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The most popular of all the minor goddesses is Kali. In fact Kali is a part manifestation of the major goddess Parvati. Kali though makes an appearance in the Vedic literature; is popular in the tantras, as well as in the folk cults. Meaning. The dictionary meaning of the term Kali or Kala is in the sense of colour ie. 'the black or the dark blue colour.'170 In the context of the Tantra-sastra, it is the name of one of the most popular and powerful goddess/ for whom worship is accorded. She is one of the important deities in the DasaMaha-Vidya's. Such is the power and grace, of the goddess Apte V.S. SSED, P.146 234

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses that we find an entire division of the Sakta's who practice her worship chiefly which is known as 'Kalimata'. Origin and occurance. 172 The Origin of the word Kali can be traced to as far as the Atharvaveda The source for the word Kali is, the two hyms addressed to Kala (m) in the Atharvaveda¹ which means time. This goddess name possibly had some reference to the abstract deity Kala says Agrawala P.K and thus, the name Kali, presumably evolved on the same lines as Indrani for Indra, Varunani for Varuna, etc... Thus Kali was an abstract feminine concept and was essentially a goddess of Kala, who personified absolute time and later on death. Later on she evolved to a concrete form. Kali occurs in the later vedic literature as well. In the Kataka Grhya Sutra Kali is invoked alongwith the major vedic deities as Agni etc... In the Mundaka Upanisad, Kali occurs as the name of the flaming tongue of Agni. 174 But it is the Puranas gleaning where we come across a variety of versions of Kali's origin. 171 Av. 19.53 & 19.54 172 Agrawal P.K. - "Goddess in Ancient India" (1984) p.120 173 Kataka Grhya Sutra 19.7 174 Mundaka Upanisad - 1.2.4 235

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses (i) From Siva Purana - The context is of the wrath of Siva on knowing about Sati's self immolation at the sacrificial ground of Daksa. Rudra is enraged at Sati's insult and death plucks his hair in rage and strikes the mountain top with it. From the first half of the hair sprang out Virabhadra and from the other sprang forth MahaKali who was terrible in appearance and surrounded by crores of goblins 175. (ii) In the Vidyesvara Samhita we have a similar version of the Kali's origin. Here, she is addressed as Bhadra and is asked to be a wtiness and companion to the exploits of Virabhadra. 176 (iii) Further in the same section, we find Siva rebuking Parvati and calling her as 'Kali because of her dark colour. Sakti is angry by the remark and pledges to propitiate Brahma and acquire a fair body. The Sakti of Siva casts off her dark outer skin and becomes white and was called as Kausiki or the fair one and, the dark sheath which was shead off came to be known as Kali¹77. (iv) In the Skanda Purana a similar version of Kali's origin and Daksa's sacrifice is mentioned. Rudra angrily uproots a plait of shaggy hair struck the mountain top with it. As a 175 Siva Purana Vol.I Rudra Samhita 32.22;32.25 176 Siva Purana Vol. IV Vidyesvara Samhita 19.35,36 177 opcit 24.50; 25.38,39 236

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses result, out sprang Virabhadra and Kali surrounded by crores of goblins and spirits." 178 (v) The Kali Purana states that Sati abandoned her body full of rage, and was born afterwards in a fierce shape ie. 'Canda Murti. It further mentions the worship of the goddess as Ugracanda and as Bhadrakali¹79. (vi) The gods praised the wife of Matanga rsi who is surprised. She enquires the reason for she is a mortal. While she was speaking thus, the goddess who was within her body issues out and is white in colour. The remnant body then became dark like powdered antimony and so was called Kali or the black one 180. (vii) It is stated that, when Ambika issued out of Parvati's body, the remanant body was dark and was addressed as Kali or the black one' 181 (viii) In course of the great battle of Durga, when the Asura brothers' Sumbha and Nisumbha pounced on her, the forehead of Durga became dark with anger and from it sprang 178 Skanad Purana I.1.3.33,34 179 Kali-purana 63.5,6; 63.31,32 180 opcit 63.55,56 181 Matsya-purana 85.38,39,40 237

