Mandra, Mamdra, M腻ndr腻: 18 definitions
Introduction:
Mandra means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
In Hinduism
Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)
Source: Wisdom Library: N腻峁瓂a-艣腻stra1) Mandra (啶え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ, 鈥済rave鈥�) refers to one of six 鈥渙rnaments鈥�, or 鈥榝igures of speech鈥� (补濒补峁僰腻谤补). According to the N腻峁瓂a艣腻stra chapter 19, these six ornaments are part of the 鈥榲ocal representation鈥� (惫腻肠颈办补), which is used in communicating the meaning of the drama and calling forth the sentiment (rasa). The term is used throughout 苍腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 literature. These ornaments dictate the type of recitation, eg. mandra and vilambita should be used in words expressing sharpness and roughness.
Uses of mandra: 鈥渢he grave note proceed from the chest register and is to be used in despondency, weakness, anxiety, impatience, low-spiritedness, sickness, deep wound from weapons, fainting, intoxication, communicating secret words and the like鈥�.
2) Mandra (啶え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ, 鈥渓ow鈥�) refers to 鈥渓ow pitches鈥� and is one of the ten characteristics (gati) of the 箩腻迟颈 (melodic class), according to the N腻峁瓂a艣腻stra chapter 28. It is also known as mandragati or mandrasvara. 闯腻迟颈 refers to a recognized melody-type and can be seen as a precursor to 谤腻驳补蝉 which replaced them.
According to the N腻峁瓂a艣腻stra 28.93-94, 鈥渢hree kinds of the low pitch movement (mandra-gati): that depending on the 补峁兣沘, on the 苍测腻蝉补, and on the apa苍测腻蝉补. There is no pitch lower than that of the 补峁兣沘 notes (svara); in the 苍测腻蝉补 such a pitch will be separated by two notes, and when the 驳腻苍诲丑腻谤补 is the graha and the 苍测腻蝉补, 峁涐梗补产丑补 and dhaivata are seen to bear a low pitch鈥�.
Natyashastra (啶ㄠぞ啶熰啶ざ啶距じ啷嵿い啷嵿ぐ, 苍腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya鈥攖heatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).
Shilpashastra (iconography)
: archive.org: Illustrations of Indian Music and Dance in Western Indian StyleMandra (啶え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ, 鈥渓ow鈥�).鈥擨llustration of 尘补苍诲谤补-驳谤腻尘补 (lowest group of tones) according to 15th century art.鈥擳he colour of the body of 尘补苍诲谤补-驳谤腻尘补 is white. He holds a 惫墨峁嚹� (Indian lute) with both hands. The colour of the scarf is rosy and the colour of the lower garment is green and yellow. He is well-dressed and wears beautiful ornaments with a crown on the head.
The illustrations (of, for example Mandra) are found scattered throughout ancient Jain manuscripts from Gujarat. The descriptions of these illustrations of this 肠颈迟谤腻惫补濒墨 are based on the 艣濒辞办补蝉 of V腻can腻c腻rya Ga峁噄 Sudh腻kala艣a鈥檚 Sa峁単墨topani峁ts腻roddh腻ra (14th century) and 艢腻r峁単adeva鈥檚 Sa峁単墨taratn腻kara (13th century).
Shilpashastra (啶多た啶侧啶ざ啶距じ啷嵿い啷嵿ぐ, 艣ilpa艣腻stra) represents the ancient Indian science (shastra) of creative arts (shilpa) such as sculpture, iconography and painting. Closely related to Vastushastra (architecture), they often share the same literature.
Vyakarana (Sanskrit grammar)
: Wikisource: A dictionary of Sanskrit grammarMandra (啶え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ).鈥擮ne of the three places of the origination of articulate speech which is described as situated in the throat; cf. 啶む啶班啶｀た 啶え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ啶� 啶ぇ啷嵿く啶ぎ啷佮い啷嵿い啶 啶� 啷� 啶む啶粪 啶え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ啶啶班じ啶� 啶掂ぐ啷嵿い啶む (tr墨峁噄 mandra峁� madhyamamuttama峁� ca | te峁 mandramurasi vartate) 鲍惫惫补峁璦 on R. Pr. XIII. 17; cf. also 啶え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ啶ぇ啷嵿く啶い啶距ぐ啶距ぃ啶� 啶膏啶ムぞ啶ㄠぞ啶ㄠた 啶さ啶ㄠ啶むた 啷� (mandramadhyamat腻r腻峁噄 sth腻n腻ni bhavanti |) T.Pr.XXII.11.
