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Abhinaya-darpana The technique of the abhinaya in the Abhinaya-darpana is not the true copy of that of the Natyashastra Bharata gives the mode of abhinaya which is based on the dasarupakas whereas the author of the Abhinaya-darpana tries to explain the hand gestures, abhinaya through the eyes and gaits which are often seen in Nrtta and Nrtya. The discussion on the rupakas is not given importance in the Abhinaya-darpana 92 Nandikesvara refers to the two divisions of Nrtta and Natya - Tandava and Lasya. Tandava is for men and Lasya is for women. If the karanas and angaharas in a dance are very vigorous and complex and Arabhativrtti is used, it is Tandava. When the angaharas and Lasyas are simple and soft and the vrtti is Kaisiki, then the dance is Lasya. The

harmonious movements of the hands and feet is karana. Two karanas are joined to form a matrka and the union of two, three or four matrkas is an angahara. Nandikesvara is not going into the Tandava and Lasya in detail. It is already mentioned that Angikabhinaya is the main theme of the Abhinaya-darpana The description of Angikabhinaya in the Abhinaya-darpana is more clear than that of the Natyashastra For example, Bharata divided Angikabhinaya into three - Mukhaja, Sarira and Cestakrta. But the reason or the base of this division is vague. As said earlier, the Abhinaya-darpana gives a detailed description of hastabhinaya or hand gestures. The Abhinaya-darpana describes 32 asamyutahastas out of which 23 are same as in the Natyashastra Nine additions are there. The asamyutahastas are enlisted as follows. 1. Pataka 3. Ardhapataka 5. Mayura 7. Arala 9. Musti 11. Kapittha 13. Suci 15. Padmakosa 17. Mrgasirsa 19. Kangula 2. Tripataka 4. Kartarimukha 6. Ardhacandra 8. Sukatunda 10. Sikhara 12. Katakamukha 14. Candrakala 16. Sarpasiras 18. Simhamukha 20. Alapadma 93

21. Catura 23. Hamsasya 22. Bhramara 24. Hamsapaksa 26. Mukula 25. Sandamsa 27. Tamracuda 28. Trisula 29. Vyaghra 30. Ardhasuci 31. Kataka 32. Palli 94 24 There are 23 samyutahastas in the Abhinaya-darpana In the Natyashastra the number is 13. Nandikesvara says that all of these samyutahastas are said by Bharata also. They are:- 1. Anjali . 3. Karkata 2. Kapota 5. Dola 7. Utsanga 9. Katakavardhana 11. Sakata 13. Cakra 15. Pasa 17. Matsya 4. Svastika 6. Puspaputa 8. Sivalinga 10. Kartarisvastika 12. Sankha 14. Samputa 16. Kilaka 18. Kurma 19. Vakra 20. Garuda 21. Nagabandhaka 22. Khatva 23. Bherunda.

Even though some mudras bear the same nomenclature as in the Natyashastra they differ in their definition and application. The Natyashastra mentions about 30 nrttahastas. But the Abhinaya-darpana does not refer to this aspect. Instead, it simply mentions that the 13 mudras Pataka, Svastika, Dola, Anjali, Katakamukha, Sakata, Pasa, Kilaka, Kapittha, Sikhara, Kurma, Hamsasya and Alapadma are useful in Nrtta. The Abhinaya-darpana describes the mudras for the deities like Brahma, Visnu etc. Such a description is not seen in the Natyashastra The four-caste system, male and female, relationship, navagrahas all these have mudras in the Abhinaya-darpana The Hastalaksanadipika (Hasta-Lakshana-Deepika) also bears resemblence to the Abhinaya-darpana in the description of the mudras. The mudras of the Abhinaya-darpana are seen in Kathakali and Kutiyattom and other art forms which are said to follow the Hastalaksanadipika (Hasta-Lakshana-Deepika) Therefore it is relevant here to compare the mudras of the Hastalaksanadipika (Hasta-Lakshana-Deepika) with those of the Abhinaya-darpana 95