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses the goddess Kali with a frightful face wearing a tiger skin and adorned with a garland of skulls. 182 Thus from the list of the origin-accounts, it can be summed up that Kali or the black one was that femenine energy which came out due to wrath and for a purpose - to destroy one's enemies. As a result, she is shown in various dark shades of black and a contrasting red blood on her person. Synonyms: Kali and Durga are popular as synonyms for each other. However the thin line of demarcation is Durga is the mild, gentle aspect while Kali is the fierce aspect of the same female principle. The fierceness of the goddess has resulted in her being referred to as a Candika, Canda, Ugra, and Tara etc... 183 Kali and Agni: The fiery and razing nature of the godesses Kali is perhaps due to her relationship with Agni. This fiery relationship is very old and ancient. The Mundaka Upanisad mentions Kali as the name of the first flaming tongue of Agni 182 opcit 84.1-5 and Kali-purana 63.89,90 183 Kali-purana 63.95,96 238

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses to whom the Angnihotra oblations are offered 184. Kali is invoked side by side with Agni in the marriage ritual stated in the Kataka Grhya Sutra 185. Kali and Bhadrakali occur as names of two goddess worshipped side by side with great Vedic gods like Agni, Soma, Varuna, Indra etc... Bhadrakali being the propitious aspect of Kali is seen to have obtained appeal in households and in popular worship 186. The 187 goddesses Kali occurs in tantra and in MalatiMadhavam 188 where she is spoken of as being associated with cemetery and the cemetrical fire. Kali is thus seen associated with both the aspects of Agni as havya vahaka and khavya vahaka. In the later traditions this flaming tongue of Agni referred to as Kali is seen crystallized and picturised into a dark goddess with tongue lolling out, to lick and drink the blood of her victims. Kali: One goddess - Many forms. As seen above that the basic concept of Kali as a divinity associated with fierceness, destruction and death is traced to the Vedic perod. As time passed, this goddess was 2 attributed and associated with many adjectives and the accomplishment of different tasks. Based on the varied tasks 184 Mundaka Upanisad 1.2.4. 185 KatGS 19.7 186 Kaushitak-GS-3.10.14;S'ank.G.S-2.14.14 187 Sri vidyarnrnava Tantra II p.254 V.9. 188 Malti-madhav - Act V v.21 239

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses she is looked upon differently in the Tantra-Sastra thus creating a large area of study. Kali -- As the goddesses of Knowledge. The goddess Kali is one among the 'Ten wisdom goddess' ie.a Mahavidya. The earliest reference of Kali, occurs in the knowledge section of the Veda ie. in the Upanisads. The M. Up, mentions Kali, as the name of flame of Agni. Another flame is called Manojava ie. the speed of the mind 189. According to tradition Agni is known as a god, who facilitates knowledge. Based on this an equation can be drawn as follows. Kali Manojava both are flames of fire. = Agni Knowledge Kali = Agni from tradition Part and whole. Therefore from the above we can deduce that Kali= Agni. From the above sequence we can conclude that Kali being part of Agni facilitates knowledge and quick thinking. In the Devibhagavata-purana 190 the gods praise the goddess as Kali Kalia, Nilasarasvati, Ugratara, etc. The Garuda Purana mentions 189 M.Up, 1.2.4.. 190 Devibhagavata-purana, Bk. X, Chapter-XIII V.86-96 240

