Rupaka, ū貹첹, Rupa-aka: 29 definitions
Introduction:
Rupaka means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
Alternative spellings of this word include Rupak.
Images (photo gallery)
In Hinduism
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
: archive.org: Puranic Encyclopediaū貹첹 (रूपक).—See under Pattu (Ten)
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: The Purana Indexū貹첹 (रूपक).—A western country.*
- * Brahmṇḍa-purṇa II. 16. 60.

The Purana (पुरा�, purṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)
Source: Wisdom Library: Nṭya-śstra1) ū貹첹 (रूपक, “metaphor�) refers to one of the four “figures of speech� (ṃk), used when composing dramatic compositions (屹ⲹ), according to Nṭyaśstra chapter 17. (Description): “An image of slight likeness which is conceived due to indecision from objects characterised by similar limbs, is called Metaphor (ū貹첹)�.
2) ū貹첹 (रूपक, “representation�).—The terms like ū貹첹 or ū貹 (representation) and ṣ� (spectacle), all denoting dramatic works, also characterise the Hindu dramas and show their difference from the drama of the Greeks who laid emphasis on action and not on the spectacle.
: Google Books: Saṅgītaśiromaṇi: A Medieval Handbook of Indian Musicū貹첹 (रूपक, “form�).—When there is scope for developing the melodic form (岵) and other elements (岵DZ貹), the composed music is called a ū貹첹 (lit. “form�).. One should known that prabandha, vastu and ū貹첹 are the three names of composed music (nibaddha) based on regular words (pada) and the other phrasal elements (ṅg). (cf. Saṅgītaśiromaṇi 13.6)
: Shodhganga: Mankhaka a sanskrit literary genius (natya)ū貹첹 (रूपक, “metaphor�) refers to a type of Alaṃkra (figure of speech).—ū貹� or metaphor consists in the representation of the subject of description, which (subject) is not concealed, as identified with another (a well-known standard). Thus, herein this figure, there is no difference between the upameya i.e. the object of comparison and the ܱ貹Բ, the standard of comparison, on account of the superimposition of the later on the former. Maṅkhaka applies ū貹첹, abundantly in his poem (Śrīkaṇṭhacarita).
: Shodhganga: Elements of Art and Architecture in the Trtiyakhanda of the Visnudharmottarapurana (natya)ū貹첹 (रूपक) refers to one of the two types of the Dṛśya屹ⲹs division of Kvya (“poetry�), according to the վṣṇܻdzٳٲܰṇa, an ancient Sanskrit text which (being encyclopedic in nature) deals with a variety of cultural topics such as arts, architecture, music, grammar and astronomy.—There are two broad divisions of 屹ⲹ (poetry) viz., dṛśya屹ⲹ and śravya屹ⲹ. Drama belongs to dṛśya屹ⲹ variety, which is mainly divided into two groups, viz., ū貹첹 and upaū貹첹.
The վṣṇܻdzٳٲܰṇa accepts twelve types of ū貹첹 viz.,
- ṭa첹,
- ṭi,
- 첹ṇa,
- 첹ṇ�,
- ܳٲṛṣṭaṅk,
- ṇa,
- ,
- 峾ṛg,
- Dz,
- īٳī,
- ḍi and
- prahasana.

Natyashastra (नाट्यशास्त्र, ṭyśٰ) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya—theatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).
Kavyashastra (science of poetry)
: Shodhganga: The Kavyavilasa of Ciranjiva Bhattacarya (kavyashastra)ū貹첹 (रूपक, “metaphor�) refers to one of the 93 ṃks (“figures of speech�) mentioned by Cirañjīva Bhaṭṭcrya (fl. 17th century) in his Kvyavilsa and is listed as one of the 89 ٳṃk (figure of speech determined by the sense, as opposed to sound). ū貹첹 or metaphor has been admitted as an ṃk from the very ancient times. Bharata in his Nṭyaśstra has mentioned the four basic ṃks. One of them is ū貹첹. Most of the Ālaṃkrikas are of opinion that when there is an super imposition of the ܱ貹Բ (the object compared to) over the upameya (the object compared) we get the figure ū貹첹. Ālaṃkrikaslike Daṇḍin etc. have admitted ū貹첹 in the case of identity (abheda) between the upameya and ܱ貹Բ.
