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[Full title: The Samavedic Texts (1): Texts of the Kauthumas]

It may be desirable to give as complete a descriptive list as possible. of the books belonging to the Samaveda. < r Three Schools" or sakha's ("branches") are to be distinguished; that of the Kauthumas, that of the Ranayaniyas and that of the Jaiminiyas. The last mentioned sakha will be here passed in silence, as this Introduction only regards the Brahmana of the KauthumaRanayaniyas'. 搂 1. Texts of the Kauthumas. A. The ganas 1. The g ra meg eyagana (or ve ya gana) in 17 prapathakas, each of which is divided in two halves; published in the great edition of the Samaveda (in 5 volumes) by Satyavrata Samasrami, Calcutta 1874, in the Bibliotheca Indica: Vol. I, page 94-Vol. II, page 242. A valuable and very correct edition (more correct in some respects than the edition of Calcutta) has been procured by Krsnas vamin Srautin under the title: Samavedasamhitayam Kauthumasakhaya Veyaganam, Tiruvadi, 1889. This edition is printed in Grantha characters. 2. The ara nyege ya gana (or aranyagana) in 6 prapathakas, each again divided in two halves: arkaparvan : 1. a-Il a; dvandvaparvan: II. b-III. b; vrataparvan: IV. a-V. b; sukriyaparvan VI. To these the mahanamni's belong as an appendix. This gana is contained in the edition of Calcutta Vol. 11, pages 244-384, 387- 518. 3. The u ha ga n a in 7 parvans: dasaratra, samvatsara, ekala, ahina, sattra, prayascitta and 'ksudra, divided over 23 prapathakas, which again consist of two (only 9, 21 and 23 of three) halves. It is contained in the edition of Calcutta (spursim): Vol. III, page 1-Vol. V, page 380, Vol. V, An index is found in the Introduc- 602-673. pages tion to Vol. V, pages t-ghgh. 1 With reference to the books of the Jaiminiyas, my Introduction to the edition of the Jaiminiya-samhita, page 17 sqq. may be consulted.

The uh yagana in 7 parvans, designated in the same manner as in the uhagana, divided into 16 prapathakas, each again. divided into halves; published in the edition of Calcutta, Vol. V, pages 381-600. B. The arcikas. 1. a. The purvarcika in 6 prapathakas: the collection of verses on which are composed the samans of the gramegevagana, in the edition of Calcutta Vol. I, page 1-Vol. II, page 242; edited also by Benfey: "Die Hymnen des Samaveda," Leipsic 1848 and by Stevenson: Samhita of the Samaveda," London 1843. 1. b. The a ra nya ka sa mhita in 5 dasati's, the verses on which the aranyegeyagana is (partly) composed, in the edition of Calcutta Vol. II, pages 244-384. Separately edited by Goldschmidt (Monatsber. der kgl. Akad. zu Berlin 1868, pages 229-248) and by Fortunatov. 2. The utta rarcika, the collection of verses to which belongs the uhagana, in 9 prapathakas, each divided in two (the last four in three) halves; contained also in the editions of Benfey and Stevenson. 3. The collection of sto bhas, in 2 prapathakas, published in the edition of Calcutta Vol. II, pages 519-542. C. The Brahmanas 1. The Pan ca vim sa or Tandya maha brahmana in 25 chapters (prapathakas), published together with the commentary of Sayana (or rather Madhava), in two volumes in the Bibliotheca Indica by Anandachandra Vedantavagisa, 1870, 1874. For the text two MSS. of the University Library at Leyden were compared by me. Regarding this Brahmana see below, chapter III. 2. The Sad vim sa brah m a na in 5 adhyayas; a kind of appendix to the preceding, reckoned as its 26 th book. It has been edited uncritically by Jibananda Vidyasagara at Calcutta in 1881 under the title: "Daivatabramhana and Shadbingshabramhana of the Samaveda with the commentary of Sayanacharya." Its first prapathaka has been separately edited, translated and annotated in German by Kurt Klemm ("Das Sadvimcabrahmana mit Proben aus Sayana's Kommentar nebst einer Ubersetzung," Gutersloh, 1894). Its latest part, that which treats of Omina and Portenta (the adbhutabrahmana) has been separate-