241 Chapter 3. Minor goddesses Gauri, Kali, Uma, Durga, Bhadra, Kanti, and Sarasvati invoking them for victory. Here, we find that both Kali and Saraswati together and on the same line and can be assumed mo as synonyms. The Devibhagavata-purana 192, mentions that Durga, the mild aspect of Kali presides over 'buddhi' or intellect. Further it also mentions that Durga presides over the intellect 193. Durga and Kali are popular as synonyms. The beginning line of Kali Mantra Prakarna in the Sri-vidyarnava-tantra 194 states that the Knowledge of Kali is difficult to obtain. Kali is one of the ten knowledge goddess of tantra mostly occurring in the first five of the list. Further it is mentioned that, the goddess Kalika is to be worshipped for obtaining poetic eloquence. The Sri-vidyarnava-tantra, mentions Nila Sarasvati as the name of Guhya Kali 195 In the third chapter of Mantra Mahodadhi it is mentioned that the Kali Mantra when given or received bestows immediate success of speech 196.Sankaracharya extols Kali in his Saundaryalahari as a knowledge-bestower goddesses and further furnishes the information of Kalidasa as being the one who had obtained the grace and the favour of the goddess to reach the peak of success 197. 191 GP, C. 38.2, p.88-90 192 Devibhagavata-purana, chapter L, V 5-45 193 Ibid, Ch.L, V.46-100 194 Sri-vidyarnava-tantra ch.24 195 Sri vidyarnmava Tantra XXIV 196 Mantra Mahodadhi Ch. 3.1, p.76 197 Sankaracharya, Saundaryalahari V.98

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses On the basis of the above listed points, it can be summarised that the goddess Kali like Sarasvati is the goddess of knowledge. Kali in Fertility related rites. In the Mundaka Upanisad there is reference of Kali as the flaming tongue in to which the ritual agnihotra oblations are poured. In the Kataka Grhya Sutra, Kali is invoked along with other deities in the marriage ritual and the offering is of perfume. In Purana, we find Kali's presence in marriage rituals directly. In the Siva Purana, we have the reference of Kali, accompanying Virabhadra being referred to Parvati in the company of Siva. Again in the Parvatikhand we have the reference of Candi, the sister of Rudra, moving ahead and leading the marriage procession of Rudra with happiness and excitement. In the Rudra samhit; there is a reference to the amorous sports of Siva and Parvati. Siva points to the dark nipples on Parvati's golden breast and refers to them as Kalika and as her companions 199 In the Skanda purana we have a reference of Camunda, tying a garland of skulls to Siva's hair and blessing him to 198 Siva Purana Vol 2. Sec.3, Ch.40, V.35-37 199 Siva Purana Vol. I, Sec. 1, Ch.21 V.20-23 242

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses beget a son who would kill the demons and offer libations to her with blood 200. The Bhagavata Purana mentions of a human sacrifice to propitiate Bhadrakali, for obtaining a 201 son. In the linga purana, we find the reference of Kali intoxicated and going ahead with Ganesa in the marriage procession of Siva 202. The Kalika Purana mentions that Kali gives sexual enjoyment in an excessive way and takes away frigidity always. There is no one equal to her to give sexual enjoyment 203 The Devibhagavata-purana mentions about a special form of the goddess Kali known as Mangala candi. The goddess Mangala candis the goddess who was worshiped by Mangala or mars. It is beneficial to worship this goddess on Tuesdays 204. According to astrology mars in ones horoscope brings disturbance in one's marriage and married life. Hence Kali as fertility goddess is propitiated on Tuesday by such people who have a weak Mangala in their horoscope. In the Tantras we have a variety of description of Kali. She is described as being naked, with tongue lolling out and 200 Skanda purana Vol. II, 1, 26.13 201 Bhagavata purana 5.9.12-20 202 Linga purana 1.72.66-68 203 Kalika purana 63.96-98 204 Devi bhagavata Bk 9, Ch. XLVIII, 1-25 243

