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Purana and Itihasa (epic history)

: Wisdom Library: Var膩ha-pur膩峁嘺

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��).鈥擮ne of the nine divisions of Bh膩rata, a region south of mount Meru, according to the 痴补谤腻丑补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 chapter 74. Gandharva is surrounded by an ocean (蝉腻驳补谤补) and is one thousand yojanas in extent. Meru is one of the seven mountains located in Jamb奴d惫墨pa, which is ruled over by 膧gn墨dhra, a grandson of Sv膩yambhuva Manu, who was created by Brahm膩, who was in turn created by N膩r膩ya峁嘺, the unknowable all-pervasive primordial being, who was created by Brahm膩, who was in turn created by N膩r膩ya峁嘺, the unknowable all-pervasive primordial being.

: Google Books: Cultural History from the V膩yu Pur膩na

The Gandharvas of the V膩yu-pur膩峁嘺 are connected with the ritual especially in connection with the chanting of the S膩maveda. In the Vedas they are no doubt associated with the ritual and especially with Soma and not with the S膩maveda.

: archive.org: Puranic Encyclopedia

1) Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��).鈥擥andharvas are sons born to the famous 碍补艣测补辫补praj膩pati of his wife, Ari峁ａ弓h膩 (Agni Pura峁嘺, Chapter 19). Both belonged to the race of the Devas.

2) Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��).鈥擜 King born in the dynasty of Janamejaya. (Bh膩gavata, Navama Skandha).

3) 骋腻苍诲丑补谤惫补 (啶椸ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿ぇ啶班�嵿さ).鈥擜 marriage settled by the boy and the girl of their own accord. A love marriage. There are six different kinds of marriage: 骋腻苍诲丑补谤惫补, 膧r峁�a, Pr膩j膩patya, R膩k峁�asa, 膧sura and Pai艣膩ca. (See under Viv膩ha).

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: The Purana Index

1a) Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��).鈥擜 K膩draveya N膩ga,¹ lives in trees.²

• 1) Brahm膩峁囜笉a-pur膩峁嘺 III. 7. 36: V膩yu-pur膩峁嘺 61. 79: 62. 100: 69. 73: 100. 159: 101. 3 and 28: 106. 59.
• 2) Brahm膩峁囜笉a-pur膩峁嘺 I. 7. 84: 8. 40.

1b) A kingdom noted for horses;¹ a division of the Bh膩ratavar峁�a.²

• 1) Brahm膩峁囜笉a-pur膩峁嘺 IV. 16. 17: Matsya-pur膩峁嘺 114. 8: 121. 48.
• 2) V膩yu-pur膩峁嘺 45. 79: Vi峁ａ箛u-pur膩峁嘺 II. 3. 7.

1c) A god to be worshipped in housebuilding.^*

• * Matsya-pur膩峁嘺 253. 25.

1d) The fourteenth kalpa; here G膩ndh膩rasvara and N膩da came into being.^*

• * V膩yu-pur膩峁嘺 21. 32.

1e) Born of 础谤颈峁ａ弓腻 and 碍补艣测补辫补;¹ worshipped for personal beauty;² sent by Indra to disturb M膩rka峁囜笉eya's 迟补辫补峁�;³ killed in crores by Bharata;⁴ other references to.⁵ A ga峁嘺 moving with the sun by turns praising him;⁶ sang S膩ma in V膩ru峁嚹� yaj帽a.⁷ Three steps inferior to gods; semidivine like Yak峁�as, R膩k峁�asas and Pi艣膩cas; frequent Kail膩sa; vanquished by R膩va峁嘺; Citraratha was their overlord.⁸ milked the earth and preserved its essence Gandha (s.v.); worship Barhi峁�ad manes; attended with Apsaras at the yaj帽a of Arjuna K膩rta惫墨rya;⁹ world of;¹⁰ live in trees,¹¹ ety. from singing;¹²

• 1) Matsya-pur膩峁嘺 5. 1: 6. 29 and 45: Vi峁ａ箛u-pur膩峁嘺 I. 5. 46: 21. 25.
• 2) Bh膩gavata-pur膩峁嘺 II. 3. 6.
• 3) Ib. XII. 8. 16.
• 4) Ib. IX. 11. 13.
• 5) Ib. IV. 6. 9: V. 1. 8; VI. 7. 3; VII. 7. 50; 8. 38; X. 3. 6: 4. 11: 25. 31: 55. 23: 62. 19; 85. 41; XI. 6. 3: 12. 3: 14. 5: 16. 33: 31. 2: XII. 11. 47: Brahm膩峁囜笉a-pur膩峁嘺 IV. 1. 155: 2. 26: 4. 2: 9. 77: 15. 24: 20. 48 and 101: 33. 15: 39. 56.
• 6) Brahm膩峁囜笉a-pur膩峁嘺 II. 23. 27 and 50: 32. 1-2: 35. 191.
• 7) Brahm膩峁囜笉a-pur膩峁嘺 III. 1. 25.
• 8) Brahm膩峁囜笉a-pur膩峁嘺 III. 7. 167-70, 255: 8. 10: 10. 37: 24. 59. IV. 36. 16: Matsya-pur膩峁嘺 8. 6.
• 9) Matsya-pur膩峁嘺 10. 24: 13. 17; 15. 3; 37. 2 and 4: 43. 22.
• 10) Matsya-pur膩峁嘺 78. 11: 246. 61: 247. 11.
• 11) Brahm膩峁囜笉a-pur膩峁嘺 II. 7. 84: V膩yu-pur膩峁嘺 9. 55: 21. 33: 30. 86: 33. 64: 34. 55.
• 12) Brahm膩峁囜笉a-pur膩峁嘺 II. 13) V膩yu-pur膩峁嘺 66. 73.

1f) (Mauneya) in number 60 crores, overcame the N膩gas of Ras膩tala and deprived them of their jewels, etc.; ultimately defeated by Purukutsa, son of M膩ndh膩ta.^*

• * Vi峁ａ箛u-pur膩峁嘺 IV. 3. 4-9.

2a) 骋腻苍诲丑补谤惫补 (啶椸ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿ぇ啶班�嵿さ).鈥擮ne of the nine divisions of Bh膩ratavar峁�a.^*

• * Brahm膩峁囜笉a-pur膩峁嘺 II. 16. 9. Matsya-pur膩峁嘺 48. 7.

2b) A form of marriage by which K峁涐梗峁嘺 married Rukmi峁嚹�, and Du峁�yanta married 艢akuntal膩. Princesses usually chose their husbands.^*

• * Bh膩gavata-pur膩峁嘺 III. 3. 3; IX. 20. 15-16; Brahm膩峁囜笉a-pur膩峁嘺 IV. 15. 5; Vi峁ａ箛u-pur膩峁嘺 III. 10. 24.

2c) The science of music; a 惫颈诲测腻; m奴rchanas and their lak峁�a峁嘺s in;¹ the music displayed at the court of Brahm膩; also the music played upon by K峁涐梗峁嘺.²

• 1) V膩yu-pur膩峁嘺 86. 26, 36-69. Vi峁ａ箛u-pur膩峁嘺 III. 6. 28.
• 2) Bh膩gavata-pur膩峁嘺 IX. 3. 30; X. 21. 5[1]; Brahm膩峁囜笉a-pur膩峁嘺 III. 61. 21, 26-8.

: JatLand: List of Mahabharata people and places

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) is a name mentioned in the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 (cf. I.59.7, I.65, I.61.62) and represents one of the many proper names used for people and places. Note: The 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 (mentioning Gandharva) is a Sanskrit epic poem consisting of 100,000 艣濒辞办补蝉 (metrical verses) and is over 2000 years old.