Cirañjīva has defined ū貹첹 in the line of Daṇḍin and Mammaṭa. He says—“ū貹첹ṃ sydaikyabodhe ܱ貹nopameyayoḥ�.—“When the identity of ܱ貹Բ and upameya is cognized, it is the figure ū貹첹�. So the condition of identity of upameya and ܱ貹Բ prevails in ū貹첹.
Example of the ū貹첹-ṃk:�
ǻⲹ屹Բbahaladagdhriṛṇta� samudgacchaddhūmñjanitaԲṅgṇaܱ |
sphuliṅgbhstr� parita iti sambhṣaṇaparstav’rīṇṃ dr ṛdⲹṛp岵ṛhgat� ||“The wives of your enemies who are in conversation and shining as star-like sparks in the base of the field in the form of the sky, which is stained by smoke rising out of the grass in the form of enemies burnt by enkindled huge forest fire in the form of prowess have gone to the royal prison in the form of heart�.
Notes: In this verse the word ǻⲹ屹Բ has been explained as prtpa eva ܻⲹ屹Բ. Here the compound is ū貹첹 karmadhraya. By the rule ū貹첹mabhede here 貹 prowess is upameya and ܻⲹ屹Բ (enkindled forest fire) is ܱ貹Բ. Their identity (abheda) has been expressed. So it is an example of ū貹첹. Similarly the word ṛṇ may be explained as araya� eva tṛṇni. Here also the compound is ū貹첹 karmadhraya. The word ari is upameya and the word ṛṇ is ܱ貹Բ. There identity (abheda) has been established. So it is a case of the figure ū貹첹. Similar ū貹첹s are there in Բṅgṇaܱ and ṛdⲹṛp岵ṛh.
: Shodhganga: Bhismacaritam a critical studyū貹첹 (रूपक, “metaphor�) refers to one of the various Alaṅkras (‘figures of speech�) classified as Artha (‘sense�), as employed in the īṣmٲ (Bhishma Charitra) which is a mah屹ⲹ (‘epic poem�) written by Hari Narayan Dikshit.—Like �ܱ貹� our poet has also used �ū貹첹�, frequently in īṣmٲ. For illustration we may refer to II.49. Here our poet metaphorically represents Devavrata as the rising Sun in the hearts of people as well as like the Moon of the night removing the worries of people. For another example of �ū貹첹�, V.52 of the īṣmٲ is cited. Here in this verse very intelligently our poet has used the phrase �ԾᲹ-ᲹԲ첹-徱岹ṣ�-śṛṅ-��. Another apt use of �ū貹첹� is found in XVII.44 in which the society is represented as the chariot in which men and women are the two wheels of the chariot without which a chariot cannot run. The other examples of �ū貹첹� are II.17, II.28, II.29, V.35, VI.2, VI.4, VI.27, VII.18, XII.3, XII.57, XIII.8, XV.26, XV.49, XVII.2, XVII.6, XVIII.20, XVIII.31, XIX.20, XIX.36, etc.

Kavyashastra (काव्यशास्त्र, 屹ⲹśstra) refers to the ancient Indian tradition of poetry (kavya). Canonical literature (shastra) of the includes encyclopedic manuals dealing with prosody, rhetoric and various other guidelines serving to teach the poet how to compose literature.
Kavya (poetry)
: archive.org: Naisadhacarita of Sriharsaū貹첹 (रूपक) refers to a “statue� (from ū貹), and is mentioned in the Naiṣadha-carita 18.12.—The meaning of the word [ū貹첹] has been discussed in I.A (1913, p. 27). There is, however, no doubt that ū貹 very often means a “statue�. Kathsaritsgara distinguishes between ū貹kṛt and ٰṛt. Cf. Upamitibhavaprapañc-kath, p. 55; p. 123.
