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1 Gau岣峚 谤腻驳补

啶椸�屶ぁ啶膏�嵿く 啶︵�嵿さ啷堗さ啶苦ぇ啷嵿く啶� 啶曕�嬥す啶侧ザ泥く啷団��
啶む�佮ぐ啷佮し啷嵿�曕�椸�屶ぁ啷� 啶︵�嵿ぐ啶距さ啶苦ぁ啶椸�屶ぁ 啶囙い啶� 啷�
啶む�佮ぐ啷佮し啷嵿�曕�椸�屶ぁ啶膏�嵿い啷� 啶斷ぁ啶掂�� 啶掂�曕�嵿し啷嵿く啶む�� 啷�
啶�啷傕ぐ啷嵿い啶苦じ啷嵿い啷� 啶ㄠた啶�啶ㄠ�嵿ぇ啶距え啷嵿い啶班�� 啷�

gau岣峚sya dvaividhya峁� 办辞丑补濒墨测别鈥�
迟耻谤耻峁�k补驳补耻岣峯 诲谤腻惫颈岣峚驳补耻岣峚 iti |
迟耻谤耻峁�k补驳补耻岣峚stu au岣峚ve vak峁�yate |
尘奴谤迟颈蝉tu nibandh膩ntare |

鈥�(厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺, Vol. I, p.88) 

This reference to 碍辞丑补濒墨测补 occurs in the work 厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺 in the section describing the 濒补办峁�a峁嘺 and 尘奴谤迟颈蝉 (images) of the 峁Ｄ佱笉ava 谤腻驳补s. 

This statement forms a 惫峁泃迟颈 on the following verse describing the 濒补办峁�a峁嘺 of 诲谤腻惫颈岣峚驳补耻岣峚 谤腻驳补.鈥�

啶ㄠた啶粪ぞ啶︵ぞ啶傕ざ啶椸�嵿ぐ啶灌え啷嵿く啶距じ啶� 啶粪ぁ啷嵿�溹お啶炧�嵿�氞ぎ啶膏�權�嵿�曕�佮げ啶� 啷�
啶椸�囙く啷� 啶︵�嵿ぐ啶距さ啶苦ぁ啶椸�屶ぁ啷嬥そ啶�啶� 啶掂��啶班ざ啷冟�權�嵿�椸ぞ啶班く啷嬥ぐ啷嵿え啶苦ざ啶� 啷� 啷�.啷оギ啷� 啷�

ni峁Ｄ乨膩峁兣沘graha苍测腻蝉补岣� 峁�a岣峧apa帽camasa峁卥ula岣� |
geyo dr膩vi岣峚gau岣峯'ya峁� 惫墨谤补艣峁涐箙g膩rayorni艣i || 1.185 ||

(Trans: 顿谤腻惫颈岣峚驳补耻岣峚 has ni as graha, 补峁兣沘 and 苍测腻蝉补, and prominent use of sa and pa. It is sung at night in 惫墨谤补 and 艣峁涐箙g膩ra rasas^[1])

At this juncture the author mentions that the work 碍辞丑补濒墨测补 speaks of two varieties of gau岣峚-谤腻驳补鈥拢补尘别濒测鈥�

1. 诲谤腻惫颈岣峚驳补耻岣峚 and
2. 迟耻谤耻峁�k补驳补耻岣峚.

And also says that the description of 迟耻谤耻峁�k补驳补耻岣峚 can be found under the 补耻岣峚惫补-谤腻驳补s.

啶む�佮ぐ啷佮し啷嵿�曕�椸�屶ぁ啶冣赌�
啶掂��啶班�� 啶� 啶班�屶う啷嵿ぐ啷� 啶� 啶む�佮ぐ啷佮し啷嵿�曕�椸�屶ぁ啷� 啶ㄠた啶粪ぞ啶︵ぞ啶傕ざ啷� 啶班た啶�啶掂ぐ啷嵿�溹た啶むざ啷嵿�� 啷�
啶�啷傕ぐ啷嵿い啶苦じ啷嵿い啷� 啶ㄠた啶�啶ㄠ�嵿ぇ啶距え啷嵿い啶班�団��
啶む�佮ぐ啷佮し啷嵿�曕�椸�屶ぁ 啶嗋ぐ啷傕あ啶灌く啶� 啶�啶曕�嵿さ啷囙し啷嵿�熰�曕ぞ啶班�佮�氞た啶� 啷�
啶多ぞ啶班�氞ぞ啶�啶оぐ啶多�嵿�氞ぃ啷嵿ぁ 啶夃し啷嵿ぃ啷�啶粪�� 啶曕�嵿さ啶氞ぞ啶掂�冟い啶� 啷� 啷�.啷ㄠク啷� 啷モ�斷�囙が啶苦う啷�.: 啶�啷�.啷оオ啷�

迟耻谤耻峁�k补驳补耻岣峚岣�鈥�
v墨re ca raudre ca 迟耻谤耻峁�k补驳补耻岣峯 ni峁Ｄ乨膩峁兣沷 ripavarjita艣ca |
尘奴谤迟颈蝉tu nibandh膩ntare鈥�
迟耻谤耻峁�k补驳补耻岣峚 膩r奴岣峢ahaya岣� pakve峁ａ弓ak膩ruci岣� |
艣膩rac膩padhara艣ca峁囜笉a u峁ａ箛墨峁Ｄ� kvac膩v峁泃a岣� || 1.293 触触鈥�ibid.: p.148

2 础耻岣岛惫补-谤腻驳补

啶夃ぁ啷傕え啶� 啶掂ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿い啷�啶む�嵿く啷佮ぁ啷佮さ啶距き啶苦ぇ啶距え啶� 啶掂�嵿く啷嬥ぎ啷囙ぐ啶苦い啶� 啶むい啷� 啶栢げ啷� 啶�啶炧�嵿�氞ぎ啶� 啶膏�嵿く啶距い啷� 啷� 啷�.啷�啷�啷� 啷�
啶�啷傕い啷囙し啷� 啶むじ啷嵿ぎ啶距う啶苦す 啶�啶炧�嵿�氞じ啶傕�栢�嵿く啶� 啶溹ぞ啶む�� 啶� 啶膏�傕�栢�嵿く啶� 啶�啷佮え啶班じ啷嵿い啶� 啶�啷囙し啶距ぎ啷� 啷�
啶呧ぎ啷� 啶膏�嵿さ啶班ぞ啶膏�嵿い啷� 啶膏�嵿さ啶班え啶距ぎ啶о�囙く啶� 啶溹ぞ啶むぞ啶多�嵿�� 啶む�� 啶�啶む�嵿ぐ 啶むう啷囙さ 啶椸��啶むぎ啷� 啷� 啷�.啷�啷�啷� 啷�
啶�啷佮え啷�啶多�嵿さ啶班�堗ぐ啷屶ぁ啷佮さ啶苦い啶距き啶苦ぇ啶距え啶� 啶ㄠた啶班�傕お啶苦い啶� 啶�啶距し啷嵿�熰た啶曕�曕�嬥す啶侧ぞ啶︵�嵿く啷堗�� 啷�

u岣嵟玭i v膩nt墨ty耻岣岛v膩bhidh膩na峁� vyomerita峁� tat khalu 辫补帽肠补尘补峁� sy膩t || 1.582 ||
bh奴te峁�u tasm膩diha pa帽casa峁僰hy膩 j膩tau ca sa峁僰hy膩 punarasti ye峁Ｄ乵 |
am墨 svar膩ste svara苍腻尘补dhey膩 j膩t膩艣ca te yatra tadeva g墨tam || 1.583 ||
mun墨艣varaira耻岣岛vit膩bhidh膩na峁� nir奴pita峁� y膩峁ａ弓ikakohal膩dyai岣� |

鈥�(厂补峁単墨迟补蝉耻诲丑腻, p. 62)

In the section on 箩腻迟颈, Govinda 顿墨办峁�i迟补 deals with 艣耻诲诲腻 箩腻迟颈s, 惫颈办峁泃补-箩腻迟颈s and sa峁僺argaj膩 箩腻迟颈s. He then starts explaining the thirteen aspects of 谤腻驳补 (谤腻驳腻峁嚹乵 迟谤补测辞诲补艣补 濒补办峁�a峁嘺m鈥�) while commenting that these are applicable to the 箩腻迟颈s as well as to 谤腻驳补s (which are off-shoots of the 箩腻迟颈s). 