: Shodhganga: The saurapurana - a critical study

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) refers to the offspring of 础谤颈峁ａ弓腻: one of thirteen of 顿补办峁�a鈥檚 sixty daughters given to 碍补艣测补辫补 in marriage, according to one account of 痴补峁兣沘 (鈥榞enealogical description鈥�) of the 10th century 厂补耻谤补辫耻谤腻峁嘺: one of the various Upapur膩峁嘺s depicting 艢aivism.鈥擜ccordingly, Dak峁�a gets married to Asikni, the daughter of Praj膩pati Vira峁嘺 and begot sixty daughters [viz., 碍补艣测补辫补]. 碍补艣测补辫补鈥檚 thirteen wives are [viz., 础谤颈峁ａ弓腻]. Gandharvas were born to 础谤颈峁ａ弓腻.

context information

The Purana (啶�啷佮ぐ啶距��, pur膩峁嘺s) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India鈥檚 vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.

Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma)

: ISKCON Press: Glossary

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��).鈥擳he celestial demigod dancers, singers, and musicians of the heavenly planets.

: Pure Bhakti: Bhagavad-gita (4th edition)

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) refers to 鈥渟ingers and musicians from the higher planets鈥�. (cf. Glossary page from 艢谤墨尘补诲-叠丑补驳补惫补诲-骋墨迟腻).

: Pure Bhakti: Brahma-samhita

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) refers to鈥擜 class of demigods who are celestial musicians.

context information

Vaishnava (啶掂�堗し啷嵿ぃ啶�, vai峁ａ箛ava) or vaishnavism (vai峁ａ箛avism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (鈥榯en avatars of Vishnu鈥�).

Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)

Source: Wisdom Library: N膩峁瓂a-艣膩stra

1a) Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) refers to a group of deities to be worshipped during 谤补峁単补辫奴箩腻, according to the N膩峁瓂a艣膩stra 3.1-8. Accordingly, the master of the dramatic art who has been initiated for the purpose shall consecrate the playhouse after he has made obeisance (e.g., to gandharvas).

1b) Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) refers to a 鈥渕usician鈥� who can be assigned the role of an assesor (辫谤腻艣苍颈办补) of dramatic plays (苍腻峁璦办补) according to the N膩峁瓂a艣膩stra chapter 24. These assessors (e.g., the gandharvas) are to point out the faults of a dramatic performance (苍腻峁璦办补) as well as the merits of actors (nartaka) whenever a controversy (蝉补峁僩丑补谤峁�a) arises among persons ignorant of the 苍腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补.

2) 骋腻苍诲丑补谤惫补 (啶椸ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿ぇ啶班�嵿さ) refers to 鈥渕usical performance鈥� composed of notes, time-measure and verbal themes, according to the N膩峁瓂a艣膩stra chapter 28. It is a combination of vocal music and the music of instruments:鈥斺�渢hat which is made by the stringed instruments (腻迟辞诲测补) and depends as well on various other instruments, and consists of savra (notes), 迟腻濒补 (time-measure) and pada (verbal theme) should be known as the 驳腻苍诲丑补谤惫补. As it is very much desired by gods and as it gives much pleasure to Gandharvas, it is called the 驳腻苍诲丑补谤惫补 (i.e. a thing belonging to Gandharvas.)鈥�

骋腻苍诲丑补谤惫补 (musical performance) is of three kinds:

1. that of the notes (svara),
2. that of the time-measure (迟腻濒补),
3. that of the verbal theme (pada).

: Google Books: Dattilam: A Compendium of Ancient Indian Music

骋腻苍诲丑补谤惫补 (啶椸ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿ぇ啶班�嵿さ, 鈥渕usic鈥�).鈥擨n ancient times music is indicated by the word 驳腻苍诲丑补谤惫补. By later authors, however, it is called 驳墨迟补 or sa峁儾的�迟��. In Vedic texts the term 驳腻苍诲丑补谤惫补 does not occur. We find the following musical terms: 惫腻诲颈迟补 for instrumental music, 驳墨迟补 for vocal music and 驳腻迟丑补 to indicate originally religious, later on also secular musical recitations (鈥渟prechgesang鈥�) or songs in a simple recitative style in contradistinction to the more complicated 蝉腻尘补苍-melodies.

According to Dattilam, 鈥渋n the very beginning music (驳腻苍诲丑补谤惫补) was given by the Self-existing One (Svayambh奴) to N膩rada and the other gandharvas. Then, it was duly taken down to the earth by N膩rada. A collection of notes (svara), which is based on words (pada), which is well-measured by time-measurement (迟腻濒补) and which is executed with attentiveness, is called music (驳腻苍诲丑补谤惫补).鈥�

According to N膩峁瓂a艣膩stra 28.9: 鈥渁s it is very much desired by gods and as it gives much pleasure to Gandharvas, it is called the 驳腻苍诲丑补谤惫补 (i.e. a thing belonging to Gandharvas)鈥�.

According to the Sa峁儾的�迟补ratn膩kara 4.2: 鈥渢hat, which from eternity exists as a traditional and which is always performed by celestial musicians as something which brings happiness, is what the experts call 驳腻苍诲丑补谤惫补鈥�.

: Google Books: Sa峁叢的�迟补艣iroma峁噄: A Medieval Handbook of Indian Music

骋腻苍诲丑补谤惫补 (啶椸ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿ぇ啶班�嵿さ, 鈥渃lassical music鈥�).鈥擳hat which master musicians (gandharva) have been performing in an unbroken tradition down to thhis day鈥�辫谤补办补谤补峁嘺 songs and other compositions vased on fundamental melodic forms (驳谤腻尘补谤腻驳补), modes (箩腻迟颈), etc.鈥攊s classical music (驳腻苍诲丑补谤惫补). (cf. Sa峁叢的�迟补艣iroma峁噄 13.1)

: archive.org: Natya Shastra

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��).鈥擠escription of a women of gandharva type;鈥擜 woman who enjoys roaming in many gardens, is adorned with good nails and teeth, speaks with a smile, is slim-bodied, has a slow gait, loves sexual pleasure, is always pleased to hear music (驳墨迟补 and 惫腻诲测补) and to witness dance, is careful about cleanliness of the body and has soft skin, glossy hairs and charming eyes, is known to possess the nature of a gandharva.

context information

Natyashastra (啶ㄠぞ啶熰�嵿く啶多ぞ啶膏�嵿い啷嵿ぐ, 苍腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya鈥攖heatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).

Dhanurveda (science of warfare)

Source: Wisdom Library: Dhanurveda

骋腻苍诲丑补谤惫补 (啶椸ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿ぇ啶班�嵿さ) refers to a weapon (Arjuna received this weapon from tribe Tumbari (Gandharvas)). It is a Sanskrit word defined in the Dhanurveda-sa峁僪it膩, which contains a list of no less than 117 weapons. The Dhanurveda-sa峁僪it膩 is said to have been composed by the sage Vasi峁ａ弓ha, who in turn transmitted it trough a tradition of sages, which can eventually be traced to 艢iva and Brahm膩.

context information

Dhanurveda (啶оえ啷佮ぐ啷嵿さ啷囙う) refers to the 鈥渒nowledge of warfare鈥� and, as an upaveda, is associated with the 峁欢惫别诲补. It contains instructions on warfare, archery and ancient Indian martial arts, dating back to the 2nd-3rd millennium BCE.

Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)

Source: Wisdom Library: 艢膩ktism

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) refers to one of the 53 gods to be worshipped in the southern quarter and given 辫腻测补蝉补 (rice boiled in milk) according to the 痴腻蝉迟耻测腻驳补 rite in 艢aktism (cf. 艢膩rad膩tilaka-tantra III-V). The worship of these 53 gods happens after assigning them to one of the 64 compartment while constructing a 叠补濒颈尘补峁囜笉补辫补. V膩stu is the name of a prodigious demon, who was killed by 53 gods (e.g., Gandharva).

context information

Shakta (啶多ぞ啶曕�嵿��, 艣膩kta) or Shaktism (艣膩ktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.

