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B. DEVALA LIFE, PERSONALITY, CHARACTER & CONTRIBUTION鈥擠EVALA A VEDIC SEER:鈥擠evala, was a vedic seer, belonging to the Sandilya group of 1 the Kasyapa school¹, according to the Srautasutras & the Matsya 1 Purana; & of the Kausika group of Visvamitras according to the 2 as³. 3 Brahmanda & the Vayu-puranas DEVALA & HIS FAMILY: Devala was the son 4, (1) of Pratyus a (2) of Asita & Ekaparna Lord, (3) of Asita, obtained through the grace of the Siva (4) of Vasudeva & Upadevi (5) of Vasudeva & Sis ravati 1 (6) of Krsasva & Dhisana (7) of Pariyatraka (8) of the Svetavatara of the Lord. Thus all these different traditions indicate that Devala was the name of many different sages. He is said to have acquired the rare & great brahmanya (i.e.being born as a brahmana), through the grace of the Lord Siva 5. The daughter of Himavan, namely Ekaparna, was given in marriage to him. He is also said to have married Ratnamalavati, a beautiful daughter of king Suyajna. S l 33

K. 8 34 He was father (1) of two sons, who were patient & learned (2) of the Niddhruvas, the Sandilyas, the Raibhyas & Vara etc. the Gods, who are said to be his progeny- (3) of Vaccala (4) of Samati, a queen of the Pancala king, Brahmadatta. (5) of a beautiful daughter, namely Suvaracala, who was given in marriage to Svetaketu. 9 His younger brother was Dhaumya", who was practising penance, in the forest at the Utkocaka Tirtha (the sacred place), & was selected as a priest by Pandavas. He was a disciple of Vedavyasa 10 & was also described as a Vibhuti (glorious manifestation) by the Lord Krsna. 12 The Mahabharata mentions that he was a sage, belonging to the Northern direction, fit to be always remembered (nityasmaraniya). He is said 13 to be living at the Adityatirtha. PERSONALITY & CHARACTER : } Devala was beautiful like cupid 14. He was active, righteous, pure, self-controlled & well-versed in all Sastras. He used to always honour Gods, Brahmins & guests. He was a Brahmin sage, far-advanced in age & the best among intellectuals. He was following the life of a householder (grhastha) & had given up the rod (danda) i.e. punishment. Being always free from anger, he always regarded praise & censure, the pleasant & the unpleasant, the gold & a lump of clay as equal. He treated all creatures, as equal by the speech, mind 1

35 & action & had thus obtained the vision of equality towards all, 15 like the God Yama. He was always intent on Dharma & Brahmacarya Devala is associated with various legends & activities. 16 (1) narrated the Mahabharata to the Manes. Devala kalpana's (2) was invoked by Drona, while encasing Duryodhana in an unvulnerable armour. (3) waited for Yudhisthira, at the holy places, along with other sages. (4) went to Yudhisthira, with other sages, when the Mahabharata war was over. is said to have obtained perfection, by invoking the Lord Visnu with rcs. (6) was one of the sages, who went to attend upon or serve Vyasa, who had gone to the forest, where Pandavas were living. (7) greeted Srikrsna, on his way to Hastinapura. (8) was one among the Siddhas, seeking for knowledge. knew the miraculous power of Yoga of Lord Visnu. (10) told Suka, the story of Citraketu. (11) cursed the gandharva, namely Huhu. ' (12) could not comprehend the Maya the magic power of Lord. (13) is said to have instituted a phallus (Linga) at Varanasi. (14) asked Jaigisavya, the reason of his equanimity, towards praise & abuse. (15) gave a long advice to Rambha, soliciting him for dalliance.