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses licking blood and holding severed heads 205. She is described as being engrossed in abnormal sex with Siva 206. In the Svatantra tantra the same is referred and further she is mentioned as having a snake garland, a seat made of snakes and surrounded by snakes on all sides, is naked and having a blood filled mouth and desirous of drinking wine. She holds skulls and freshly severed heads and hands on her persona. Thus Kali is spoken in terms of being naked, having placed her right foot on Siva - lord Siva whose symbol is the phallus or the Linga and Kali ever naked the symbol of the ultimate female who reverses the natural sexual order to indicate her superiority. Her mouth is filled with wine, she wears a garland of snakes; her being seated on a seat of snakes, all of which represent fertility. The blood of the victims has a special significance in Kali's worship. Kali represented with a lolling tongue and licking blood is the typical deity of tantra. Blood and liquor offerings along with the nakedness of the deity as D.C. Sircar rightly states are the striking features of the 'Indian mother goddess' 207. The goddess Kali is appeased by the offering of blood and as sush on festive and other such ocassions a number of goats, sheep, buffaloes etc... are offered as victims and the blood is allowed to flow on the altar special to the goddesses. 205 Sri vidyarnava Tantra II P.254,3 a & 4 b 206 opcit 8 b 207 Sircar D.C. The sakta pitas - Intro 244

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses Kali: Some special forms. Both the puranas and the tantras have dealt with Kali in their respective domains and thus have provided a variety of forms of Kali. In the puranas we have the reference of Kali, Bhadrakali, Candi, Mangalacandi, Mahakali as being synonyms yet stand out independently. Kali it is stated in the puranas, that when the goddess became angry, Kali sprang form from her forehead 208 Synonymns. The puranas state that, Tara or Camunda are synonymns of Kali 209 Iconographic details. In the Puranas, Kali is described as dark like the petal of a dark blue lotus flower. She has four hands holding a khatvanga, a scimitar, a hide and a noose, wears a garland of human heads and has the tiger skin as her garment. She is tall and terrible to look at with sharp fangs and tongue rolling out. Her eyes are sunken in the socket and red. She screams horribly and has outstanding ears and a wide mouth. Kali in idols is depicted as having four hands, dark, naked and stepping on Siva who is lying down. Her tongue hangs 208 Kali-purana 63.89, 90. 209 Kali-purana 63.95,96 245

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses out in shyness. She holds a trindent, a scimtiar, in her hands. A luxiriant growth of hair hangs down and covers her naked form. Mantra. There are ten types of Kali mantras from one syllabled to twenty two syllabled mentioned in the Mantra-mahodadhi 210. The mono syllabled Kali mantra is- Krim. And, the twentytwo syllabled mantra is as followsKrim Krim Krim Hum Hum Hrim Hrim Daksina Kalike Krim Krim Krim Hum Hum Hrim Hrim Swaha. Yantra. Kali Yantra source Brihattantra-sara kalipujanayantram The goddess Kali²211 is to be worshipped with her 5 210 Mantra mahodadi III. P.77, 88, 89. 211 Kali-purana 63.37,39 eight yoginis surrounding her in an 'eight-petalled lotus' formation with Kali in the center. 246

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses Vahana. Kali's mount is the Kabandha; on which she sits 212.A Kabanda is a headless living trunk 213. Temple and festivals. There are many temples which house Kali within their temple precints. The exclusive and special temple dedicated to the goddess Kali is at Kolkata. This temple is on the banks of the river Ganga at Kali ghat.The Navaratri festival in kolkatta is celebrated as the Kali puja festival. Bhadra Kali. In the Svayambhuva Manavantara, the goddess to Yoganidra with a view of annihilating Mahisa appeared having sixteen arms with weapons. This form of Yoganidra is famous by the name BhadraKali²14. 212 Kali-purana 63.92-95 213 The Students Sanskrit English Dictionary P.133 214 Kali-purana 62.54, 55 247

248 Chapter 3. Minor goddesses Bhadrakali at Akhilandesvari temple wall painting. She stands on a lion with three flaming bloodshot eyes and holding the trident in her hands. Further is the mention of the different manifestation of the goddess in different yugas and the slaying of the asura Mahisa²15. 鈥� In the first yuga she manifests as Ugracanda; . 鈥� In the second yuga she incarnates as Bhadrakali and In the third yuga she appears as Durga and slays Mahisasura. Ugracanda. It is a form of Bhadrakali in her fierce aspect. In this form, the goddess has eighteen arms, i.e. two arms extra. The weapons she holds are the same as the sixteen armed Bhadrakali. On the two extra arms, she holds a cup filled with intoxicating liquor in the left hand and a cudgel or club 215 Kali-purana 62.114