Kavya (poetry)

: Shodhganga: The Kavyamimamsa of Rajasekhara

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) is the name a locality mentioned in 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补鈥檚 10th-century K膩vyam墨m膩峁僺膩.鈥擮ne of the nine parts of the Bh膩ratavar峁�a, in the K膩vyam墨m膩峁僺膩. some of the Pur膩峁嘺s mentioned it as 骋腻苍诲丑补谤惫补. In the Uttarkanda (ch - cxiii, 10-11 and cxiv-11) in 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 described this region is the valley of the K膩bul, with a small tract of the land to the east of the Indus.

context information

Kavya (啶曕ぞ啶掂�嵿��, kavya) refers to Sanskrit poetry, a popular ancient Indian tradition of literature. There have been many Sanskrit poets over the ages, hailing from ancient India and beyond. This topic includes mahakavya, or 鈥榚pic poetry鈥� and natya, or 鈥榙ramatic poetry鈥�.

Ayurveda (science of life)

Veterinary Medicine (The study and treatment of Animals)

: archive.org: The Elephant Lore of the Hindus

1) Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) or Gandharvasattva refers to the 鈥淕andharva-like character鈥� (of certain elephants), according to the 15th century 惭腻迟补峁単补濒墨濒腻 composed by N墨laka峁囜弓ha in 263 Sanskrit verses, dealing with elephantology in ancient  India, focusing on the science of management and treatment of elephants.鈥擺Cf. chapter 8, 鈥渙n marks of character鈥漖: 鈥�4. A Gandharva (heavenly musician) [=gandharvasattva] they call him who has an odor like Gaertnera racemosa, 测奴迟丑颈办腻 (kind of jasmine), abja (kind of lotus), Rottleria tinctoria, 苍腻驳补 (some plant), or yellow sandal; who is fond of song, has an excellent gait, and handsome tusks, eyes, temporal bosses, head, trunk, and trunk tips, and has few (or small) spots (on the body)鈥�.

2) Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) of Gandharvagati refers to a type of gait for elephants, according to the 15th century 惭腻迟补峁単补濒墨濒腻.鈥擺Cf. chapter 2, 鈥渙n favorable marks鈥漖: 鈥�12. A gait like an antelope, lion, parrot, ape, wrestler, 丑补峁僺补 or 办腻诲补尘产补-bird shall be regarded as excellent [... gati岣� sad峁浥浤� 艣ubh膩 sy膩t], or like a gandharva, kinnara, eagle, boar, tiger, king, 艣补谤补产丑补 (fabulous animal), serpent, or 肠补办谤补惫腻办补-产颈谤诲鈥�.

: Shodhganga: Portrayal of Animal Kingdom (Tiryaks) in Epics An Analytical study

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) (lit. 鈥渙ne who is a heavely singer鈥�) is a synonym (another name) for the [Female] Cuckoo (Kokila), according to scientific texts such as the M峁沢apak峁�i艣膩stra (Mriga-pakshi-shastra) or 鈥渢he ancient Indian science of animals and birds鈥� by Hamsadeva, containing the varieties and descriptions of the animals and birds seen in the Sanskrit Epics such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata.

context information

膧yurveda (啶嗋く啷佮ぐ啷嵿さ啷囙う, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of 膧yurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.

Jyotisha (astronomy and astrology)

Source: Wisdom Library: Brihat Samhita by Varahamihira

1) 骋腻苍诲丑补谤惫补 (啶椸ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿ぇ啶班�嵿さ) refers to a country belonging to 鈥淎i艣膩n墨 (north-eastern division)鈥� classified under the constellations of Revat墨, A艣vin墨 and Bhara峁嚹�, according to the system of 碍奴谤尘补惫颈产丑腻驳补, according to the B峁沨atsa峁僪it膩 (chapter 14), an encyclopedic Sanskrit work written by Var膩hamihira mainly focusing on the science of ancient Indian astronomy astronomy (Jyoti峁�a).鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淭he countries of the Earth beginning from the centre of Bh膩ratavar峁�a and going round the east, south-east, south, etc., are divided into 9 divisions corresponding to the 27 lunar asterisms at the rate of 3 for each division and beginning from K峁泃tik膩. The constellations of Revat墨, A艣vin墨 and Bhara峁嚹� represent the north-eastern consisting of [i.e., 骋腻苍诲丑补谤惫补] [...]鈥�.

2) 骋腻苍诲丑补谤惫补 (啶椸ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿ぇ啶班�嵿さ) refers to 鈥渟ingers鈥�, according to the B峁沨atsa峁僪it膩 (chapter 15).鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淸...] Those who are born on the lunar day of M峁沢a艣ir峁�a will delight or deal in perfumes, dress, pearls, flowers, fruits, precious stones, wild beasts, birds and deer; will be Somayajis or singers (驳腻苍诲丑补谤惫补); will be lascivious; will be good writers or painters. [...]鈥�.

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Jyotisha (啶溹�嵿く啷嬥い啶苦��, 箩测辞迟颈峁�a or jyotish) refers to 鈥榓stronomy鈥� or 鈥淰edic astrology鈥� and represents the fifth of the six Vedangas (additional sciences to be studied along with the Vedas). Jyotisha concerns itself with the study and prediction of the movements of celestial bodies, in order to calculate the auspicious time for rituals and ceremonies.

Vastushastra (architecture)

: Brill: 艢aivism and the Tantric Traditions (architecture)

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) (or Gandharvaka) refers to one of the deities to be installed in the ground plan for the construction of houses, according to the B峁沨atk膩lottara, chapter 112 (the 惫腻蝉迟耻测腻驳补-辫补峁璦濒补).鈥擳he plan for the construction is always in the form of a square. That square is divided into a grid of cells (padas). [...] Once these padas have been laid out, deities [e.g., Gandharva] are installed in them. In the most common pattern 45 deities are installed.

Gandharva as a doorway deity is associated with the Nak峁�atra called P奴rv膩峁Ｄ佱笉h膩 and the consequence is 蝉耻艣墨濒补迟腻. [...] The Mayasa峁僩raha (verse 5.156-187) describes a design for a 9-by-9-part pura, a residential complex for a community and its lead figure. [...] This record lists a place for singers at Gandharva.

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Vastushastra (啶掂ぞ啶膏�嵿い啷佮ざ啶距じ啷嵿い啷嵿��, v膩stu艣膩stra) refers to the ancient Indian science (shastra) of architecture (vastu), dealing with topics such architecture, sculpture, town-building, fort building and various other constructions. Vastu also deals with the philosophy of the architectural relation with the cosmic universe.

Shilpashastra (iconography)

: Shodhganga: Elements of Art and Architecture in the Trtiyakhanda of the Visnudharmottarapurana (shilpa)

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) refers to a certain class of personalities which follows specific guidelines in the tradition of ancient Indian Painting (citra), according to the Vi峁ａ箛udharmottarapur膩峁嘺, an ancient Sanskrit text which (being encyclopedic in nature) deals with a variety of cultural topics such as arts, architecture, music, grammar and astronomy.鈥擨n the Vi峁ａ箛udharmottarapur膩峁嘺, the rules of Painting of different classes have been elaborately discussed. According to this work, the personalities like [e.g., Gandharva], [...] are to be drawn to project them as noble and polite. Like cloths, accessories of different character also vary in their pictures. The picture of deities and Gandharvas should be adorned with crests instead of crowns. Thus the Vi峁ａ箛udharmottarapur膩峁嘺 establishes the fact that even in the pictures; the people belonging to different class and profession [e.g., Gandharva] were projected with specific attire so that general people can equate the picture with the practical character.