He was present present 17 (1) at the Sarpasastra of Janamejaya. (2) in the Mayas abha. (3) in the Brahmasabha. (4) at the coronation of Yudhisthira. (5) around Bhisma at the time of his leaving the mortal body & also at the time of his obsequies. (6) in the sacrifice of Gods. (7) as a a agnidhra at the sacrifice of Brahmadeva, at the Puskarak Setra. 18 He went to see - 36: } : 1 (1) srikrsna, practising austerities. (2) Dhrtarastra, practising penances. (3) Pariksita practising prayopavesa (4) Krsna & Balarama at the Syamantapancaka ... The view of Devala about gambling etc. is quoted 19 in the Mahabharata. He is said to have declared that gambling with other gamsters, with dishonesty is a sin, but there is victory in the battle, with the practice of Dharma & the gambling is not based upon it. The civilized (aryas) do not spoil their speech, nor do they practise evil charms; To fight, without fraud & deception is indeed the vow of the good. DEVALA - A PHILOSOPHER : Devala was an eminent philosopher. His views, about philosophical topics are frequently quoted and referred to 1 ; j t

(1) His views about the nature of God, are mentioned at many places, in the Mahabharata 20 (2) He believes that the final beatitude or bliss of all human beings, lies in the abandonment of all desires of undertakings, resulting in the joy for oneself 21. 22 (3) He maintains that there are three lights in a Purus a 37 viz. off-spring, karma & learning. It is only these three that are helpful to the person, when the dirty body, bereft of life-force, is left all alone by the relatives. This can be compared with a similar view, found in the present 23 reconstructed text DEVALA & SANKHYA 鈼� He was a great Sankhyacarya. He is mentioned as one of the traditional exponents of the Sankhya philosophy - (1) in the Mahabharata, with 25 spiritual principles 24 25 (2) in the Brahmavaivarta purana & (3) in the Matharavrtti, a commentary on Sankhyakarika 27 -26 Sankaracarya mentions Devala as a Dharmasutrakara, who had accepted in his treatise, the Sankhya doctrine of Pradhana, being the cause of theworld. Both Anandagiri & Govindananda, while commenting upon the words 'Vedanusaribhih kaiscid sistaih' occurring in Sankharabhasya (Brahma-sutra 2.1.4.12), mention Devala as a 1 sista, who had accepted Pradhanakaranavada, though he was a follower of Veda. The quotations, arranged in the Moksa prakarana (III.5) of '

the present reconstructed text can reflect upon the validity of the above entry of Sankaracarya & his commentators. 28 38 In the Mahabharata he expounds to Narada, the Sankhya knowledge, destructive of merits & demerits, by which one can obtain the Highest Goal, the unity with the Brahman. He explains that the world, movable & immovable, is created from the five gross elements (mahabhutas) & is dissolved in the same at the time of destruction of the world. The five gross elements, time (kala), entity (bhava) & non-entity (abhava), are the eight important factors of creation & destruction. The five sense-organs, five motor organs & their functions are described in detail. The five sense-organs, the citta, the mind, & the intellect are the eight instruments of knowledge 路 Each latter is higher than the earlier. The Atman is higher than intellect. The senses, themselves, are not knowers, but are instruments of knowledge, in the sense that the Ksetrajna obtains knowledge through them. Then the bhavas-satvika, rajasa & tamasa are referred to. The self is said to enter the different bodies, one after another according to the merits & demerits, as the person goes from one broken house to another. Ultimately, he obtains Brahmabhava (unity with the Brahman), at the end of the cycle of action, giving up the body, the abode of merits & demerits. This exposition of Sankhya knowledge is not in consonance with the traditional Sankhya philosophy. DEVALA - AN ACCOMPLISHED YOGI : 1 { } 1 1 1 29 Devala was an expert preceptor of Yoga ': (Yogacarya). He had practised severe austerities & had obtained miraculous powers of www th

