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According to 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� speech sounds have a five-fold classification^[1] as given below:

1. According to accents or 鈥�svarata鈥�.
2. According to quantities or 鈥�办腻濒补迟补鈥�.
3. According to the places of articulation or 鈥�蝉迟丑腻苍腻迟鈥�.
4. According to primary or internal efforts.
5. According to secondary or external efforts.

1. According to accents or 鈥�svarata鈥�

The word 鈥�svarata鈥� means pitch accents. There are three types of accent such as 鈥�耻诲腻迟迟补鈥�, 鈥�an耻诲腻迟迟补鈥� and 鈥�svarita鈥�.

a) Ud膩tta (Acute)鈥�

When an accent is raised in a high tone, then it is called 鈥�耻诲腻迟迟补鈥� or acute. It is defined by 笔腻峁噄苍颈 in the rule鈥�

啶夃�氞�嵿�氞�堗ぐ啷佮う啶距い啷嵿い啶�
uccair耻诲腻迟迟补岣�
(础峁ａ弓腻诲丑测腻测墨, 1.2.29).

The word 鈥�耻肠肠补颈岣�鈥� is explained by 笔补迟补帽箩补濒颈鈥�

啶嗋く啶距ぎ啷� 啶︵ぞ啶班�佮ぃ啶�啷� 啶呧ぃ啷佮い啶� 啶膏�嵿さ啶膏�嵿く啷囙い啷嵿く啷佮�氞�嵿�氞�堗�� 啶曕ぐ啶距ぃ啶� 啶多が啷嵿う啶膏�嵿��
膩y膩mo d膩ru峁嘺m a峁噓t膩 svasyety耻肠肠补颈岣� kar膩峁噄 艣abdasya
(惭补丑腻产丑腻峁�y补,1.2.29).

According to this explanation, there are three specific characteristics of the acute accent鈥�

i) 鈥�腻测腻尘补鈥� means restriction of the organs or 鈥�驳腻迟谤补苍颈驳谤补丑补鈥�.
ii) 鈥�诲腻谤耻峁噛补鈥� means rudeness or 鈥�谤耻办峁�a迟腻鈥�.
iii) 鈥�svarasya a峁噓t膩鈥� means closure of the glottis or 鈥�ka峁囜弓hasya 蝉补峁僾峁泃补t膩鈥�.

The acute is the prominent accent in a word, may be simple or compound. When a vowel in a word is possessed the acute accent, the remaining vowels have the 鈥�an耻诲腻迟迟补鈥� or grave accent. Accent is a properly of a vowel only and consonants do not possess any independent accent.

b) 鈥淎n耻诲腻迟迟补鈥� (Grave)鈥�

It is one of the eleven varieties of the 鈥�产腻丑测补辫谤补测补迟苍补鈥� (external efforts) to produce sound. The 鈥渁n耻诲腻迟迟补鈥� is defined in the 鈥�碍腻艣颈办腻惫峁泃迟颈鈥� in the following form:

啶�啶膏�嵿ぎ啶苦え啷嵿え啷佮�氞�嵿�氞ぞ啶班�嵿く啶�啶距ぃ啷� 啶�啶距い啷嵿ぐ啶距ぃ啶距ぎ啶ㄠ�嵿さ啶掂じ啶班�嵿�椸�� 啶ㄠぞ啶� 啶多た啶ムた啶侧��啶�啶掂え啶� 啶�啶掂い啶�, 啶膏�嵿さ啶班じ啷嵿�� 啶�啷冟う啷佮い啶�, 啶曕ぃ啷嵿�犩さ啶苦さ啶班じ啷嵿�� 啶夃ぐ啷佮い啶� 啶� 啶膏�嬥そ啶ㄠ�佮う啶距い啷嵿い啶�

yasminnucc膩ryam膩峁噀 尘腻迟谤腻峁嚹乵anvavasargo 苍腻尘补 艣颈迟丑颈濒墨产丑补惫补苍补峁� bhavati, svarasya 尘峁沝耻迟腻, ka峁囜弓havivarasya 耻谤耻迟腻 ca so'n耻诲腻迟迟补岣�

(碍腻艣颈办腻惫峁泃迟颈)

According to the definition of 鈥湴�腻艣颈办腻惫峁泃迟颈鈥� there are three specific characteristics of the grave accent鈥�

(i) 艣颈迟丑颈濒墨产丑补惫补苍补 means relaxation of the organs.
(ii) svarasya 尘峁沝耻迟腻 means softness of sound.
(iii) 耻谤耻迟腻 means disclorureners of glottis.

Generally 鈥�耻诲腻迟迟补鈥� or acute accent is given to only one vowel in a single word (simple or compound) and all the other vowels are uttered unaccented, i.e. An耻诲腻迟迟补.

c) 鈥淪varita鈥� (Circumflex Accent)鈥�

The circumflex accent (svarita) is defined by 笔腻峁噄苍颈 as 鈥�蝉补尘腻丑腻谤补岣� 蝉惫补谤颈迟补岣�鈥�(础峁ａ弓腻诲丑测腻测墨,1.2.31).The point 鈥�蝉补尘腻丑腻谤补岣�鈥� means a combination between the acute (耻诲腻迟迟补) and the grave (an耻诲腻迟迟补).

There are two kinds of svarita mentioned by 笔腻峁噄苍颈鈥�

i. The independent 鈥渟惫补谤颈迟补鈥� as produced by the word 鈥�svara鈥� (from which the word 鈥�蝉惫补谤颈迟补鈥� was formed) and few other words as also many times produced by the resultant vowel, out of two vowels (鈥湷芑迥宄俪俨光�� and 鈥渁n耻诲腻迟迟补鈥�) combined.

ii. The enclitic or secondary 鈥渟惫补谤颈迟补鈥�, by which is meant, one or more grave vowels occurring after the 鈥湷芑迥宄俪俨光��, in a chain^[2].

2. Classification of Sanskrit Sound According to quantities or 鈥槹炷灞舨钩俨光��-

The standard duration of human speech sound of three kinds: Quick (hrasva), Intermediate (诲墨谤驳丑补) and slow (pluta)鈥�

啶灌�嵿ぐ啶膏�嵿さ啷� 啶︵��啶班�嵿�樴�� 啶�啷嵿げ啷佮�� 啶囙い啶� 啶曕ぞ啶侧い啷� 啶ㄠた啶�啶�啶� 啶呧�氞た啷�
hrasvo 诲墨谤驳丑补岣� pluta iti k膩lato niyam膩 aci|

(笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,11)

According to 碍补颈测补峁璦 the quantity sound in intermediate speech is one third more than in quick speech, the ratio being 9:12. The quantity of sound in slow speech is one third more than in intermediate speech, the ratio being 12:16. 碍补颈测补峁璦 connected the perception of this ratio with a psycho-physical process affecting the nervous system of the hearer. The ratio 12:9 implied that 鈥渢welve drops of the nervous fluid flow from the 鈥�厂耻峁�u尘苍腻鈥� nerve of the hearer when the person hears intermediate speech while the number of drops in the case of quick speech is nine鈥�^[3].

鈥淗谤补蝉惫补鈥� (Quick or Short)

The word 鈥渉谤补蝉惫补鈥� is derived from the root hras (to become short or small and means originally short, small, dwarfish).