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Shilpashastra (啶多た啶侧�嵿お啶多ぞ啶膏�嵿い啷嵿ぐ, 艣ilpa艣膩stra) represents the ancient Indian science (shastra) of creative arts (shilpa) such as sculpture, iconography and painting. Closely related to Vastushastra (architecture), they often share the same literature.

Pancaratra (worship of N膩r膩ya峁嘺)

Source: Wisdom Library: Pancaratra (Samhita list)

1) 骋腻苍诲丑补谤惫补 (啶椸ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿ぇ啶班�嵿さ) is the name of an ancient P膩帽car膩tra Sa峁僪it膩 mentioned in the 碍补辫颈帽箩补濒补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻: a P膩帽car膩tra work consisting of 1550 verses dealing with a variety of topics such as worship in a temple, choosing an 膧c膩rya, architecture, town-planning and iconography.鈥擣or the list of works, see chapter 1, verses 14b-27. The list [including 骋腻苍诲丑补谤惫补-sa峁僪it膩] was said to have comprised 鈥�108鈥� titles, these, different 蝉补峁僪颈迟腻蝉 named after different manifestations of the Lord or different teachers. They are all said to be authoritative as the ultimate promulgator of all these is the same N膩r膩ya峁嘺.

2) Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) or Gandharvasa峁僪it膩 is also mentioned in the 笔耻谤耻峁�o迟迟补尘补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻: a P膩帽car膩tra text consisting of more than 1800 verses devoted to temple-building and the practical concerns of the P膩帽car膩tra priestly community.

3) 骋腻苍诲丑补谤惫补 (啶椸ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿ぇ啶班�嵿さ) or 骋腻苍诲丑补谤惫补sa峁僪it膩 is also mentioned in the 叠丑腻谤补诲惫腻箩补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻 or 鈥淏h膩radv膩ja-ka峁噕a-sa峁僪it膩鈥�: a P膩帽car膩tra text comprising some 230 艣濒辞办补蝉 mainly concerned with basic details concerning temple construction and icon consecration.

context information

Pancaratra (啶�啶距�炧�嵿�氞ぐ啶距い啷嵿ぐ, p膩帽car膩tra) represents a tradition of Hinduism where Narayana is revered and worshipped. Closeley related to Vaishnavism, the Pancaratra literature includes various Agamas and tantras incorporating many Vaishnava philosophies.

Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)

: Notices of Sanskrit Manuscripts: Volume 12 (1898) (shai)

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) or Gandharvatantra refers to one of the Tantras mentioned in the 惭补丑腻尘辞办峁�a-罢补苍迟谤补, a Sanskrit manuscript collected in volume 12 of the catalogue 鈥淣otices of Sanskrit Manuscripts (second series)鈥� by Mahamahopadhyaya Haraprasad Shastri.鈥擳he Mah膩mok峁�atantra manuscript, consisting of 3,024 艣濒辞办补蝉 (metrical verses), is deposit: Dhaka, Vikramapura Majhapada, Babu Rasavihari Raya. It deals with the salvation, cosmogony (i.e., the order of cosmic regions) and contains a bibliography of Tantric literature.鈥擳he catalogue includes the term鈥擥andharva in its 鈥榮ubject-matter list鈥� or Vi峁�aya (which lists topics, chapters and technical terms).

context information

Shaiva (啶多�堗��, 艣aiva) or Shaivism (艣aivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.

General definition (in Hinduism)

: WikiPedia: Hinduism

Gandharva (啶椸�傕ぇ啶班�嵿さ): A class of celestial beings regarded as specialists in music.

In Buddhism

Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)

Source: Wisdom Library: Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) refers to 鈥渄ivine artists鈥� accompanying the gods according to the 2nd century Mah膩praj帽膩p膩ramit膩艣膩stra (chapter XV). Accordingly, 鈥淭he Gandharvas are divine artists who accompany the gods; their predispositions are gentle (尘补帽箩耻) but their merits, their qualities and their power are minimal; they are lower than the Devas and the Asuras. They are classed in the Asura destiny (asuragati), wheras the N膩gar膩jas, 鈥榙ragon-kings鈥�, are classed in the animal destiny (tiryaggati)鈥�.

Also, 鈥淭he king of the Gandharvas is called T鈥檕ng long mo (Druma) (in the 罢蝉鈥檌苍 language, 鈥榯ree鈥�). Gandharvas and Ki峁僴aras habitually reside in two places: their usual residence is on the Ten-Jewel Mountain (诲补艣补谤补迟苍补驳颈谤颈); but sometimes in the heavens, they play music for the gods. These two types of beings are not subject to the alternations of high and low 鈥�.

Notes: The Gandharvas include in their ranks the heavenly musicians, Pa帽casikha and S奴riyavaccas膩, the daughter of Timbar奴. In order to be reborn among the Gandharvas, it is enough to have practiced a lower form of 艣墨濒补 (D墨gha II). The Gandharvas form the lower group of gods (D墨gha II); they are the subjects of Dh峁泃rar膩峁�tra, one of the four C膩turmah膩r膩jikadevas.

Gandharvas, together with other deities constitute the Asuras, according to chapter XLVI.鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥済reat gods such as the Asuras, Ki峁僴aras, Gandharvas, Kumbh膩ndas, Yak峁�as, Rak峁�asas, Bh奴tas, etc., are Asuras, and when their troops increase, those of the Devas decrease. Their power (补苍耻产丑腻惫补) and their transformations (苍颈谤尘腻峁嘺) were exercised at will. The Asura destiny is called thus because the Asuras appear at the head of a list; the others, namely, the Ki峁僴aras, Gandharvas, Ku峁僢h膩峁囜笉as, Yak峁�as, Bh奴tas, etc. constitute one and the same destiny with them鈥�.

context information

Mahayana (啶�啶灌ぞ啶�啶距え, mah膩y膩na) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many 蝉奴迟谤补蝉 of which some of the earliest are the various Praj帽膩p膩ramit膩 蝉奴迟谤补蝉.

Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism)

Source: Wisdom Library: Tibetan Buddhism

1) Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) refers to a group of deities summoned by the Yam膩ntaka-mantra and mentioned as attending the teachings in the 6th century Ma帽ju艣r墨m奴lakalpa: one of the largest Kriy膩 Tantras devoted to Ma帽ju艣r墨 (the Bodhisattva of wisdom) representing an encyclopedia of knowledge primarily concerned with ritualistic elements in Buddhism. The teachings in this text originate from Ma帽ju艣r墨 and were taught to and by Buddha 艢膩kyamuni in the presence of a large audience (including Gandharva).

2) Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) is also the name of a R膩艣i (zodiac sign) mentioned as attending the teachings in the 6th century Ma帽ju艣r墨m奴lakalpa.

: archive.org: The Indian Buddhist Iconography

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) refers to a group of deities commonly depicted in Buddhist Iconography, and mentioned in the 11th-century Ni峁�pannayog膩val墨 of Mah膩pa峁囜笉ita Abhay膩kara.鈥擳he Gandharva king is known by the name of Pa帽ca艣ikha and his form is described as follows:鈥斺�淧a帽ca艣ikha the king of the Gandharvas is yellow in colour and he plays on the 惫墨峁嚹� 颈苍蝉迟谤耻尘别苍迟鈥�.

context information

Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha鈥檚 words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (惫补箩谤补测腻苍补) are collected indepently.

General definition (in Buddhism)

Source: Wisdom Library: Buddhism

Gandharva:鈥擯art man, part horse, (similar to the Greek Centaur) they were adept in the use of musical instruments.

: WikiPedia: Buddhism

A Gandharva (Sanskrit) or Gandhabba (Pali) is one of the lowest ranking devas in Buddhist theology. They are classed among the Caturmaharajikakayika devas, and are subject to the Great King Dhrtarastra, Guardian of the East. Beings are reborn among the Gandharvas as a consequence of having practiced the most basic form of ethics (Janavasabha sutta, DN.18). It was considered embarrassing for a monk to be born in no better birth than that of a gandharva.