t 30. 31 32 39 yoga; His epithets mahatapah, tapodhanah, siddhah, siddhesah etc. etc. are significant from this stand-point. The Mahabharata narrates an interesting legend in which, he is said to have pursued Jaigisavya, in the various worlds, except brahmaloka. Thus he was a siddha, possessed of divine powers. DEVALA A BRAHMAVADI : Devala is also mentioned 33 as a Brahmavadi. It means that (1) he was seer of vedic Mantras, or (2) he was teacher or expounder of the Vedas, or (3) he was a follower of the doctrine of Brahman i.e. Vedanta philosophy. The epithets brahmisthah, brahmarsisattamah etc., used } point of view. 34 in connection with him are worth-noting from this DEVALA & JYOT IS AS ASTRA Devala was an author of an extensive work on Jyotisa. He was definitely earlier than Varahamihira, who frequently quotes or refers to his views. Not only Varahamihira, but numerous other writers on Jyotisa & Dharmasastra, refer to & quote the views of Devala on Astronomy & Astrology. Some quotations, collected from the works on Jyotisa & Dharmasastra, are given in the Part I, Sect. II-IV (Parisistam Devaloktam Jyotisam). DEVALA & CARAKAS AMHITA : Devala is mentioned 35 among the sages, that had assembled near the Himalayas, to discuss how to relieve the people from diseases that were troubling them. i

40 DEVALA & SILPASASTRA : 1 It seems that Devala was also well-versed in the science of silpa & must have written a treatise on the same. His opinion about the 36 hmd Vastumana, is quoted in the Garuda purana' Some such work on silpa or vastuvidya, written by Devala, must have been existing at the time of the said Purana. } 3, CONCLUDING REMARKS : In this & the previous chapter (II.I & II. II) the references to Devala, in the ancient Sanskrit literature, are classified & dealt with in order to bring forward the antiquity & the historical background, associates with Devala. It is quite clear that Devala was ! a highly celebrated mythological & historical personality. The smrti-text, the subject of the present thesis, is also ascribed to Devala. Devala, mentioned in the ancient texts, may or may not be having any relation with Devala, the Smrtikara; but it is a simple rule, based upon human psychology, that, if some work is ascribed to a personality of great repute, it is quickly accepted by the orthodox people, as an authoritative work & becomes famous everywhere. The brilliant stars, in the galaxy of Sanskrit literature, like 1 Kalidasa, Sankaracarya etc. have had a magic effect on the minds of the masses, with the result that even the works, written by later writers, ascribed to them, obtained wide publicity & are still read with great respect. Similarly, Devala is a renowned seer & a sage, mentioned in' the ancient Sanskrit literature. Hence, the Smrti, ascribed to him, obtains some kind of authoritativeness, for accepting his views to : * {

: 41 37 be authentic & reliable. Shri K.V.Rangaswami Aiyangar also writes In ages of faith, the claim of even a newly discovered work, to be the composition of a famous rsi, will prove a powerful influence in securing the reception of its views & the acceptance of its authoritativeness". From this point of view, the whole discussion about Devala, in this & the previous chapter (II.A & II.B) is relevant & necessary in the present thesis. } i 1 I

REFERENCES 42 1) Cf. Part I, Sect. I, Chapter II.A, N.3, Group C, I.4 & also Group C. IV. 7. 1 2) Devala yamadutasca salahkayanabas kalah/ Lalatya badarascanye visvamitrasya dhimatah/ rsyantarvivahyaste bahavah kausikah smrtah// - Brahmanda Purana Bd.F.2/3/66/72-73. 3) V.P.-91/100 (Vide Purana Index-II/124-125). 4) 1. Cf. Part I, Sect. I, Chapter II. A, n. 1, Group A-III.1 & Group A-IV.1 to 5. 2. Cf. Part I, Sect. I, Chapter II. A, n. 3, Group C-IV.1 to 3. 3. Cf. Part I, Sect. I, Chapter II. A, n. 3, Group C-IV.6. 4. Vijayam romamanam ca vardhamanam tu devalam/ Q ete sarve mahatmano hyupadevyam prajaj mire// Matsya Purana 46/17. 5) Vijayam rocanam caiva vardhamanam ca devalam etan mahatmanah putran susava sisiravati// Brahmanda Purana 2/3/71/82b & 83a. 6) Krsasvo'rcisi bharyayam dhumaketumajijanat/ dhisanayam vedasire devalam vayunam manum// Bhagavata-purana 6/6/20 7) Tasya ca pariyatrakah pariyatrakaddevalo devalad vaccalah/ B V.P.4/4/106 8) Tatrapi mama te putra bhavisyanti mahaujasah/ Usijo brhadukthyasca devalah kavireva ca/ Prapya mahesvaram yogam brahmalokam gata hi te/ V.P. Vol. I, 23/192. 1 {