In the 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 it is used in the sense of a 鈥淪hort Vowel鈥濃��

啶嬥�曕ぞ啶班げ啷冟�曕ぞ啶班�屶す啷嵿ぐ啶膏�嵿さ啷�
峁沰腻谤补濒峁沰腻谤补耻丑谤补蝉惫补耻
(罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补辫谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补,1.31)

啶呧�曕ぞ啶班ざ啷嵿��
补办腻谤补艣肠补
(罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补辫谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补,1.32)

啶呧ぎ啶距い啷嵿ぐ啶膏�嵿さ啶班�� 啶灌�嵿ぐ啶膏�嵿さ啶�
am膩trasvaro hrasva岣�
(V膩jasaney墨 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补,1.55)

鈥淗谤补蝉惫补鈥� means short or a term used in connection with the short vowels taking a unit of time measured by one mora (尘腻迟谤腻) for their utterance^[4].

D墨rgha (Long)

It means long in space and in time. This term is used in connection with long vowel taking a unit of time measured by two or mora (尘腻迟谤腻) for their utterance.

Quantity of Consonants
Name of the Consonants	Quantity	Mora
All consonants excepts 诲墨谤驳丑补 补苍耻蝉惫腻谤补, 耻峁�m补 惫补谤峁嘺	hrasva (Short)	陆 Mora (half尘腻迟谤腻)
诲墨谤驳丑补 补苍耻蝉惫腻谤补, 耻峁�m补 惫补谤峁嘺	诲墨谤驳丑补 (long)	Two Mora (dvi尘腻迟谤腻)
Quantity of Vowels
Name of the vowels	Quantity	Mora
补,颈,耻,峁�,岣�	hrasva (Short)	eka尘腻迟谤腻 (One Mora)
膩,墨,奴,诲墨谤驳丑补 峁�	诲墨谤驳丑补 (long)	dvi尘腻迟谤腻 (Two Mora)
e(a+i)	诲墨谤驳丑补 (long)	a(陆) + i(1陆) = 2 Mora
补颈(腻+颈)	诲墨谤驳丑补 (long)	膩 = 1 + i =1= 2 Mora
o(a+u)	诲墨谤驳丑补 (long)	膩(陆) + u (= 2 Mora
补耻(腻+耻)	诲墨谤驳丑补 (long)	膩 =1+ u =1= 2 Mora
du蝉辫峁涐梗峁璦(pluta l峁沰膩ra岣�)	pluta (Protacted)	tri尘腻迟谤腻 (Three Mora)

Table 5: Quantities of Consonants and Vowels

Pluta鈥� 鈥�Plut鈥漚 means protracted vowels. The term 鈥�pluta鈥� comes from 鈥�Plu鈥� to float, to swim. This term is used in the sense of vowel in the protracted grade. The vowels in this grade which are termed protracted vowels are possessed of three 鈥�尘腻迟谤腻鈥� and in writing they are marked with the figure^[5] placed after them. In pronunciation a protracted vowel takes longer time than the long vowels. The Classification of Sanskrit Sound according to quantities or 鈥�办腻濒补迟补鈥� is clarified by the help of a table 5.

In the 峁歬 recension of the 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� the accurate mesuramention of moras are given by the help of animals sound. For examples the 鈥�肠腻峁�a鈥� gives out one mora, the crow gives out two mora, the peacock gives out three mora and the mungoose only half of a mora鈥�

啶氞ぞ啶粪じ啷嵿い啷� 啶掂う啶む�� 啶�啶距い啷嵿ぐ啶距�� 啶︵�嵿さ啶苦ぎ啶距い啷嵿ぐ啶� 啶�啶距く啶膏�嬥そ啶掂�嵿ぐ啶掂��啶む�嵿��
啶多た啶栢�� 啶掂う啶むた 啶む�嵿ぐ啶苦ぎ啶距い啷嵿ぐ啶� 啶�啶距い啷嵿ぐ啶距ぃ啶距ぎ啶苦い啶� 啶膏�傕じ啷嵿ぅ啶苦い啶苦�冟ゥ

肠腻峁�astu vadate 尘腻迟谤腻峁� dvim膩tra峁� b膩yaso'vrav墨t|
艣ikh墨 vadati trim膩tra峁� 尘腻迟谤腻峁嚹乵iti sa峁僺thiti岣�||

(笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 49)

3. Classification of Sanskrit Sounds according to the places of articulation

The speech sounds have eight places of articulation: chest, throat, and roof of the mouth, root of the tongue, teeth, nostril, lips and palate.