The word [ū貹첹] occurs also in Naiṣadhacarita 2.83 where it may have the same meaning, though differently explained by the commentators. The form ū貹첹 in the sense of “an image� is found in Tilakamañjarī. The word is used thrice in Udayasundarīkath.

Kavya (काव्�, kavya) refers to Sanskrit poetry, a popular ancient Indian tradition of literature. There have been many Sanskrit poets over the ages, hailing from ancient India and beyond. This topic includes mahakavya, or ‘epic poetry� and natya, or ‘dramatic poetry�.
Vedanta (school of philosophy)
: ORA: Amanaska (king of all yogas): (Advaita Vedanta)ū貹첹 (रूपक) refers to �(that which has) form� (as opposed to Aū貹첹—“formless�) and is used to describe Brahma, according to the Mṇḍūkyopaniṣatkrik 3.35cd-36.—Accordingly, while discussing Brahma (without attributes): “That very [mind, free of thought and restrained,] is fearless Brahma, [which is] the light of gnosis [pervading] everywhere. [It is] unborn, devoid of sleep and dreaming, unnamed, formless (aū貹첹), manifested [all] at once and omniscient [This statement] is not figurative in any way�.

Vedanta (वेदान्�, vednta) refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. There are a number of sub-schools of Vedanta, however all of them expound on the basic teaching of the ultimate reality (brahman) and liberation (moksha) of the individual soul (atman).
In Buddhism
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
: De Gruyter: A Buddhist Ritual Manual on Agricultureū貹첹 (रूपक) refers to “figures� (suitable for an offering ritual), according to the ղٳṇḍⲹ첹貹Ჹ, an ancient Buddhist ritual manual on agriculture from the 5th-century (or earlier), containing various instructions for the Sangha to provide agriculture-related services to laypeople including rain-making, weather control and crop protection.—Accordingly, [As the Bhagavn said]: “Now I shall teach the offering manual which is auspicious and can bring about any effect. [...] Seven coiling figures (ū貹첹-valaya) should be made and rice spirals. Twenty-one figures should be prepared one after the other. Boiled rice, milk rice, a dish of rice and peas, yoghurt and thickened milk should be placed. Fruits and flowers should be placed. Four jars should be placed. Preceded by a great offering barley-meal should be placed as foremost. [...]�.

Mahayana (महायान, mahyna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many ūٰ of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñpramit ūٰ.
India history and geography
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Indian Epigraphical Glossaryū貹첹.�(IE 8-8; EI 30; CII 4), name of a coin of silver; cf. kṛṣṇarja-ū貹첹 (EI 25; CII 4), a silver coin issued by the Kalacuri king Kṛṣṇarja; silver coin (1/16) of the value of a gold dīnra in the Gupta age (JNSI, Vol. II, p. 5); same as dramma. Note: ū貹첹 is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary� as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.
--- OR ---
ū貹첹.—silver coin; silver coin (1/16) (about 20 ratis) of a gold dīnra, etc.; also called dramma, purṇa, krṣpaṇa, etc.; same as modern rupee; cf. kṛṣṇarja-ū貹첹. Note: ū貹첹 is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary� as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.

The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Languages of India and abroad
Pali-English dictionary
: BuddhaSasana: Concise Pali-English Dictionaryū貹첹 : (nt.) a small figure; a simile.
: Sutta: The Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionaryū貹첹, (nt.) (fr. rupa) form, figure; likeness of, image (-°); representation Vin. II, 113 (ū貹k’okiṇṇni pattni, of painted bowls); Th. 2, 394 (see ruppa°); DhA. I, 370 (maṇi° jewelled image); II, 69 (assa° toy horse); Mhvs 25, 26 (rja°); 27, 30 (devat° shape of devas); VvA. 213. —dūū貹첹 of squalid appearance J. II, 167; cp. duū貹. (Page 575)
: Sutta: Pali Word Grammar from Pali Myanmar Dictionaryū貹첹 (ရူပက) [(na) (�)]�
[ū貹+aka,ū貹+ka.ū貹yatīti ū貹첹ṃ.kappadduma.ū貹yati atrti ū貹첹�,ū貹me v ū貹첹�,ū貹� assa atthīti v ū貹첹ṃ.thoma.ū貹�-saṃ.ū貹ga.rūyaga-pr,addhamgadhī.]