van ly edited and translated by A. Weber under the title: "Zwei Vedische Texte uber Omina and Portenta" (Abhandl. der Kgl. Akad. der Wiss. zu Berlin, 1858). The best edition of the complete text is "Sadvimsabrahmanam vijnapanabhasyasahitam: het Sadvimsabrahmana den Samaveda" etc., by H. F. Eelsingh, Leiden, Brill, 1908. The text clearly intends to supplement the Pancavimsabrahmana, hence its desultory character. It treats of the Subrahmanya formula, of the oneday-rites that are destined to injure (abhicara) and other matters. This brahmana, at least partly, is presupposed by the Arseyakalpa and the Sutrakaras. 3. The Sa ma vidhana brahmana in 3 prapathakas, edited with the commentary of Sayana by A. C. Burnell, London, 1873: by Satyavrata Samasrami in the Journal "Usa," Calcutta, 1895. Under the title: "Das Samavidhanabrahmana, ein altindisches Handbuch der Zauberei ' this book has been translated into German by Sten Konow, Halle S., 1893. Its aim is to explain how by chanting various samans some end may be attained. It is probably older than one of the oldest dharmasastras, that of Gautama. " 4. The Arsey a brahmana in 3 prapathakas, edited by A. C. Burnell: "The Arseyabrahmana of the Samaveda, the Sanskrit text edited together with extracts from the commentary of Sayana," Mangalore, 1876. A somewhat better edition is that published in the Journal Usa" by Satyavrata Simasrami together with the whole commentary of Sayana, Calcutta, 1891-1892. This quasi-brahmana is, on the whole, nothing more than an anukramanika, a mere list of the names of the samans occurring in the first two ganas. << 5. The Devatadhyaya brahmana in 3 khandas, edited by A. C. Burnell, Mangalore, 1873 and by Vidyasagara, see under No. 2; the title on the wrapper here is daivatabrahmana. It deals with the deities to which the samans are addressed. 6. The Upanisad brahmana¹ comprising ten prapathakas: (a) The first two contain the mantras for the domestic or grhya rites. This book has been published more than once. The whole of it is given by Satyavrata Samasrami under the title: "Mantrabrahmana," Calcutta 1890, with a commentary. The first prapathaka 1 There exists another reckoning, according to which the Vamsa is the 6 th, the Samhitopanisad the 7 th, and the Upanisad the 8 th in the list of the brahmanas.

has been edited separately by H. Stonner, Halle/S, 1901, together with a translation in German; the second prapathaka has been edited and translated in German by H. Jorgensen, Darmstadt, 1911. Regarding other editions of this text see Stonner, page XV. Usually this part of the Upanisad is designated as Mantrabrahmana. (b) The Upanisad proper: the Chandogya-upanisad edited for the first time by Roer in the Bibliotheca Indica, 1850, in the Anandasrama series 1890 and by Bohtlingk with a German translation, Leipsic, 1889. It has been translated several times. 7. The Samhitopanisad brah mana in 5 khandas, edited by A. C. Burnell with a commentary and index of words, at Mangalore, 1877. It treats of the effects of recitation, the relation of the saman and the words on which it is chanted, the daksinas to be given to the religious teacher. 8. The V a ms a brahma na in 3 khandas, edited by A. Weber in Indische Studien, vol. IV, pages 371 sqq.; by A. C. Burnell, Mangalore, 1873; by Satyavrata Samasrami in the Journal "Usa." 1892. It contains the lists of teachers of the Samaveda¹. D. The Sutras for Srauta purpose. 1, 2. The Arseya kalpa of Masaka and the Ksudrasutra, edited by W. Caland under the title: "Der Arseyakalpa des Samaveda," Leipsic, 1908. The Arseyakalpa or Masakakalpasuti a describes in 11 adhyayas the gavamayana, the ekahas, the ahinas and the sattras, closely following the Pancavimsabrahmana. It is nothing more than a dry list of all the samans that are to be applied and the stomas that are to be adhibited. It is, then, younger than the Brahmana but older than the Sutras of Latyayana-Drahyayana. It must be prior even to the ritualistic authorities as Gautama, Dhanan jayya, Sandilya and others, whose divergent opinions are often quoted in the Sutra. The Ksudrasutra, which sometimes is quoted likewise as being composed by Masaka, treats of the kamya and prayascitta 1 These Brahmanas are mentioned partly in an older text, viz. the Chandoga. grhyaparisista (I. 22), known to me only by two MSS., and attributed to Drahya yana. I cite this passage, although it is very corrupt: pancaikam (this must mean pancavimsam) sadvimsam sumavidhanam arseyam daivatam samhitopanisadam catvary upanisada ekam vamsam ekam tu. tatah param sutradini....laksanani ca sastrani ca.......... ..vacayitva, etc.