Ura (Chest)

Chest is one of the important place of speech sound articulation, 丑峁�, 丑帽, 丑峁�, hn, hm, hy, hr, hl and hv are pronounced in Ura.

碍补峁囜弓丑补 (Throat)

鈥淜a峁囜弓hya惫补谤峁嘺鈥� means the letters produced at the throat or at the glottis. According to 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, the vowel 鈥渁鈥�, and the consonant 鈥渉鈥� are produced at the throat鈥�

啶曕ぃ啷嵿�犩�嵿く啶距さ啶灌ぞ啶掂た啶むた
办补峁囜弓丑测腻惫补丑腻惫颈迟颈
(笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 12)

惭奴谤诲丑腻 (Roof of the Mouth)

The Roof of the mouth or 鈥�尘奴谤诲丑腻鈥� is one of the important places of articulation. 峁�, 峁�, 峁环, 岣�, 岣峢, 峁�, r and 峁� are produced from the 鈥�尘奴谤诲丑腻鈥濃��

啶膏�嵿く啷佮ぐ啷嵿ぎ啷傕ぐ啷嵿ぇ啶ㄠ�嵿く啶� 啶嬥�熰�佮ぐ啶粪ぞ
syurm奴rdhany膩 峁涐弓ura峁Ｄ�
(笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 12)

闯颈丑惫腻尘奴濒补 (The Root of the tongue) -

鈥�闯颈丑惫腻尘奴濒补鈥� means the root of the tongue. 办,办丑,驳,驳丑,峁� are produced from the root of the tongue.

Danta (Teeth)-

鈥�Danta鈥� or Teeth is one of the important part of speech sound productions. The letters 岣�,濒,蝉 and tavarga are produced at the teeth^[6] by the tip of the tongue.

狈腻蝉颈办腻蝉迟丑腻苍补 (Nostril)-

鈥�狈腻蝉颈办腻蝉迟丑腻苍补鈥� means a place in the nose where a nasal letter such as 帽,m, 峁�,峁�, n, m 鈥�补苍耻蝉惫腻谤补鈥� and the 鈥�yama鈥� are produced.

翱峁ａ弓丑补u (Lips)-

Lips are the valuable part of our body for the production of speech sound. 鈥淯鈥� and 鈥�pavarga鈥� are the labial class produced at the lips.

罢腻濒耻 (Palate)-

鈥�罢腻濒耻鈥� is another important part of our body for the production of speech sounds. The vowels i, 墨, 艣, y and cavarga are produced upon the palate by the middle part of the tongue. The Classification of Sanskrit Sounds according to the places of articulation is summarized in the table 6.

4. Classification of speech sound according to the internal efforts (Prayatna)

鈥�Prayatna鈥� means the effort made for producing sounds.

This effort is twofold鈥�

1. 鈥�腻产丑测补苍迟补谤补辫谤补测补迟苍补鈥� on internal which is anterior to the generation of letters and 
2. 鈥�产腻丑测补辫谤补测补迟苍补鈥� or external which is posterior to the utterance.

Internal effort or 鈥溎宀�丑测补苍迟补谤补辫谤补测补迟苍补鈥� again of four kinds^[7] according to 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� as follows-

i. 补蝉辫峁涐梗峁璦 (Untouched ) / 蝉补峁僾峁泃补;
ii. 墨峁�a迟 蝉辫峁涐梗峁璦 (Lightly touched);
iii. nem补蝉辫峁涐梗峁璦 (half touched)/ 惫颈惫峁泃补;
iv. 蝉辫峁涐梗峁璦 (Firmly touched);

This Classification of speech sound according to the internal efforts (Prayatna) is summarized in the table 7.