P * 5) Tatprasadanmaya praptam brahmanyam durlabham mahat/ Asito devalascaiva praha pandusutam nrpam/ Mahabharata Anushasana-parva 18/17 (Critical edition 13/18/14) 43 Critical edition reads first line as Yadavaptam came sarvam prasadat tasya dhimatah/ 6) Asitasyaikaparna tu devalasya mahatmanah/ Patni datta mahabrahman yogacaryaya dhimate/ - 鈥� Mbh. Harivansa. I./18/23 (Critical edition 13/22) 7) Suyajnanrpateh kanyam ratnamalavatim muda/ tam sundarim vivahena jagrhe sarvamohinim/ 搂 Brahmavaivarta Purana IV/30/61 8) 1. Cf.Part I, Sect. I, Chapter II. A, n.1, Group A. III.1 & Group A. IV. 5. 1 2. Nidhruvah sandilya raibhyastrayah pascattu kasyapah/ Varaprabhrtayo deva devalasya prajastvimah/ 3. Cf.reference 4.7 above. V.P.Vol.II.8/28,29. 4. Tasya..... 'bhavat bharya devalasyatmaja subha/ Santatirnama vikhyata kapila ya'bhavat pura// Matsya Purana 20/26 5. Suta suvarcala nama tasya kalyanalaksana/ 1 natihrasva natikrsa natidirgha yas as vini// Mbh.Santi.220(Critical edition 12/App.19/50) 9) Yaviyan devalasyaiva vane bhrata tapasyati/ dhaumya utkocake tirthe tam vrnudhvam yadicchatha/ Mahabharata Adiparva 182/2 (Critical edition 1/174/2) kalpa 1 neue en ti dit wat we the "The most hate it |

44 10) Asito devalascaiva vais ampayana eva ca/ I www Jaiminisca sumantusca gatah sarve tapodhanah/ 路 D. bh. 1/20/3. 11) Cf. Part I, Sect. I, Chapter II. A, n. 2, Group B-III. 1 12) Uttaram disamasritya ya edhante nibhodha tan/ 1 Svetaketuh kohalasca vipulo devalastatha// 7 Mahabharata Anushasana-parva 165/43-45 (Critical edition 13/151/ 36-38a) 13) Tasminneva tu dharmatma vas atisma tapodhanah/ garhasthyam dharmamasthaya hyasito devalah pura// 鈥� Mbh. Salya. 50/1 (Critical edition 9/49/1) 14) Cf. Part I, Sect. I, Chapter II. A, n.3, Group C, IV.6. 15) 1 1. Devalo nama viprarsih sarvas astrartha kovidah/ Kriyavan dharmiko nityam devabrahmanapujakah// Mbh.Santi.220 (Critical edition 12/App. 19/48) 2. Asinam devalam vrddham buddhva buddhimatam varam// Mbh. Santi.275/2a (Critical edition 12/267/2) k * I i } 3. Tasminneva tu dharmatma vasati sma tapodhanah/ garhasthyam dharmamasthaya hyasito devalah pura// Dharmanityah sucirdanto nyastadando mahatapah/ Karmana manasa vaca samah sarvesu jantusu// Akrodhano maharaja tulyanindatmasamstitih/ priyapriye tulyavrttiryamavat samadarsanah// 1 $