[ရူ�+အက� ရူ�+က� ရူပယတီတ� ရူပကံ။ ကပ္ပဒ္ဒုမ။ ရူပယတ� အတြာတ� ရူပကံ၊ ရူပမ� ဝ� ရူပကံ၊ ရူပ� အ� အတ္ထီတ� ဝ� ရူပကံ။ ထောမ။ ရူပက-သံ။ ရူပဂ။ ရူယ�-ပြာ၊ အဒ္ဓမာဂဓီ။]
[Pali to Burmese]
: Sutta: Tipiṭaka Pḷi-Myanmar Dictionary (တိပိဋက-ပါဠိမြန်မ� အဘိဓာန�)ū貹첹�
(Burmese text): (�) အရုပ်။ (�) ရုပ်တူ၊ ရုပ်တု။ (�) တူသော။ (�) (အရာဝတ္ထုနှစ်ခုကိ� အတူကဲ့သို� တင်စား၍ ပြောဆိုအပ်သေ�) ရူပကအလင်္ကာ။မူရင်းကြည့်ပါ။
(Auto-Translation): (1) Statue. (2) Likeness, effigy. (3) Similar. (4) (A figurative metaphor used to compare two things) Figurative metaphor. Refer to the original.

Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.
Marathi-English dictionary
: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionaryū貹첹 (रूपक).—n S A class of rhetorical or poetical figures. 2 m A measure of music.
: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-Englishū貹첹 (रूपक).�n A class of rhetorical figures. A measure of music.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionaryū貹첹 (रूपक).�a. [ū-ṇvܱ] Bodily, corporeal.
2) Figurative (as words &c.).
-첹� A particular coin, a rupee.
-kam 1 Form, figure, shape (at the end of comp.).
2) Any manifestation or representation.
3) A sign, feature.
4) A kind, species.
5) A statue; चित्रतत्तदनुकार्यविभ्रमाधाय्�- नेकविधिरूपरूपकम् (citratattadanukryavibhramdhyya- nekavidhiū貹ū貹첹m) N.18.12; द्वारशाखोपशोभारूपकमात्रम� (dvraśkhopaśobhū貹첹mtram) Ks.
6) A drama, play, a dramatic composition; (one of the two main subdivisions of dramatic compositions; it is divided into ten classes; there are eighteen minor divisions of it called upaū貹첹); दृश्यं तत्राभिनेय� तद्रूपारोपात्त� रूपकम् (dṛśya� tatrbhineya� tadūropttu ū貹첹m) S. D.272-3; also नाटकमथ प्रकरण� भाणव्यायोगसम�- कारडिमाः � ईहामृगाङ्कवीथ्यः प्रहसनमिति रूपकाण� दश (nṭakamatha prakaraṇa� bhṇavyyogasamava- kraḍim� | īhmṛgṅkavīthya� prahasanamiti ū貹kṇi daśa) S. D.; उच्चैरुच्च- रितपदा� पपाठ नान्दी� प्रारम्भ� द्रुतमययानरूपकस्� (uccairucca- ritapad� papṭha nndī� prrambhe drutamayaynaū貹첹sya) Śiva B.24.68.
7) (In Rhet.) A figure of speech corresponding to the English metaphor, in which the upameya is represented as being identical with the ܱ貹Բ; तद्रूपकमभेदो � उपमानोपमेययो� (tadū貹첹mabhedo ya ܱ貹nopameyayo�) K. P.1 (see ad loc. for details).
8) A kind of weight (= the gunjas).