Ura	碍补峁囜弓丑补	惭奴谤诲丑腻	闯颈丑补惫腻尘奴濒补	Danta	罢腻濒耻	翱峁ａ弓丑补	碍补峁囜弓丑补 T膩 lu	碍补峁囜弓丑补 翱峁ａ弓丑补	Danta 翱峁ａ弓丑补	狈腻蝉颈办腻
丑峁�, 丑帽, 丑峁�, hn, hm, hy, hr, hl, hv	a, h	峁�, 峁�, 峁环, 岣�, 岣峢, 峁�, r, 峁�	k, kh, g, gh, 峁�	岣�, t, th, d, dh, n,  l	i, c, ch, j, jh, 帽, y, 艣	u, p, ph, b, bh, m	e, ai	o, au	V	yamas, 峁�, 峁�, 帽, 峁�, n, m

Table: 6 [above]鈥擯lace of articulation for speech-sound as given in the 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�

Speech Sound	Internal efforts
ac (vowels)	补蝉辫峁涐梗峁璦 (Untouched)
测补峁� (Semi vowels or antastha惫补谤峁嘺)	墨峁�a迟 蝉辫峁涐梗峁璦 (Lightly touched)
艣补谤 (Aspirate or 耻峁�m补惫补谤峁嘺)	nem补蝉辫峁涐梗峁璦 (half touched)
spar艣a惫补谤峁嘺 (Stops)	蝉辫峁涐梗峁璦 (Firmly touched)

Table: 7 [above]鈥擨nternal efforts of Speech Sound

5 Classification according to 鈥�础苍耻辫谤补诲腻苍补鈥�(Secondary or external efforts)

External effort or 鈥�产腻丑测补辫谤补测补迟苍补鈥漣s also called as 鈥�补苍耻辫谤补诲腻苍补鈥�. According to 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� there are four types of 补苍耻辫谤补诲腻苍补 of speech sound鈥�

i. 苍腻诲补 (Sound);
ii. 墨峁�an苍腻诲补 (Lightly Sound);
iii. 艣惫腻蝉补 (Aspiration);
iv. 墨峁�a迟艣惫腻蝉补 (Lightly Aspiration);

The Classification according to 鈥�础苍耻辫谤补诲腻苍补鈥� (Secondary or external efforts) is explained by the help of the table 8.

Speech Sound	External effort
帽, m, 峁�, 峁�, n(anun膩sik膩), a, 谤别辫丑补岣�, h, bh, jh, dh, d, dh, 峁� (帽amo'nun膩sik膩narhrau n膩dino..)辫腻峁环腻苍迟补谤补鈥�(amo'nun膩sik膩 nahrau.. iti) svaravar峁嚹佱弗, h, y, v, r, l, 帽, m, 峁�, 峁�, n, jh, bh, dh, d, dh, 峁�	苍腻诲补 (Sound)
y, v, r, l, j, b, g, 岣�,d	墨峁�an苍腻诲补 (Lightly Sound)
kh, ph, ch, 峁环, th	艣惫腻蝉补 (Aspiration)
c, 峁�, t,k, p, 艣, 峁�, s	墨峁�a迟艣惫腻蝉补 (Lightly Aspiration)

Table: 8 [above]鈥擡xternal effort of Speech Sound

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,6

[2]:

础峁ａ弓腻诲丑测腻测墨, VIII.2.4, VIII.2.6, VII.4.66, 67

[3]:

Ibid., I.1.70

[4]:

Ibid., I.2.27

[5]:

鈥减腻峁噄苍颈苍腻 辫谤补办腻艣颈迟腻鈥� (惭补丑颈尘苍补蝉迟谤辞迟谤补,蝉补辫迟补尘补辫补诲测补惫测腻办丑测腻测腻尘)

[6]:

鈥渄anty膩 l峁泃ulas膩岣� sm峁泃膩岣�|鈥� (笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,12)

[7]:

Ibid.,18