rites. Its arrangement and style are wholly different from that of the Arseyakalpa proper. Whilst it is certain that the author of the Arseyakalpa has not been acquainted with the uttararcika, this cannot as yet be affirmed with equal certainty about the Ksudrasutra. 3. The Kalpan upadasutra in 2 prapathakas, each comprising 12 patalas. This book seems to be an appendix to the Arseyakalpa (the Kalpasutra) and the Ksudrasutra. which two works the author often cites without naming them; once mentioned the masakam. As this Sutra is known only from one single ms., and as this ms. is rather corrupt, the text is very difficult to understand. " we find 4. The Up a granthasutra in 4 prapathakas. The text has been published in the Journal "Usa" by Satyavrata Samasrami, Calcutta, 1897. It is attributed to Katyayana, see Sayana on Panc. br. VII. 4. 8 and cp. Weber, "Vorlesungen uber altind. Literaturgeschichte 2, page 92, note. The first three prapathakas are a kind of appendix to the Ksudrasutra and to those parts of the Brahmana to which this Sutra refers. In the Upagranthasutra the Ksudrasutra is referred to as Arseyakalpa. The last prapathaka is a separate work on the pratihara parts of the samans. 5. The An upadasutra in 10 prapathakas, a kind of running commentary on the Pancavimsabrahmana. The text, in a rather bad state, is known to me from three MSS. It cites a great many Vedic authorities. 6. The srautasutra of Latyayana in 10 prapathakas, edited together with the commentary of Agnisvamin, by Anandachandra in the Bibliotheca Indica, Calcutta, 1872. 7. The Nida nasutra in 10 prapathakas, edited by Satyavrata Samasrami in the Journal "Usa," Calcutta, 1896. Of this text A. Weber published the part on vedic metres (I. 1-7) in "Indische Studien," Vol. VIII, pages 83-125. The author of this book appears to have been Patanjali, see Savana on Panc. br. XIV. 5. 12: tatha niralambakamata bhagavata patanjalinoktam saptame 'hany arkah krtakrto bhavaty abrahmanavihitatvad iti. This quotation is actually found (without, however, the word arkah, which may have been inserted. for the sake of clearness) in the Nidanasutra (IV. 7). It is very remark-

able that of the Gautamiya pitrmedha sutra (on which see below 搂2.) the last chapter, beginning tad apy aparapakse prayanam parijihirsitam bhavati, is said, in a grantha edition of this text, to belong to the Patanjalanidanasutra, being the 4 th khanda of its 5 th prapathaka. We find, indeed, this whole chapter in our text of the Nidanasutra, not, however, in V. 4, but in II. 6. From Burnell's Catalogue of a collection of Skt. MSS. (London, 1870) we gather (on page 55) that a certain prayogamuktavali quotes among other authorities the Patanjalasakha. So the author of the Nidanasutra seems to have been Patanjali. There are in this Sutra some passages which run parallel to LatyayanaDrahyayana, without agreeing literally with these passages. Moreover, our Sutra contains one quotation from the Brahmana that is not to be traced in this text (III. 12: atha pramamhisthiye vadati: himsito 'nvikseta yam icchet prasrjyamanam pratyeyad iti). So our text may have belonged originally neither to the Kauthuma nor to the Ranayaniya sakha. Could it have been originally a book of the Bhallavisakha? cp. Brhaddevata V. 25 and Vasistha Dharmasastra I. 14. 15: athapi bhallavino nidane gatham udaharanti. Or were there two different Nidanasutras ? In either case now-a-days this Nidana is reckoned among the Sutras of the Kauthumas. 8. The Upanidanasutra in 2 patalas, known to me only from a South Indian edition in grantha characters (the title of the little book, in which this treatise and others are contained, runs: pancanadavasta vyena prayagakulatilakena krsnasvamisrautisamakhyena surina samyak parisodhya, pancanadasthajyotirvilasamudraksarasalayam mudrita vijante). Even the title of this treatise is, up to now, unknown. It begins with the same words as the Nidanasutra: athatas chandasam vicayam vyakhyasyamah, and it treats of the different metres, first in a general way, then especially for the two arcikas (purva and aranyaka); the second patala begins: atha rahasyachandamsi; here rahasya is equal to aranyaka. 9. The Pancavid hasutra in 2 prapathakas, edited by R. Simon as 5 th fasciculus of the "Indische Forschungen," Breslau, 1913. It describes in which manner a saman must be divided in its parts prastava, (udgitha, upadrava), pratihara and nidhana ¹. 1 On the separate prastava, pratihara- and nidhanasutras see R. Simon, Pancavidhasutra, Introd. page 6 and Burnell, Introd. to Ars. br. pages xxv sqq.