Vyakarana (啶掂啶ぞ啶曕ぐ啶�, vy腻kara峁嘺) refers to Sanskrit grammar and represents one of the six additional sciences (vedanga) to be studied along with the Vedas. Vyakarana concerns itself with the rules of Sanskrit grammar and linguistic analysis in order to establish the correct context of words and sentences.
Dharmashastra (religious law)
: Sacred Texts: The Grihya Sutras, Part 2 (SBE30)Mandra (啶え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ) refers to a type of tone (coming from the chest), which is used in chanting hyms.鈥擜nother [commentator] distinguishes three high tones, the 办谤耻峁ａ弓补 (also called 迟腻谤补 or 办谤补耻帽肠补), the madhyama, and the mandra, and assigns the madhyama to the S腻midhen墨 hymns. The mandra notes come from the chest, the madhyama notes from the throat, the uttama notes from the head.
Dharmashastra (啶оぐ啷嵿ぎ啶多ぞ啶膏啶む啶�, dharma艣腻stra) contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.
Gitashastra (science of music)
: Shodhganga: Elements of Art and Architecture in the Trtiyakhanda of the Visnudharmottarapurana (gita)Mandra (啶え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ) refers to a 鈥渓ow pitch鈥� (in music), according to the Vi峁ａ箛udharmottarapur腻峁嘺, an ancient Sanskrit text which (being encyclopedic in nature) deals with a variety of cultural topics such as arts, architecture, music, grammar and astronomy.鈥擨n Indian Music, the word saptaka is used to denote the scale or octave of Music. Actually the scale of seven notes is called as saptaka. According to the Vi峁ａ箛udharmottarapur腻峁嘺, three kinds of scales or octaves viz., mandra i.e., low pitch, madhya i.e., medium pitch and 迟腻谤补 i.e., high pitch are there in Music and these three kinds of octaves occur from the three respective 蝉迟丑腻苍补蝉 viz., chest, throat and head. The mandra-saptaka is basically the amalgamation of low notes which come out from the deep of the heart. The madhya i.e., medium notes come from the throat and the 迟腻谤补 i.e., high notes come from the head. To practise classical Music, the singers are generally seen to adopt the madhya-saptaka i.e., middle scale.
: Shodhganga: Kohala in the Sanskrit textual tradition (gita)1) Mandra (啶え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ) refers to one of the Vedic Svaras which is mapped to the Dhaivata-svara (of the Laukika type), according to the N腻rad墨y腻-艣ik峁Ｄ�.鈥擳he list of Laukikasvaras (=seven notes) has been mapped with corresponding Vaidikasvaras (=Vedic svaras)鈥擣or example, the Vedic Mandra-svara has been mapped to the Dhaivata-svara (of the Laukika type).鈥�(Cf. the Kohalamatam鈥攐ne of the works ascribed to Kohala鈥攚hich presents a very different scheme where Dhaivata-svara is mapped to the Vedic Agnig墨ta-svara).
2) Mandra (啶え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ) refers to one of the thirteen characteristics of 搁腻驳补 (considered an offshoot of 闯腻迟颈 in Indian music).鈥擨n the section on 箩腻迟颈, Govinda D墨k峁ta deals with 艣udd腻箩腻迟颈s, vik峁泃a箩腻迟颈s and sa峁僺argaj腻箩腻迟颈s. He then starts explaining the thirteen aspects of 谤腻驳补 (r腻g腻峁嚹錷 trayoda艣a lak峁峁嘺m) [e.g., Mandra] while commenting that these are applicable to the 箩腻迟颈s as well as to 谤腻驳补蝉 (which are off-shoots of the 箩腻迟颈s).