Kancane losthabhave ca samodarsi mahatapah/ devanapujayan nityamatithimsca dvijaih saha/ brahmacaryaparo nityam sada dharmaparayanah// 1 Mbh.salya.50(Critical edition 9/49/1 to 4) 16) 1. Mahabharata Adiparva 1/107 (Critical edition I/1/64). Mbh.Drona. 94/45(Critical edition 7/69/45). 5. 6. 2. 3. 4. Mbh. Vana. 85/120 (Critical edition 3/83/103). Mbh.Santi. 1/4. (Critical edition 12/1/4). Mbh.Santi.292/15(Critical edition 12/281/15). Mahabharata Ashramavasika-parva 29/9 (Critical edition 15/36/9). 7. Mbh. Udyoga.83/65 (Critical edition 5/388*/3). 8. Bhagavata-purana 6/15/12. 9. Bhagavata-purana 2/7/45a. 10. Bh. F. 6/14/9. , 11. Bhagavata-purana 8/4/3. 12. Bhagavata-purana 9/4/57. 13. 14. 15. Lingapurana 11 according to Krtyakalpataru Tirthakanda p.92. Mbh.Santi. 229/5(Critical edition 12/229/4). Brahmavaivarta Purana IV/30/84. 17) 1. Mahabharata Adiparva 53/8 (Critical edition I/48/8). 2. Mbh.Sabha.4/10 (Critical edition 2/4/8). 3. Mbh.Sabha. 11/24 (Critical edition 2/125*5). 4. Mbh. Sabha. 53/103 (Critical edition 2/49/10). 5. Mbh. Santi.47/7(Critical edition 12/App. 66/1pra) & Anu.167/3(Critical edition 13/153/13). 6. Mahabharata Anushasana-parva 66/24a (Critical edition 3/65/22). 45 1

7. 18) 1. 2. 3. Padmapurana Srsti.34/14 Mahabharata Anushasana-parva 139/10 (Critical edition 13/126/10). oh. Asra.20/1(Critical edition 15/31/4). Bhagavata-purana I/19/10. 19) 20) 4. Bhagavata-purana 10/84/3. 46 Evamahayamasito devalo munisattamah/ Imani lokadvarani yo vai bhramyati sarvada// Idam vai devanam papam nikrtya kitavaih saha/ dharmena tu jayo yuddhe tatparam na tu devanam// narya mlecchanti bhasabhirmayaya na carantyuta/ ajihmamasatham yuddhametats at purus avratam// Mbh. Sabha. 59/9-11 (Critical edition 2/53/6-8) Purve prajabhis arge tvamahurekam prajapatim/ srastaram sarvalokanamasito devalo 'bravit// - Sa panung v Mbh.Vana.12/50 (Critical edition 3/13/43) Ahustvamrsayah sarve devarsirnaradastatha/ asito devalo vyasah svayam caiva bravisi me// Mbh.Bhisma.34/13 (Critical edition 6/32/13) Avyaktam te sarirottham vyaktam te manasi sthitam/ devastvats ambhavascaiva devalastvasito 'bravit// Mbh. Bhisma. 68/7 (Critical edition 6/64/6). Asito devalascaiva valmikisca mahatapah/ markandeyasica govinde kathayantyadbhutam mahat// Mbh.Santi.207/4(Critical edition 12/200/4) l :

{ 21) 22) Vidito me duradharsa naradat devalat tatha/ Krsnadvaipayanatecaiva tatha kurupitamahat// - -MMbh. Asva 52/15 (Critical edition 14/51/15) Hanih sarvavidhistanamatmanah sukhahaituki/ 1 WOM sreyah param manusyanam devalo'dgitamiritam// Agnipurana 382/9 Trini jyotimsi puruse iti vai devalo'bravit/ apatyam karma vidya ca yatah srstah prajastatah// Amedhye vai gataprane sunye jnatibhirujjhite/ 鈫� dehe tritayamevaitat purus asyopayujyate// 23) Cf. The Reconstructed Text , Sr.No.64. 24) 25) Mbh. Sabha.72/5-6 (Ur.ed.2/64/5-6) Pancavimsam yadetat te proktam brahmanas attama/ tatha tanna tatha ceti tad bhavan vaktumarhati// Jaigisavyasitasya devalasya maya srutam // Mbh.Santi.318/58-59a(Cried,12/306/ Mbh. Santi.318/58-59a (Critical edition 12/306/ Durvasah kardamastvam va vasistho garga eva va/ jaigisavyo devalo va kapilo va svayam vibhuh// Brahmavaivarta Purana 4/13/18 26) Cf. Part I, Sect. I, Chapter II-A, n. 1, Group A. V. 1. 27) Cf. Part I, Sect. I, Chapter II-A, n.1, Group A.V.2. 1 S