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses in the right hand. She also wears a snake on her person together with a wreath of shaven heads on her head 216. Camunda. The goddesses Candika is known as Camunda. The reason for this name is the goddess killed the demons Canda and Munda both emissary-ministers of the Asura Sumbha and Nisumbha 217. It is stated in the Kali-purana that, the goddess Candika came out of the tongue of the goddess and that none equals her with respect to form, (i.e. appearance), beauty and lovliness At Kamakhya, Camunda is known as Bhairavi 218. Mantra. Two types of mantras of the goddess Camunda are as followsThe mantra of Ugracanda is Aim Hraum Hrim 21 The nine lettered seed Mantra of Durga Camundi 220 is 216 Kali-purana 62. 118-121 217 Devi Mahatmayam 7.25 218 Kali-purana 64.107 219 Kali-purana 63.33,34 249

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses Aim Hrim Klim Camundayai Vicche. Temples and festivals. A special temple is dedicated to the goddesses in Kerala and is known as the Bhadrakali temple. In the annual festival held in the temple men dressed as women known as 'kooties' in the local language take part and offfer worship to the goddess. Mangala Candi. The meaning of the name Mangala candiis explained in the Puranas 221 as follows - (i) candiwho is very skilled in all auspicious works, and is the most auspicious of all good things so is known as Mangala Candi. - (ii) Candi who is the object of worship of Mangala the son of Earth and who is the bestower of desires is Mangala Candi. (iii) The goddess Candi. who is the object of worship of Mangala, the descendent of Manu and the ruler of the whole world, is Mangala Candi. 220 Devibhagavata-purana BK 9.Ch.L 221 DBMP Bk.9, Ch.XLVIII. V. 1-25. 250

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses (iv) It is said that the primeval cause ie. Mula Prakrti assumed the form of Mangala candiand has become the ista devata of women. (v) The goddess Mangala candis thought of to be of a sixteen year old girl. It is stated that the goddess Mangala Candi, who is the presiding deity of Mars or Mangala, is to be worshipped on Tuesday 222. The goddess Durga was worshipped by Mahadeva prior to the fight with Tripurasura. The goddess assumed the form of Mangala candiand blesses saying that in the fight that would ensue, Visnu would become Siva's vehicle and she will be present as his Sakti. Iconographic details. The goddess Mangalacandi is identified with the goddess Durga with four hands standing on the buffalos head. Mantra. The Devibhagavata-purana gives the following twenty one letttered mantraOm Hrim Srim Klim Sarvapujye devi Mangala Candike Hum Phat Swaha. 222 Devibhagavata-purana Bk.9, Ch. XXXLX; Ch. XLVIII 251

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses Temples and festivals. There are no specific temples for this goddess Mangala candias she is identified with Durga. According to popular belief, it is beneficial to worship this goddess on Tuesday's between 3-4 p.m. to mitigate the ill effects of mars. Mahakali. The goddess Mahakali is depicted as having ten heads, ten hands and ten legs. She places her five right legs on Siva who is on the ground in the form of a corpse. She holds the following weapons in her hands - 252

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses Axe, discus, mace, bow and arrow, a shield, a conch, a lance, a sling, a skull, and a sword 223. Mantra. A nine lettered seed mantra is mentioned in the Devibhagavata-purana 224 which is as followsAim Hrim Klim Camundayai Vicche. Daksinakali. Daksinakali is the form of kali image which is very beautiful and is seen blushing. The popular Kali image worshipped in Bengal during the Navrartri pooja with tongue hanging out in shame, auspicious to look, draped in a saree is that of Daksinakali. Such type of Kali was concieved by the great Sakta tantric, Sri Punyanandanatha. It is said that the goddess herself, revealed this form of hers to Krisnananda at his request. Smasanakali. Kali worshipped in the cementry, her temple is the near the cemetery and she is refered to as Karala. She is 223 Devibhagavata-purana Bk.9, Ch.L 224 Devibhagavata-purana Bk.9, Ch.L 253