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionaryū貹첹 (रूपक).—n.
(-첹�) 1. A drama, a dramatic poem. 2. Shape, form, figure. 3. A figure of rhetoric in general. 4. A particular class of rhetorical or poetical figures, including various modes of poetical description, or the illustration and exhibition of visible things and persons. 5. Identification of the objects of a comparison; their being not only like, but the very same. 6. Symptom of disease. m.
(-첹�) A coin. f.
(-辱) Swallow wort. E. ū貹 form, figure, aff. kan .
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionaryū貹첹 (रूपक).—[ū貹 + ka], n. 1. Shape. 2. A drama. 3. A kind of coin (cf. ūⲹ), [ʲñٲԳٰ] 127, 8; 252, 13.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionaryū貹첹 (रूपक).—[adjective] figurative; [masculine] a cert. coin; [feminine] ū貹k bitch-fox or female jackal, ū辱 [Name] of a plant; [neuter] form, appearance, shape, image, kind, species; a cert. figure of speech ([rhetorie]), a drama.
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) ū貹첹 (रूपक):—[from ū] mfn. having form, figurative, metaphorical, illustrating by figurative language, [Shitya-darpaṇa]
2) [v.s. ...] m. a [particular] coin ([probably] a rupee), [Varha-mihira; ʲñٲԳٰ] etc.
3) [v.s. ...] (in music) a kind of measure, [Saṃgīta-srasaṃgraha] (cf. -)
4) ū貹 (रूपक�):—[from ū貹첹 > ū] f. a female fox or jackal, [Atharva-veda xi, 9, 15]
5) ū貹첹 (रूपक):—[from ū] cf. [Zend] urupi
6) [from ū] n. form, figure, shape, appearance (mostly ifc., with f(). , = having the form of, composed or consisting of, similar to), [Mahbhrata; Kvya literature] etc.
7) [v.s. ...] image, likeness, [Aitareya-brhmaṇa; Kathsaritsgara]
8) [v.s. ...] feature, sign, symptom, [Horace H. Wilson]
9) [v.s. ...] kind, species, [Maitrī-upaniṣad]
10) [v.s. ...] (in [rhetoric]) a figure of speech, metaphor, comparison, simile ([especially] one in which iva, vat etc. are omitted e.g. bhu-lat, ‘a creeper-like arm�, 貹ṇi-貹峾, ‘a lotus-like hand� ; there are 3 or 4 varieties of ū貹첹 e.g. the ardha-r, ‘partial metaphor�, ṇḍ-, ‘imperfect m°�, and lalma-r, ‘flowery m°�), [Kvydarśa; Shitya-darpaṇa] etc. (cf. [Indian Wisdom, by Sir M. Monier-Williams 458])
11) [v.s. ...] a drama, play, theatrical performance ([especially] of the principal class, as opp. to the upa-ū貹첹s or inferior dramas; of the former there are 10 species including the Nṭaka or higher order of play and the Prahasana or farce), [Daśaū貹; Shitya-darpaṇa] etc. ([Indian Wisdom, by Sir M. Monier-Williams 471])
12) [v.s. ...] a [particular] weight (= 3 Guñjs), [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
13) [v.s. ...] = ūٲ or ūٲ, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionaryū貹첹 (रूपक):�(첹�) 1. n. Drama; form; figure of speech. f. Swallow wort.
[Sanskrit to German]
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम� (ṃsṛt), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionaryū貹첹 (रूपक) [Also spelled rupak]:�(nm) a metaphor; an allegory; a play, feature; —[ṃk] a metaphor; —[ṣaⲹ첹/ṃbṃdī] metaphorical; allegorical; —, [sṃga] sustained metaphor; [ū貹ktmaka] allegorical; metaphorical; hence [ū貹ktmakat] (nf).
...
Kannada-English dictionary
: Alar: Kannada-English corpusū貹첹 (ರೂಪಕ):�
1) [noun] the shape, outline or configuration of anything; structure as apart from colour, material, etc.; form.