Gitashastra (啶椸啶むざ啶距じ啷嵿い啷嵿ぐ, 驳墨迟补艣腻蝉迟谤补) refers to the ancient Indian science of Music (gita or samgita), which is traditionally divided in Vocal music, Instrumental music and Dance (under the jurisdiction of music). The different elements and technical terms are explained in a wide range of (often Sanskrit) literature.
Languages of India and abroad
Sanskrit dictionary
: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionaryMandra (啶え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ).鈥�a. [mand rak U峁嚹錮i-s奴tra 2.13] Low, deep, grave hollow, rumbling (as sound); 啶く啷嬥う啶え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ啶о啶掂え啶苦え啶� 啶оぐ啶苦い啷嵿ぐ啷� (payodamandradhvanin腻 dharitr墨) Kir腻t腻rjun墨ya 16.3;7.22; Meghad奴ta 11; R.6.56.
2) Ved. Delightful, pleasing, pleasant; 啶忇さ啶� 啶啶班啶掂ぞ啶｀ 啶掂啶曕啶｀啶犩 啶啶椸啶膏啶むえ啷嵿ぎ啶ㄠ啶︵啶班く啶� 啶椸た啶班ぞ (eva峁� bruv腻峁噀 vaiku峁囜弓he bh峁沢ustanmandray腻 gir腻) Bh腻gavata 1.89.13.
3) Praiseworthy.
-苍诲谤补岣� 1 A deep sound, low tone.
2) A kind of drum.
3) A kind of elephant; '啶う啷嵿ぐ啶� 啶え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ啶� 啶啶椸ぞ啶多啶氞啶むた 啶掂た啶溹啶炧啶ぞ啶膏啶む啶班た啶掂た啶оぞ 啶椸啶距 (bhadr腻 mandr腻 m峁沢腻艣ceti vij帽ey腻strividh腻 gaj腻岣�)'; cf. R腻m.1.6.25.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English DictionaryMandra (啶え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ).鈥攎.
(-苍诲谤补岣�) 1. A base or low tone, such as the grumbling of clouds, &c. 2. A sort of drum. 3. A species of elephant. f.
(-诲谤腻) Hollow, deep, rumbling. E. madi to please, Unadi aff. rak .
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English DictionaryMandra (啶え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ).鈥攎. 1. A deep, hollow, or low tone, or sound, [Meghad奴ta, (ed. Gildemeister.)] 97 (read mandra-); [Vikramorva艣墨, (ed. Bollensen.)] 65, 11 (adj.?). 2. A sort of drum.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English DictionaryMandra (啶え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ).鈥擺adjective] pleasant, charming, sweet, [especially] well sounding, pleasant to the ear, deep, hollow (voice or sounds i.[grammar]); [neuter] [adverb]
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) Mandra (啶え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ):鈥擺from mand] a mf(腻)n. pleasant, agreeable, charming, ([especially]) sounding or speaking pleasantly etc., [峁歡-veda; Atharva-veda; V腻jasaneyi-sa峁僪it腻; 艢腻峁卥h腻yana-g峁沨ya-s奴tra]
2) [v.s. ...] low, deep (of sound), hollow, rumbling (am ind.), [Br腻hma峁嘺] etc. etc.
3) [v.s. ...] m. a low tone, the low or base tone (sth腻na) of the voice (as opp. to the middle or madhyama and the high or uttama), [峁歡veda-pr腻ti艣腻khya]
4) [v.s. ...] a kind of drum, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasi峁僪a, hal腻yudha, hemacandra, etc.]
5) [v.s. ...] a species of elephant, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasi峁僪a, hal腻yudha, hemacandra, etc.]
6) b etc. See p. 787, col. 3.
7) 惭腻苍诲谤补 (啶ぞ啶ㄠ啶︵啶�):鈥擺from m腻nda] mfn. ([from] mandra) [gana] chattr腻di.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English DictionaryMandra (啶え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ):鈥�(苍诲谤补岣�) 1. m. A base or low tone as the grumbling of clouds; a sort of drum.
