuh 4 28 Kakut 3 (tongue) 1 29 Jihva 49 3 30 Ghosah 24 4 31 Svarah 1 32 Sabdah f

196 Words No.of times used ' No. of times used in the sense assigned 33 Svanah 12 12 34 RK 1 1 35 Hotra 42 4 36 GIh 383 383 37 Gatha 12 12 38 Ganah 42 39 Dhena 15 $ 40 Gnah 20 I 41 Vipa 9 42 Nana 1 43 Kasa 10 w 44 Dhisana 32 19 45 Nauh 43 1 46 Aksaram 11 5 47 MahI 141 (adj, 6) zhe 48 Aditih 165 1 49 SacI 86 ding 50 Vac 133 54 133 51 Anustup 52 Dhenuh 124 53 Valguh 6 54 Galda 1 (adj) 55 Sarah 7 56 SuparnI 2 57 Bekura

197 To conclude, three words i.e. (32) Sabdah, (51) anustup and (57) bekura, do not occur in the Veda. Including these three words, twenty one words are not interpreted in the dence of vac. Only in some places the words mahl and galda are used as adjective to speech. " L