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses worshipped to destroy one's enemies and for obtaining occult powers 225 Offerings. In the classic Malati-Madhavam, humans as victims are prescribed to make the mantra efficacious 226. Eunuchs on the way to source S.V.Iyer Live Recorded the Sion Hindu Crematorium to perform Sava sadhana and Sava bhaksna. The worship of Kali in the Smasana and the Savabakshana are practised even today by the eunuchs. 225 Malati-madhava act-V 226 Malati-madhava act V.25 254

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses Tillai-Kali. One special form of Kali is Tillai-Kali, this goddess was defeated in a dance duet with Siva and therefore was forced out of her original domain ie. Tillai or Cidambaram. She was then housed at the outskirts of Cidambaram and the place is known as Seerkalii. Iconographic details. The goddess is shown as having a shabby hair and in a dancing frenzy with a crown of fire flames. She may or may not have weapons but the presence of protruding canine teeth is prominently present. 255

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses Kali in the Sakti-pita. Kali in the list of the pitas occurs three times out of the 227 total sixty four pitas. They are as follows No. Name of Sati's Name Name on pita. body of of the part godde Bhair list sses. ava. 19 Kali pita or The Kali Nakul Kala pita right esa toe Or Nakul isa 29 Kalamadhav Butto Kali Asitan a cks ga 44 Nalahati Nala Kali Yoges a Or Yoges a. Tara. The fiercest aspect of Kali is Tara. The wise men call her as Ugratara the goddess always protects her devotees 227 Sircar D.C. The sakta pitas 256

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses irrespective of the graveness of the danger and risk involved 228. Derivation. The word Ugratara is derived from- 'Tr-Tara Tara'. To this is suffixed Ugra meaning fierceness. = Thus Ugra + Tara Ugratara. The meaning of word Ugratara is 'the one who protects her devotees from terrible dangers'. Ugratara is said to be a single braided-'ekajata ,229 Mantra. The Netra bija of Ugratara 230 is Aim Hrim Srim Mount. The goddess Ugratara is depicted as having placed her left foot on a corpse while the right foot rests on the back of a lion 231 228 Kali-purana 63.61. 229 Kali-purana 63.62 230 Kali-purana 63.63,64 231 Kali-purana 63.64-68 257

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses Yantra. 258 Ugratara is in the centre of an eight petalled lotus and is enclosed by her set of eight yoginis. taradharana yantra ki ha >> fan ZZ RASA # 24. 3 * Tara yantram source Brihattantra-sara Iconographic details. The description of Ugratara is given in the Kalika Purana. She is said to have four hands and black in colour adorned by a garland of shaven heads. She holds a sword, a blue lotus, a knife and a skull. She has a single braid which is adorned by a skull which rests on top of her head. She wears a black cloth around her loins and also a tiger skin. Her left foot is placed on a corpse, while the right foot rests on the

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses back of a lion. She is said to frequently lick the corpse and laugh with a shrilling sound 232. Kausiki. 259 Kausiki means the fair one. The account of the origin of this goddess is mentioned in the Kali-purana and the Matsya-purana The name Kausik is derived from the word Kosa 233. It is said that when the goddess issued out from the interior of Matanga rsi's wife's body. This energy or sakti was resplending white, which caused her to be called Kausiki or the fair one. This Kausiki is white, a charming beauty and is ravishing. Kausiki who is the breath of Mahamaya is Yoganidra, the primary cause of cosmos. 2. Iconograpic details. The Kali-purana gives the following details about the goddess Kausiki The hair of Kausiki is tied as a braid and wound round her head. The crescent moon is wound upside down over the tilaka. She wears a lot of ornaments and also goodsmelling lotuses. She wears a yellow garment in three-folds. She holds a trident, thunderbolt arrows, sword, lance, club, bell, bow, hide, conch and shells. When worshipped by the 232 Kali-purana 63.64-68. 233 Kali-purana 63.71,72; Matsya-purana 85.38-40.