Gandharvas can fly through the air, and are known for their skill as musicians. They are connected with trees and flowers, and are described as dwelling in the scents of bark, sap, and blossom. They are among the beings of the wilderness that might disturb a monk meditating alone.

The terms gandharva and yaksa are sometimes used for the same person; yaksa in these cases is the more general term, including a variety of lower deities.Among the notable gandharvas are mentioned (in DN.20 and DN.32) Panada, Opamanna, Nala, Cittasena, Raja. Janesabha is probably the same as Janavasabha, a rebirth of King Bimbisara of Magadha. Matali the Gandharva is the charioteer for Sakra.

In Jainism

General definition (in Jainism)

Source: Wisdom Library: Jainism

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��).鈥擳he gandharvas are a group of deities categorised as belonging to the vyantara class of Gods (devas). The vyantaras represent a class of Gods (devas) comprising eight groups of deities that wander about the three worlds (adhaloka, madhyaloka and 奴谤诲丑惫补濒辞办补).

: Google Books: Jaina Iconography

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��).鈥擜 class of vyantara gods;鈥擜ccording to Tiloyapa峁囜箛atti, the ten Gandharvas are:

1. 贬腻丑腻,
2. 贬耻丑奴,
3. 狈腻谤补诲补,
4. Tumbara,
5. 痴腻蝉补惫补,
6. Kadamba,
7. 惭补丑腻蝉惫补谤补,
8. 骋墨迟补谤补迟颈,
9. 骋墨迟补谤补蝉补,
10. 痴补箩谤补惫腻苍.

Golden in appearance, they have the Tumbaru tree as their Caitya-tree

Accordign to 艢vet膩mbara Sa峁僩raha峁嚹�-s奴tra, they are:

1. 贬腻丑腻,
2. 贬耻丑奴,
3. Tumburu,
4. 狈腻谤补诲补,
5. 峁氠梗颈惫腻诲颈办补,
6. 叠丑奴迟补惫腻诲颈办补,
7. Kadamba,
8. 惭补丑腻办补诲补尘产补,
9. Raivata,
10. 痴颈艣惫腻惫补蝉耻,
11. 骋墨迟补谤补迟颈,
12. 骋墨迟补测补艣补蝉.

The Gandharvas are blackish and beautiful in appearance, have excellent physiognomy, sweet voices and adorned with crowns and neckalces. The Tumbaru tree is their herald mark.

: archive.org: The Jaina Iconography

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) is the name of the Yak峁�a accompanying 碍耻苍迟丑补苍腻迟丑补: the seventeenth of twenty-four T墨rtha峁僰aras or Jinas, commonly depicted in Jaina iconography.鈥擩aina tradition as preserved in their literature, has always connected the symbol of a goat with this T墨rtha峁僰ara. He has as his Yak峁�a Gandharva and Yak峁�i峁嚹� Bal膩 (Digambara: Vijay膩). The contemporary King, who carries his Chowrie-bearer is called Ku峁嚹乴a. The tree selected by him to sit under for attaining the Kevala knowledge is Tilaka-taru.

The Digambara account makes this [Gandharva] Yak峁�a to ride a bird and bear four hands. The symbols held in them are a snake, noose, bow etc. The 艢vet膩mbara representation shows a swan as his vehicle and his four hands holding a Varada, noose, citrus and goad.

: archive.org: Trisastisalakapurusacaritra

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) is the name of the Yak峁�a (i.e., 艢膩sanadevat膩s, 鈥榤essenger-deities鈥�) associated with Kunthu, according to chapter 6.1 [办耻苍迟丑耻蝉惫腻尘颈-肠补谤颈迟谤补] of Hemacandra鈥檚 11th century Tri峁�a峁ａ弓i艣al膩k膩puru峁�acaritra: an ancient Sanskrit epic poem narrating the history and legends of sixty-three illustrious persons in Jainism.

Accordingly:鈥斺�淥riginating in the congregation, the Yak峁�a Gandharva, with a 丑补峁僺补 for a vehicle, dark, with one right arm in the boon-granting position and one holding a noose, with left arms holding a citron and a goad, became the messenger-deity of 艢r墨 Kunthun膩tha. Originating in that congregation, the goddess Bal膩, fair-bodied, with a peacock for a vehicle, with right arms holding a citron and a trident, with left arms holding a 尘耻峁�a峁囜笉丑墨 and a lotus, always near, became the Lord鈥檚 messenger-deity鈥�.

: Encyclopedia of Jainism: Tattvartha Sutra 4: The celestial beings (deva)

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) refers to the 鈥渕usician鈥� class of 鈥減eripatetic celestial beings鈥� (vyantara), itself a category of devas (celestial beings), according to the 2nd-century Tattv膩rthas奴tra 4.10. Who are the lords amongst the musician (gandharva) class of peripatetic (forest) celestial beings? G墨tarati and G墨taya艣a are the two lords in the musician class of peripatetic celestial beings.

context information

Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, 鈥榮elf-reliance鈥�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.

India history and geography

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Indian Epigraphical Glossary

骋腻苍诲丑补谤惫补.鈥�(EI 28), dance and music. Note: 驳腻苍诲丑补谤惫补 is defined in the 鈥淚ndian epigraphical glossary鈥� as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.

: Singhi Jain Series: Ratnaprabha-suri鈥檚 Kuvalayamala-katha (history)

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) refers to one of the deities being worshiped in ancient India, as vividly depicted in the Kath膩s (narrative poems) such as Uddyotanas奴ri in his 8th-century Kuvalayam膩l膩 (a Prakrit Camp奴, similar to K膩vya poetry).鈥擳he Kuvalayamala (779 A.D.) is full of cultural material which gains in value because of the firm date of its composition. [...] Page 256.31-2 ff.: Here is a mixed list of 25 gods and Godlings of all religions. These were worshipped and propitiated to obtain favours. The list includes [e.g., Gandharva] [...].

: Academia: Ritual Period: A Comparative Study of Three Newar Buddhist Menarche Manuals

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) refers to 鈥渉eavenly musicians鈥�, according to the 鈥�V膩dh膩 bya峁� ke vidhi鈥�: the name of two manuscripts written by (1) Kathmandu-based priest, Badriratna Bajracharya and (2) Buddharatna Bajracharya from Lalitpur.鈥擝adriratna鈥檚 text pays the most attention to the invocations of celestial bodies and other cosmologically grouped agents. The list consists of [e.g., heavenly musicians (gandharvas)]. In this list, we particularly find the dark forces that are especially adept at causing problems for women, children and, more specifically, girl children, addressed and harnessed.

: Baba Updravinath's blog: Tantra Yoga Sadhana

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) or Gandharvatantra is the name of a Tantra categorized as 鈥淰i峁ａ箛ukr膩nta鈥�, and is mentioned in a (further unknown) book in the possession of Kamlesh Punyark [=艢r墨 Kamale艣a Pu峁噛膩rka or 啶多�嵿ぐ啷� 啶曕ぎ啶侧�囙�� 啶�啷佮ぃ啷嵿く啶距ぐ啷嵿�昡.鈥擳his book contains a detailed discussion of the basics of Tantra and opens with a list of three times sixty-four Tantras. One such text is the 啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��-啶むえ啷嵿い啷嵿ぐ啶�啷� [gandharva-tantram] or 啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿�� [gandharva].

context information

The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.

Languages of India and abroad

Marathi-English dictionary

: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary

gandharva (啶椸�傕ぇ啶班�嵿さ).鈥攎 (S) A celestial chorister. These are a class of demigods. They inhabit Swarga and form the orchestra of the principal deities. 2 fig. An extraordinary vocalist or musician.