The Rktantra in 5 prapathakas, edited by A. C. Burnell, Mangalore, 1879; it is also found in the Grantha edition of the Gramegeyagana mentioned in 搂 1. a 1. It is a pratisakhya, i.e., a grammatical treatise which is intended to show how the padas must change in order to become the real hymnical text. According to Burnell (Catalogue of a collection of Sanskrit Manuscripts, London 1870, page 41) the last two prapathakas are called Samjna prakarana; this is probably the same as the Samjnalaksana mentioned in the Caranavyuha. 11. The Sa matantra in 13 prapathakas. It begins svaro nantyah and is printed (disjectis membris !) in the grantha edition of the Veyagana. On this text see Burnell, Ars. br. Introduction, page XXIV. 12. The Matralaksanasutra in 3 khandikas, published in the Grantha edition of the Veyagana and in the collection of Samavedic treatises mentioned under No. 8, on pages 43-50; cp. also Burnell, a Catalogue, etc., page 43. It begins: athato hrasvadirghaplutamatrany aksarani vyakhyasyamah. It treats of the matras of the sounds. 13. The Stobhanus amhara in 3 patalas, in sloka metre; printed in the collection of Samavedic treatises and beginning: adyantadarsanastobho vidhagitesu samasu | pade pade 'nusamharyas sopayo nidhane bhavet || See Burnell, Introduction to Samhitopanisadbrahmana, page XVI. 14. The Gaya tra vidhan asutra in 3 patalas, printed in the same collection, pages 50-54. I find this treatise nowhere mentioned. It treats of the way in which the gayatra chant is to be applied at the out-of-door laud, (bahispavamanastotra) etc., 15. The Puspa or Phullasutra in 10 prapathakas, edited under the title Samapratisakhya in the journal "Usa" by Satyavrata Samasrami, Calcutta, 1890 and by R. Simon with a very useful introduction and translation into German in the Abhandlungen der Bayer. Akad. der Wiss., 1" Klasse, XXIII. Band, III. Abt., Munchen, 1909. This book contains principally the rules for adapting (uha) the samans that are given by the gramegeya- and aranyegeyaganas on other verses than those to which they belong in these ganas.

The sutras for grhy a and smarta purpose. 1. The Gobhillyagrhy a sutra in 4 prapathakas, edited by Chandrakanta Tarkalankara in the Bibliotheca Indica, Calcutta, 1890 and, together with a translation in German by F. Knauer, Dorpat, 1884. It describes the domestic rites in use amongst the Kauthumas¹; the mantras are those contained in the Mantrabrahmana (see above, c 6). 2. The Karmapradipa or Katyayana smrti in 3 prapathakas, edited by Jibananda Vidyasagara in his Dharmasastrasamgraha, Calcutta, 1876, vol. II, page 603 sqq. The first prapathaka has been separately edited and translated by F. Schrader, Halle a/d. S., 1889; the second by A. V. Stael Holstein, Halle a d. S., 1900. 3. The Gr hyasamgra ha in 2 prapathakas, edited in the edition of Gobhila, by M. Bloomfield in the Journal of the German Or. Society, vol. XXXV and by Satyavrata Samasrami in the Journal Usa ", Calcutta, 1891. 4. Minor treatises as the Sraddha kalpa, the Sandhyasutra, the Snana vidhi, all in the edition of Gobhila in the Bibliotheca Indica. The Gobhilagrhyakarmaprakasika gives a complete survey of the texts of the Kauthumas, which is repeated in the Introduction to my edition of the Jaiminiyasamhita, page 13. Even now it is not possible to identify a 11 the texts enumerated there.