2) [noun] that quality or combination of qualities which delights the senses or mental faculties; beauty; loveliness.
3) [noun] the state, fact or quality of resembling; similarity; resemblance.
4) [noun] a kind; a type.
5) [noun] a rupee coin.
6) [noun] a play or drama (that is enacted, presented to the audience).
7) [noun] (rhet.) a figure of speech containing an implied comparison; a metaphor.
8) [noun] a story in which people, things, and happenings have a hidden or symbolic meaning, used for teaching or explaining ideas, moral principles, etc.
9) [noun] (mus.) a time-cycle having two groups rhythmic beats the second having two sub-groups of of equal rhythmic length each of which is equal to first in respect of time.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
: unoes: Nepali-English Dictionaryū貹첹 (रूपक):—n. 1. allegory; 2. mimic;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with (+8): Rupa Kalapa, Rupaka-karyakrama, Rupaka-katha, Rupakagramavijnana, Rupakakhyashadanga, Rupakakinna, Rupakala, Rupakalamkara, Rupakalankaar, Rupakalapajati, Rupakanaya, Rupakanritya, Rupakanta, Rupakaparibhasha, Rupakarshini, Rupakartar, Rupakartri, Rupakarupaka, Rupakasamanna, Rupakashabda.
Full-text (+225): Dasharupaka, Uparupaka, Virupaka, Nirupaka, Pratirupaka, Maharupaka, Arupaka, Shlishtarupaka, Rupakatala, Rupakarupaka, Praiyarupaka, Abhirupaka, Aksheparupaka, Taptarupaka, Yuktarupaka, Upamarupaka, Heturupaka, Bahurupaka, Purusharupaka, Rupakanritya.
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Search found 93 books and stories containing Rupaka, ū貹첹, ū貹, Rupa-aka, Rūpa-aka; (plurals include: Rupakas, ū貹첹s, ū貹s, akas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Alamkaras mentioned by Vamana (by Pratim Bhattacharya)
6: Definition of ū貹첹 Alaṃkra < [Chapter 4 - Arthlaṃkras mentioned by Vmana]
1-2: The number of Alaṃkras (poetic figures) mentioned < [Chapter 5 - A Comparative study of the different ṃks mentioned by Vmana]
5: Definition of Apahnuti Alaṃkra < [Chapter 4 - Arthlaṃkras mentioned by Vmana]
Sahitya-kaumudi by Baladeva Vidyabhushana (by Gaurapada Dsa)
Text 10.44 [ū貹첹] < [Chapter 10 - Ornaments of Meaning]
Text 10.55 < [Chapter 10 - Ornaments of Meaning]
Text 10.48 < [Chapter 10 - Ornaments of Meaning]
Dasarupaka (critical study) (by Anuru Ranjan Mishra)
The description of ū貹, ū貹첹, nṭya, nṛtya and nṛtta < [Introduction]
Difference between the Daśaū貹첹 and the Nṭyaśstra < [Introduction]
The concise nature of the Daśaū貹첹 < [Introduction]
Mudrarakshasa (literary study) (by Antara Chakravarty)
3.5. Use of ū貹첹-ṃk < [Chapter 3 - Use of Alaṃkras in Mudrrkṣasa]
1. Mudrrkṣasa as a Nṭaka < [Chapter 1 - Introduction]
2. Classification and number of Alaṃkras < [Chapter 3 - Use of Alaṃkras in Mudrrkṣasa]
Satirical works of Kshemendra (study) (by Arpana Devi)
1.2. ū貹첹 (metaphor) < [Chapter 4 - Literary study of the Three Satirical Works]
1. Alaṃkra or the figures of speech (Introduction) < [Chapter 4 - Literary study of the Three Satirical Works]
Gati in Theory and Practice (by Dr. Sujatha Mohan)
Relevance of Gati in ū貹첹s < [Chapter 3 - Application of gati in Dṛśya-屹ⲹs]
Observations in Post-Bharata works < [Chapter 5 - Conclusion]