--- OR ---

驳腻苍诲丑补谤惫补 (啶椸ぞ啶傕ぇ啶班�嵿��).鈥攏 S Song, singing, vocal music.

: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English

gandharva (啶椸�傕ぇ啶班�嵿さ).鈥�m A celestial chorister. Fig. An extraordinary vocalist or musician.

--- OR ---

驳腻苍诲丑补谤惫补 (啶椸ぞ啶傕ぇ啶班�嵿��).鈥�n Song, singing, vocal music.

context information

Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.

Sanskrit dictionary

: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��).鈥�

1) A celestial musician, a class of demi-gods regarded as the singers or musicians of gods, and said to give good and agreeable voice to girls; 啶�啶む�權�嵿�椸�� 啶掂ぞ啶氞�� 啶�啶ㄠじ啶� 啶�啶苦き啶班�嵿い啶� 啶むぞ啶� 啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿さ啷嬥そ啶掂う啶︵�嵿�椸ぐ啷嵿き啷� 啶呧え啷嵿い啶� (pata峁単o v膩ca峁� manas膩 bibharti t膩峁� gandharvo'vadadgarbhe anta岣�) 峁欢惫别诲补 1.177.2; Av.11.5.2; 啶膏�嬥ぎ啶� 啶多�屶�氞�� 啶︵う啶距さ啶距じ啶距�� 啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿さ啶多�嵿�� 啶多�佮き啶距�� 啶椸た啶班ぎ啷� (soma峁� 艣auca峁� dad膩v膩s膩峁� gandharva艣ca 艣ubh膩峁� giram) Y.1.71.

2) A singer in general; 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 (Bombay) 7.57.4.

3) A horse; 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 (Bombay) 3.

4) The musk-deer.

5) The soul after death and previous to its being born again; 啶むじ啷嵿く啶距じ啷�啶︵�嵿う啷佮す啶苦い啶� 啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿さ啶椸�冟す啷�啶むぞ (tasy膩s墨dduhit膩 gandharvag峁沨墨t膩) B峁�. Up.3.3.1.

6) The black cuckoo.

7) The sun.

8) A sage, pious man; V膩j.32.7.

Derivable forms: 驳补苍诲丑补谤惫补岣� (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿さ啶�).

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骋腻苍诲丑补谤惫补 (啶椸ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿ぇ啶班�嵿さ).鈥�a. (-谤惫墨 f.) [啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿さ啶膏�嵿く啷囙う啶�啷�-啶呧ぃ啷� (驳补苍诲丑补谤惫补蝉测别诲补尘-补峁�)] Relating to the Gandharvas.

-rva岣� 1 A singer, celestial chorister; R膩m.7.94.6.

2) One of the eight forms of marriage; 啶椸ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿ぇ啶班�嵿さ啶� 啶膏ぎ啶�啶距え啷嵿ぎ啶苦ぅ啶� (驳腻苍诲丑补谤惫补岣� samay膩nmitha岣�) Y.1.61; (for explanation, see gandharva- 惫颈惫腻丑补); cf. 啶呧�椸�嵿え啶苦ぐ啷嵿�椸ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿ぇ啶班�嵿さ啷� 啶�啶ム�嵿く啶距ぎ啷冟い啶膏�嵿く啶� (agnirg膩ndha谤惫墨 pathy膩m峁泃asy膩) 峁欢惫别诲补 1.8.6.

3) A subordinate Veda treating of music attached to the S膩maveda; see 啶夃お啶掂�囙�� (upaveda).

4) A horse.

-rvam The art of the Gandharvas; i. e. music, singing; 啶曕ぞ啶�啶� 啶掂�囙げ啶� 啶氞ぞ啶班�佮う啶む�嵿い啶膏�嵿�� 啶椸ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿ぇ啶班�嵿さ 啶多�嵿ぐ啷嬥い啷佮�� 啶椸い啶膏�嵿�� (k膩pi vel膩 c膩rudattasya 驳腻苍诲丑补谤惫补 艣rotu峁� gatasya) M峁沜chaka峁璱ka 3; 啶呧く啷� 啶椸ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿ぇ啶班�嵿さ啶о�嵿さ啶ㄠた啶班た啶� 啶多�嵿ぐ啷傕く啶む�� (aye 驳腻苍诲丑补谤惫补dhvaniriva 艣r奴yate) Avim膩rakam 3; Kath膩sarit蝉腻驳补谤补 12.28.

-谤惫墨 1 Speech.

2) An epithet of Durg膩.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Edgerton Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��).鈥�m. (compare Pali gandhabb膩, f., and Sanskrit 驳腻苍诲丑补谤惫补, nt., id.), music: 惭补丑腻惫测耻迟辫补迟迟颈 4954 (so also Mironov; short a may be MIndic, but note gender!) = Tibetan rol mo.

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骋腻苍诲丑补谤惫补 (啶椸ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿ぇ啶班�嵿さ).鈥攏ame of a cakravartin: 惭补丑腻惫补蝉迟耻 i.153.16.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��).鈥攁nd rba rba, I. m. A Gandharva: in epic poetry the Gandharvas are demigods inhabiting Indra's heaven, and serving as celestial musicians, 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 1, 4806. Ii. f. 惫墨. 1. A female Gandharva, [Bh膩gavata-Pur膩峁嘺, (ed. Burnouf.)] 4, 29, 21. 2. A mythological person, [搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺] 3, 20, 28; 29.

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骋腻苍诲丑补谤惫补 (啶椸ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿ぇ啶班�嵿さ).鈥攊. e. gandharva + a, I. adj., f. 惫墨. 1. Referable or belonging to the Gandharvas, 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 7, 6348; [搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺] 1, 29, 15. 2. m. viz. 惫颈惫腻丑补, A form of marriage, that which requires only mutual agreement, [惭腻苍补惫补诲丑补谤尘补艣腻蝉迟谤补] 3, 21. 3. Musical, 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 3, 8421. 4. Possessed by the Gandharvas, [厂耻艣谤耻迟补] 1, 332, 21. Ii. n. Music and dance, 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 13, 1427.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��).鈥擺masculine] [Name] of a genius, connected with Soma and the Sun; [with] ap膩m = garbha; later mostly [plural] the heavenly singers.

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骋腻苍诲丑补谤惫补 (啶椸ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿ぇ啶班�嵿さ).鈥擺feminine] g膩ndha谤惫墨 belonging or peculiar to the Gandharvas, [especially] [with] 惫颈惫腻丑补 or vidhi [masculine] a marriage without any ceremony; [masculine] a singer, [plural] [Name] of a people; [neuter] the art of the Gandharvas i.e. song, music.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary

1) Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��):鈥�m. a Gandharva [though in later times the Gandharvas are regarded as a class, yet in [峁歡-veda] rarely more than one is mentioned; he is designated as the heavenly Gandharva (divya g, [峁歡-veda ix, 86, 36 and x, 139, 5]), and is also called Vi艣v膩-vasu ([峁歡-veda x, 85, 21 and 22; 139, 4 and 5]) and V膩yu-ke艣a (in [plural] [峁歡-veda iii, 38, 6]); his habitation is the sky, or the region of the air and the heavenly waters ([峁歡-veda i, 22, 14; viii, 77, 5; ix, 85, 12; 86, 36; x, 10, 4; Atharva-veda ii, 2, 3]); his especial duty is to guard the heavenly Soma ([峁歡-veda ix, 83, 4 and 85, 12]), which the gods obtain through his intervention ([峁歡-veda; Atharva-veda vii, 73, 3]; cf. [峁歡-veda i, 22, 14]); it is obtained for the human race by Indra, who conquers the Gandharva and takes it by force ([峁歡-veda viii, 1, 11 and 77, 5]); the heavenly Gandharva is supposed to be a good physician, because the Soma is considered as the best medicine; possibly, however, the word Soma originally denoted not the beverage so called, but the moon, and the heavenly Gandharva may have been the genius or tutelary deity of the moon; in one passage ([峁歡-veda ix, 86, 36]) the heavenly Gandharva and the Soma are identified; he is also regarded as one of the genii who regulate the course of the Sun鈥檚 horses ([i, 163, 2; x, 177, 2]; cf. [135, 5]); he knows and makes known the secrets of heaven and divine truths generally ([x, 139, 5 and 6; Atharva-veda ii, 1, 2; xx, 128, 3; V膩jasaneyi-sa峁僪it膩 xi, 1; xxxii, 9]); he is the parent of the first pair of human beings, Yama and Yam墨 ([峁歡-veda x, 10, 4]), and has a peculiar mystical power over women and a right to possess them ([峁歡-veda x, 85, 21 and 22; 40 and 41]); for this reason he is invoked in marriage ceremonies ([Atharva-veda xiv, 2, 35 and 36]); ecstatic states of mind and possession by evil spirits are supposed to be derived from the heavenly Gandharva (cf. -驳峁沨墨迟补, -graha); the Gandharvas as a class have the same characteristic features as the one Gandharva; they live in the sky ([峁歡-veda; Atharva-veda; 艢atapatha-br膩hma峁嘺 xiv]), guard the Soma ([峁歡-veda ix, 113, 3; 艢atapatha-br膩hma峁嘺 iii; Aitareya-br膩hma峁嘺 i, 27]), are governed by Varu峁嘺 (just as the Apsarasas are governed by Soma), [艢atapatha-br膩hma峁嘺 xiii; 膧艣val膩yana-艣rauta-s奴tra x, 7, 3], know the best medicines ([Atharva-veda viii, 7, 23; V膩jasaneyi-sa峁僪it膩 xii, 98]), regulate the course of the asterisms ([Atharva-veda xiii, 1, 23; Bh膩gavata-pur膩峁嘺 iv, 29, 21]; hence twenty-seven are mentioned, [V膩jasaneyi-sa峁僪it膩 ix, 7]), follow after women and are desirous of intercourse with them ([Atharva-veda; 艢atapatha-br膩hma峁嘺 iii]); as soon as a girl becomes marriageable, she belongs to Soma, the Gandharvas, and Agni ([G峁沨y膩sa峁僩raha ii, 19 f.; Pa帽catantra; 厂耻艣谤耻迟补]); the wives of the Gandharvas are the Apsarasas (cf. 驳补苍诲丑补谤惫腻辫蝉补谤补蝉), and like them the Gandharvas are invoked in gambling with dice ([Atharva-veda vii, 109, 5]); they are also feared as evil beings together with the R膩k峁�asas, Kim墨dins, Pi艣膩cas, etc., amulets being worn as a protection against them ([Atharva-veda; 厂耻艣谤耻迟补]); they are said to have revealed the Vedas to V膩c ([艢atapatha-br膩hma峁嘺 iii]; cf. [P膩raskara-g峁沨ya-s奴tra ii, 12, 2]), and are called the preceptors of the 峁氠梗is ([艢atapatha-br膩hma峁嘺 xi]); Pur奴ravas is called among them ([ib.]); in epic poetry the Gandharvas are the celestial musicians or heavenly singers (cf. [峁歡-veda x, 177, 2]) who form the orchestra at the banquets of the gods, and they belong together with the Apsarasas to Indra鈥檚 heaven, sharing also in his battles ([Y膩j帽avalkya i, 71; 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补; Hariva峁兣沘] etc.; cf. [Religious Thought and Life in India p.238]); in the more systematic mythology the Gandharvas constitute one of the classes into which the higher creation is divided (id est. gods, manes, Gandharvas, [Atharva-veda xi, 5, 2]; or gods, Asuras, Gandharvas, men, [Taittir墨ya-sa峁僪it膩 vii, 8, 25, 2]; cf. [艢atapatha-br膩hma峁嘺 x]; or gods, men, Gandharvas, Apsarasas, Sarpas, and manes, [Aitareya-br膩hma峁嘺 iii, 31, 5]; for other enumerations cf. [Nirukta, by Y膩ska iii, 8; Manu-sm峁泃i i, 37] [Religious Thought and Life in India p.237] [&iii, 196; vii, 23; xii, 47; Nalop膩khy膩na] etc.); divine and human Gandharvas are distinguished ([Taittir墨ya-upani峁�ad ii, 8]; the divine or Deva-Gandharvas are enumerated, [惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 i, 2550 ff. and 4810 ff.]); another passage names 11 classes of Gandharvas ([Taittir墨ya-膩ra峁噛aka i, 9, 3]); the chief or leader of the Gandharvas is named Citra-ratha ([Bhagavad-g墨t膩 x, 26]); they are called the creatures of Praj膩pati ([Manu-sm峁泃i i, 37]) or of Brahm膩 ([Hariva峁兣沘 11793]) or of 碍补艣测补辫补 ([11850]) or of the Munis ([惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 i, 2550; Hariva峁兣沘 11553]) or of Pr膩dh膩 ([惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 i, 2556]) or of 础谤颈峁ａ弓腻 ([Hariva峁兣沘 234; Vi峁ａ箛u-pur膩峁嘺 i, 21]) or of V膩c ([Padma-pur膩峁嘺]); with Jainas the Gandharvas constitute one of the eight classes of the Vyantaras]

2) Name of the attendant of the 17th Arhat of the present Avasarpi峁嚹�, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasi峁僪a, hal膩yudha, hemacandra, etc.]

3) a singer, [Var膩ha-mihira鈥檚 B峁沨at-sa峁僪it膩 lxxxvii, 33; Bh膩gavata-pur膩峁嘺 i, 11, 21]

4) the Ko茂l or black cuckoo, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasi峁僪a, hal膩yudha, hemacandra, etc.]

5) a sage, pious man, [Mah墨dhara on V膩jasaneyi-sa峁僪it膩 xxxii, 9]

6) a horse, [惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 iii, 11762]

7) cf. [ii, 1043]

8) the musk deer (derived [from] gandha), [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasi峁僪a, hal膩yudha, hemacandra, etc.]

9) the soul after death and previous to its being born again (corresponding in some respects to the western notion of a ghost), [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasi峁僪a, hal膩yudha, hemacandra, etc.]

10) Name of the 14th Kalpa or period of the world, [V膩yu-pur膩峁嘺 i, 21, 30]

11) of the 21st Muh奴rta, [S奴ryapraj帽apti]

12) of a Svara or tone (for 驳腻苍诲丑腻谤补?), [Hariva峁兣沘 ii, 120, 4]

13) m. [plural] the Gandharvas (See above)

14) m. Name of a people (named together with the G膩ndh膩ras), [搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 vii, 100, 10 f. and 101, 2 ff. and 11; Var膩ha-mihira鈥檚 B峁沨at-sa峁僪it膩 xiv, 31]

15) 骋补苍诲丑补谤惫腻 (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿さ啶�):鈥擺from gandharva] f. Durg膩, [Hariva峁兣沘 ii, 120, 4] ([varia lectio] g膩ndha谤惫墨)

16) Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��):鈥�(cf. [Greek] 魏苇谓蟿伪蠀蟻慰蟼 [from] 魏蔚谓胃伪蟻蠞慰-蟼.)

17) 骋腻苍诲丑补谤惫补 (啶椸ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿ぇ啶班�嵿さ):鈥攎f(g膩ndha谤惫墨-)n. belonging or relating to the Gandharvas (especially 惫颈惫腻丑补, or vidhi, the form of marriage called after the Gandharvas which requires only mutual agreement, [膧艣val膩yana-g峁沨ya-s奴tra i, 6, 5; Manu-sm峁泃i; Y膩j帽avalkya; 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 i, etc.] ; cf. gandharva-惫颈惫腻丑补), [峁歡-veda x, 80, 6; 艢atapatha-br膩hma峁嘺 xiv etc.]