[Sanskrit to German]
Sanskrit, also spelled 啶膏啶膏啶曕啶むぎ啷� (蝉补峁僺办峁泃补尘), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionaryMa峁僤ra (啶啶︵啶�) [Also spelled mandra]:鈥�(nm) a deep note; the first note in the diatonic scale; (a) deep; delightful; hence ~[t腻] (nf).
: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionaryMandra in Hindi refers in English to:鈥�(nm) a deep note; the first note in the diatonic scale; (a) deep; delightful; hence ~[ta] (nf)..鈥攎andra (啶啶︵啶�) is alternatively transliterated as Ma峁僤ra.
...
Kannada-English dictionary
: Alar: Kannada-English corpusMa峁僤ra (嗖矀嗖︵硩嗖�):鈥擺adjective] low or deep in pitch.
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Ma峁僤ra (嗖矀嗖︵硩嗖�):鈥�
1) [noun] a tone that is low or deep.
2) [noun] solemnity or sedateness of the tone.
3) [noun] m峁沝anga, a somewhat cylindrical percussion instrument, having longer diameter at the centre, having membrane spread tightly on both the sides, played by beating with the hand and fingers.
4) [noun] a class of elephants.
5) [noun] the octave just below the note C, in C major scale.
6) [noun] in any classical musical instrument the string tuned to the lowest pitch.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
: unoes: Nepali-English Dictionary1) Mandra (啶え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ):鈥攏. 1. a low tone; 2. a kind of drum;
2) Mandra (啶え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ):鈥攁dj. 1. beautiful; charming; 2. happy; pleasant; 3. pleasant; low; deep;
3) M腻ndr腻 (啶ぞ啶ㄠ啶︵啶班ぞ):鈥攏. pl. of 啶ぞ啶ㄠ啶︵啶班 [m腻ndro]
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with (+5): Mandra-saptak, Mandra-saptaka, Mandrabhadra, Mandrabhadralakshana, Mandrabhadramriga, Mandradhvana, Mandradhvani, Mandragrama, Mandrajani, Mandrajihva, Mandrakanthagarjita, Mandrakarshana, Mandrake, Mandram, Mandrasnigdha, Mandrasthana, Mandrasvana, Mandrasvara, Mandratama, Mandratara.
Full-text (+51): Amandra, Uttaramandra, Mrigamandra, Mandrajihva, Purumandra, Mandrasvara, Mandram, Mandrakarshana, Chuvanna mandram, Tara, Mandradhvana, Mandratama, Mandratara, Uttama, Mandra-saptaka, Mandradhvani, Mandrasnigdha, Mandrasvana, Mandra-saptak, Mandrabhadra.
Relevant text
Search found 36 books and stories containing Mandra, 惭腻苍诲谤补, Mamdra, Ma峁僤ra, M腻ndr腻; (plurals include: Mandras, 惭腻苍诲谤补s, Mamdras, Ma峁僤ras, M腻ndr腻s). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Rig Veda (translation and commentary) (by H. H. Wilson)
Ramayana (by Manmatha Nath Dutt)
Chapter VI < [Book 1 - B腻la-k腻峁囜笉a]
Nighantu (critical study) (by Gopalakrishna N. Bhat)
Part 11 - Vannamani (Vac Nama) < [Chapter 3 - First Adhyaya (chapter) of the Nighantu (study)]
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts, Madras (by M. Seshagiri Sastri)
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Effects of music on mental health and longevity < [2020: Volume 9, April issue 4]
Detection of bisphenols and phthalates using advanced methods. < [2021: Volume 10, February issue 2]
Assay of botanical oils against important phytopathogenic fungi < [2018: Volume 7, June issue 11]
Musical Instruments in Sanskrit Literature (by S. Karthick Raj KMoundinya)
Some Technical aspects of Indian Music < [Chapter 2 - Origin and evolution of Music and Musical instruments]
The Ramayana and Music < [Chapter 2 - Origin and evolution of Music and Musical instruments]
Musical Instruments in the Mrichchhakatika of Sudraka < [Chapter 3 - Musical Instruments of India (with reference to Sanskrit literary sources)]
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