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses devout, Kausiki and her yoginis grant the fulfillment of the desires of the worshippers. Mantra. The mantra of the goddess Kausiki 234 is as follows Yantra. Um Yah Sah The goddess Kausiki is worshipped with her eight yoginis in an eight petal lotus formation 235. When worshipped, Kausiki and her eight Yoginis grant the fulfillment of desire 236. The Purana further mentions of another mandala formation. In this the goddess Kausiki has twelve yoginis who surround her in a twelve petalled lotus formation 237. Sivaduti. 260 One of the most unique names of the goddess Durga is Sivaduti. The Durga goddess sent Siva as her ambassador to the court of the demon brothers Sumbha and Nisumbha. Therefore, the goddess is called as Sivaduti 238 or the one whose messenger 234 Kali-purana 63.76 235 Kali-purana 63.88.89 236 Kali-purana 63. 237 238 Kali-purana 63.113, 114 Kali-purana 63.113; Devimahatmaya, VIII.23-27; P.56-57. M.S.University Oriental series No. 18, Vadodara 1997

261 Chapter 3. Minor goddesses is Siva.It is mentioned in the Kali-purana that the goddess Sivaduti out of Kausiki's head through a meditation on lord Visnu 239 sprang Physical description. The physical traits of Sivaduti 240 are as follows: She has four arms; body is lusterous like vermilion and has red teeth. Among other descriptions it is mentioned that she has long twisted hair, long nails and snake necklaces. She has a rough face and thick lips. She is tall and frightening; her right foot is placed on a corpse while the left foot is on a jackal and she is surrounded by hundreds of jackals. Mount. The Kali-purana mentions about the seat as well as the mount of the goddess Sivaduti. The goddesses Sivaduti 241, stands above a lion on which a tiger skin is spread. The lion is her mount while the tigerskin is her seat. Mantra. The mantra of Sivaduti is as follows - 239 Kali-purana 63.98,99. 240 Kali-purana 63.104,105 241 Kali-purana LXIII.78-86

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses 242 Hrim Sah Sphem Ksham 24 In the Anganyasa, Sivaduti is asked to protect the worshipper against dangers from lions or tigers and stay in his weapons with the repetition of the above mantra 243. Conclusion: Kali or the dark complexioned deity, says Sircar 244 may have been the goddess of the pre-dravidian tribes. Thus one finds the reference of a South Indian woman swaying in frenzy and rage referred to as Kali's dance in contrast to a man whose anger is referred to as Rudra tandav. The worship of Kali as Angala-amman (An-Kala-amman) or as Mariamman by every community and almost in every house of Tamilnadu indicates her strong Dravidian roots. The association of goddess Kali with Agni as its part highlights her importance in status. The flaming tongue of Agni is later on carried to the puranas, tantras and the classics where Kali is depicted as being dark- Karala and her tongue lolling out to drink blood is mentioned. Her favorite oblation is the victim's blood offered to her. She, as the goddess of knowledge, facilitates knowledge process by letting out the pure form which is essentially white to issue and come out as Kaushiki a virgin who is fair complexioned. 242 Kali-purana LXIII. 101-103 243 Kali-purana LVIII.40,41 244 Sircar D.C. Sakta Pitas - p. 35-37. 262

Chapter 3. Minor goddesses Kali seated on a seat of snakes, adorned with snakes and skulls, with blood dripping represents the creative energy of the female. She as the primordial female is naked, and is depicted as engrossed in sex with Siva who represents the ultimate masculine principle. The wine, blood skulls and chopped head which she holds and is associated to with all represent to the creative principle of mother goddess. Thus Kali, the expressive form of Kala with whom, she is totally identified, stands out remarkably and independently as a creative principle. Kali the female aspect of Kala is depicted in dark shades of black or blue and is associated with time, death and destruction. She like the other popular divinities is double natured, benevolent as well as malignant.