18) relating to the Gandharvas as heavenly choristers (cf. -办补濒腻, -veda, etc.), [惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补; Hariva峁兣沘] etc.

19) m. (= gandh [gana] 辫谤补箩帽腻诲颈, [Ga峁嘺ratna-mahodadhi 175]) a singer, [搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 vii, 94, 6; Var膩ha-mihira鈥檚 B峁沨at-sa峁僪it膩 xv, xxxii]

20) Name of a musical note, [Hariva峁兣沘 16291; V膩yu-pur膩峁嘺 i, 21, 30]

21) of one of the 9 divisions of Bh膩rata-var峁�a, [Vi峁ａ箛u-pur膩峁嘺 ii, 3, 7]

22) n. the art of the Gandharvas, song, music, concert, [惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补; Hariva峁兣沘] etc.

23) Name of a Tantra

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��):鈥�(谤惫惫补岣�) 1. m. A celestial musician; a horse; a deer; a disembodied spirit; a cuckoo; the sun; a sage; a form of marriage.

: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: 骋补峁僤丑补惫惫补, Gadhavva.

[Sanskrit to German]

context information

Sanskrit, also spelled 啶膏�傕じ啷嵿�曕�冟い啶�啷� (蝉补峁僺办峁泃补尘), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.

Hindi dictionary

: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionary

1) Ga峁僤harva (啶椸�傕ぇ啶班�嵿さ) [Also spelled gandharv]:鈥�(nm) mythological community of celestial musicians; a caste of singers; -[惫颈诲测腻] music; —[惫颈惫腻丑补] one of the eight recognized types of marriages prescribed by the Hindu law-giver [manu], entailing mutual pledge between the lover and the beloved in the presence of respectable people.

2) G膩峁僤harva (啶椸ぞ啶傕ぇ啶班�嵿��) [Also spelled gandharv]:鈥�(a) pertaining to or related with the gandharv community or country.

context information

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Kannada-English dictionary

: Alar: Kannada-English corpus

Ga峁僤harva (嗖椸矀嗖о舶喑嵿驳):鈥�

1) [noun] a class of gods, considered as celestial musicians.

2) [noun] a member of that class.

3) [noun] the soul after death and previous to its being born again.

4) [noun] a musician in general.

5) [noun] a horse.

6) [noun] a small, hornless deer (Moschus moschiferus) of the uplands of central Asia, the male of which secretes musk and has tusk-like upper canines; a musk-deer.

7) [noun] any of various large cuckoos (mainly either Cuculus tenuirostris or C. lathami) of the Eudynamys genus of India, that lay eggs in the nests of other birds and is noted for its characteristic soft cry; Indian cuckoo; a koel.

8) [noun] a kind of bee; a black bee.

9) [noun] the sun.

10) [noun] the art and science of combining vocal or instrumental sounds or tones in varying melody, harmony, rhythm, and timbre; music.

11) [noun] a woman in general.

12) [noun] a religious, wise man; a sage.

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Ga峁僤harvad奴rve (嗖椸矀嗖о舶喑嵿驳嗖︵硞嗖班硩嗖掂硢):鈥擺noun] = 嗖椸矀嗖о舶喑嵿驳嗖椸脖喑佮矔喑� [gamdharvagaruke].

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G膩峁僤harva (嗖椸簿嗖傕钵嗖班硩嗖�):鈥擺adjective] of or relating to Gandharvas, a class of gods.

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G膩峁僤harva (嗖椸簿嗖傕钵嗖班硩嗖�):鈥�

1) [noun] the art of music.

2) [noun] the art of dance.

3) [noun] an excellent horse.

4) [noun] Gandharvas, a class of gods.

context information

Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.

Nepali dictionary

: unoes: Nepali-English Dictionary

Gandharva (啶椸え啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿��):鈥攏. 1. Mythol. residents of the heavenly planets who are particularly expert in singing and music; celestial musician; a demigod; 2. a particular community of professional minstrels in Nepal;

context information

Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.

See also (Relevant definitions)

Partial matches: The, The, Te, Gandharva.

Starts with (+5): Gamdharvagaruke, Gamdharvajna, Gamdharvamsha, Gamdharvasrishti, Gamdharvavidye, Gandharvacitta, Gandharvadatta, Gandharvagana, Gandharvagraha, Gandharvagrihita, Gandharvahastadi, Gandharvahastakah, Gandharvakhanda, Gandharvamalika, Gandharvanumata, Gandharvapada, Gandharvapatni, Gandharvapratyupasthita, Gandharvaprayoga, Gandharvapsaras.

Full-text (+1177): Gandharvaveda, Gandharvavivaha, Gandharvavidya, Gandharvaloka, Gandharvacitta, Gandharvaraja, Gandharvashastra, Vishvavasu, Gandharvashala, Yuddhagandharva, Gandharvanagara, Huhu, Tumburu, Caitraratha, Gandharvakala, Gandharvatantra, Citraratha, Gandharvahasta, Gandharvapura, Haha.

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Search found 328 books and stories containing Gandharva, 骋腻苍诲丑补谤惫补, 骋补苍诲丑补谤惫腻, Gamdharva, Ga峁僤harva, Gamdharvadurve, Ga峁僤harvad奴rve, Gandharvadurve, Gandharvad奴rve, G膩峁僤harva, The gandharva; (plurals include: Gandharvas, 骋腻苍诲丑补谤惫补s, 骋补苍诲丑补谤惫腻s, Gamdharvas, Ga峁僤harvas, Gamdharvadurves, Ga峁僤harvad奴rves, Gandharvadurves, Gandharvad奴rves, G膩峁僤harvas, The gandharvas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:

Rivers in Ancient India (study) (by Archana Sarma)

3c. The Legend of V膩k in the Aitareya-br膩hma峁嘺 < [Chapter 3 - The Rivers in the Br膩hma峁嘺 Literature]

3d. The legend of V膩k in the 艢atapatha-br膩hma峁嘺 < [Chapter 3 - The Rivers in the Br膩hma峁嘺 Literature]

6. The river Narmad膩 in the Pur膩峁嘺s < [Chapter 5 - Rivers in the Pur膩峁噄c Literature]

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Acta Orientalia

Str墨k膩m膩 vai gandharv膩岣�. Spirit-possession, women, and initiation in Vedic India < [Volume 76 (2015)]

Yajnavalkya in the Sruti tradition of the Veda < [Volume 22 (1957)]

Traditions of transgressive sacrality (against blasphemy) in Hinduism < [Volume 78 (2017)]

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Women in the Atharva-veda Samhita (by Pranab Jyoti Kalita)

2. Goddess Apsarases < [Chapter 4 - Female Deities and the Glorification of Women in the Atharvaveda]

6c. Hymns to Arouse the Passionate Love of a Woman < [Chapter 2 - The Str墨karm膩峁噄 Hymns of the Atharvaveda]

5e. Hymn to Guard a Pregnant Woman from Demoniac Forces < [Chapter 2 - The Str墨karm膩峁噄 Hymns of the Atharvaveda]

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Garga Samhita (English) (by Danavir Goswami)

Verse 5.8.45 < [Chapter 8 - The Killing of Ka峁僺a]

Verses 1.11.22-24 < [Chapter 11 - Description of 艢r墨 K峁涐梗峁嘺candra鈥檚 Birth]

Verse 5.21.16 < [Chapter 21 - The Story of 艢r墨 N膩rada]

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Mahabharata (English) (by Kisari Mohan Ganguli)

Section CCXXXIX < [Ghosha-yatra Parva]

Section CLXXII < [Caitraratha Parva]

Section CI < [Sambhava Parva]

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Puranic encyclopaedia (by Vettam Mani)

Story of Citrasena

Story of Citraratha

Story of Tumburu

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