28) 29) 30) 31) 48. i Punyapapaks ayartham hi Sankhyajnanam vidhiyate/ tatksaye hyasya pasyanti brahmabhave param gatim // Mbh.Santi.275/39 (Critical edition 12/267/38) Namna vai devalah putro yogacaryo mahatapah/ Kurma Parana Purva. 19/5 Devalo bhagavan yogi pratyus as yabhavat sutah / Kurma Parana Purva. 16/16 Patni datta mahabrahman yogacaryayo dhimate/ 1 Mbh. Harivansa. 1/18/23 (Critical edition 13/22) Asito devalascaiva tasminneva mahatapah/ paramam yogamasthaya rsiryogamavaptavan// Mbh. Salya.49/24 (Critical edition 9/48/23) Asito devalascaiva tasminneva mahatapah// - Mbh.Salya Mbh. Salya . 49/24a (Critical edition 9/48/23) Naradah parvatascaiva devalasca mahatapah// - 311) Mahabharata Ashramavasika-parva 20/1 & 29/9a (Critical edition 15/31 Dharmanityah sucirdanto nyastadando mahatapah// 1 - Mbh. Salya. 50/2 (Critical edition 9/49/2) Kancane losthakhande ca samadarsi mahatapah// - Mbh. Salya. 50/4 (Critical edition 9/49/3) Tasminneva tu dharmatma vas ati sma tapodhanah// - Mbh. Salya. 50/1 (Critical edition 9/49/1) Asito devalascaiva vaisampayana 1 [eva ca/ Jaiminisca sumantusca gatah sarve tapodhanah // D. bh. 1/20/3 : } 1

49 Praptavan paramam siddhim param yogam ca bharata/ - Mbh.Salya. 50/64 (Critical edition 9/49/61) B Lebhire tapasa siddhim prasadat tasya dhimatah// Mbh. Santi.292/17a (Critical edition 12/281/15) Kapilopantaratamo devalo dharma asurih/ Maricipramukhas canye siddhesah paradarsinah// Bhagavata-purana 9/4/57-58 Ete pare ca siddhes ascaranti jnanahetavah// Te'bhijagmurmahatmanah siddhah brahmarsisattamah// } Bhagavata-purana 6/15/12 i Mbh. Santi. 1/4 (Critical edition 12/1/3b) } 32) Mbh.Salya. 50/1 to 69 (Critical edition 9/49/1-65) 33) Asito devalascaiva sadete brahmavadinah/ " Brahmanda Purana 1/2/32/113, V.P.Vol. I, 59/103, Matsya Purana 145/107 34) + Brahmistho devalascaiva kandarpas amasundarah/ Brahmavaivarta Purana IV.30/60b Asitasyaikaparnayam brahmisthah samapadyata/ } Lingapurana 63/53b, V.P. II. 8.27, Brahmanda Purana 2/3/8/32 Devalam susuve sa tu brahmistham jnanas amyuta/ Brahmanda Purana 2/3/10/19b Devalam susuve sa tu brahmistham manasam sutatam/ V. P. Vol. II.11.17 Te'bhijagmurmahatmanah siddhah brahmarsisattamah/ 鈥� Mbh. Santi. 1/4 (Critical edition 12/1/3b) {

1 35) Vignibhuta yada rogah pradurbhutah saririnam/ 36) tapopavas adhyayanabradmacaryavratayus am// 1 鈥� Tada bhutesvanukosam puraskrtya mahars ayah/ sametah punyakarmanah parsve himavatah subhe// 1 " gargyah sandilyakaundinyau vaks irdevalagalavau// 鈥� " Carakasamhita Sutra.1.5-9 Vistarabhihatam dairghyam rasim vastostu karayet/ krtva ca vasubhirbhagam sesam caivayamadiset// Punarg unitamas tabhirrks abhagam tu bhajayet/ Yatcchesam tadbhaved rksam bhagairhntva vyayam bhavet// Rks am caturgunam krtva navabhirbhagaharitam/ 1 Sesamamsam vijaniyat devalasya matam yatha// Garuda Parana 1/46/26 37) S Brhaspatiorti(Reconstructed), K.V.Rangas vami Aiyang ar Introduction, p.79. 50 1 f i } M }