The thirteen characteristic features of 谤腻驳补 according to Govinda 顿墨办峁�i迟补 are:

1. Graha;
2. 础峁兣沘;
3. 罢腻谤补;
4. Mandra;
5. 狈测腻蝉补;
6. Apa苍测腻蝉补;
7. Sa苍测腻蝉补;
8. Vi苍测腻蝉补;
9. Bahutva [Bahutvam];
10. Alpatva [Alpatvam];
11. 础苍迟补谤补尘腻谤驳补;
12. 峁⒛佱笉补惫补;
13. 础耻岣岛惫补;

Each of these characteristic features has then been explained individually, the last of which is 补耻岣岛惫补. Govinda 顿墨办峁�i迟补 traces the etymology of the word 补耻岣岛惫补. He says that the word 鈥�耻岣岛鈥� means 鈥�star鈥�. The place where these stars move freely (u岣嵟玭i v膩nti iti) is the sky (耻岣岛vam). Since the sky is the fifth among the elements, this word has been used to indicate the pentatones. Thus a group of five notes is called 补耻岣岛惫补 and a song based on these is termed as 鈥�a耻岣岛vita鈥�. And, Govinda 顿墨办峁�i迟补 says that this has been established by 驰腻峁ａ弓颈办补 and Kohala. The verses of Govinda 顿墨办峁�i迟补 appear to be a mere paraphrasing of 艢腻谤峁単补诲别惫补鈥檚 definition of 补耻岣岛惫补. 

Abhinavagupta seems to be the first to propose such a vyutpatti for this term. He says鈥�

啶むい啷嵿お啷嵿ぐ啶�啷嬥�椸ぞ啶む�� 啶�啶炧�嵿�氞じ啷嵿さ啶班�� 啶斷ぁ啷佮さ啶苦�曕ぞ啶�, 啶夃ぁ啶掂�� 啶ㄠ�曕�嵿し啶む�嵿ぐ啶距ぃ啶�, 啶掂ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿い啶� 啶椸�氞�嵿�涏え啷嵿い啷嵿く啶膏�嵿ぎ啶苦え啷嵿え啶苦い啶� 啶夃ぁ啷佮さ啶�啶距�曕ぞ啶多��, 啶む�囙�� 啶�啶炧�嵿�氞じ啶傕�栢�嵿く啶�, 啶む�堗�� 啶膏お啷嵿い 啶侧�曕�嵿し啷嵿く啶ㄠ�嵿い啷� 啷�

tatprayog膩t pa帽casvar膩 a耻岣岛vik膩岣�, u岣峚vo nak峁�atr膩峁噄, v膩nti gacchantyasminniti 耻岣岛vam膩k膩艣a峁�, teva pa帽casa峁僰hy膩, tai岣� sapta lak峁�yante |^[2]

艢腻谤峁単补诲别惫补, following Abhinava鈥檚 footsteps also gives this vyutpatti for the term 补耻岣岛惫补 in his work鈥�厂补峁単墨迟补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补. Also, neither Abhinava nor 艢腻谤峁単补诲别惫补 mention 驰补峁ａ弓颈办补, Kohala or any other authority in this regard.

Govinda 顿墨办峁�i迟补鈥檚 source for making such a claim seems to be doubtful. Also, 艢腻谤峁単补诲别惫补 has given this (补耻岣岛惫补) as one of the 蝉腻尘腻苍测补-濒补办峁�a峁嘺 for 箩腻迟颈s, but perhaps due to the greater currency of 谤腻驳补s (and outdated-ness of the 箩腻迟颈s) during his times, Govinda 顿墨办峁�i迟补 calls all these 濒补办峁�a峁嘺s for 谤腻驳补s while just making a passing mention of their relevance to 箩腻迟颈s also.

3 Samp奴r峁嘺-谤腻驳补-g膩na-phala

啶忇い啶︵�嵿�椸ぞ啶ㄠか啶侧ぎ啶距す 啶曕�嬥す啶侧��
啶嗋く啷佮ぐ啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿ぎ啶�啶多��-啶曕��啶班�嵿い啶�-啶掂�冟う啷嵿ぇ啶�-啶膏�屶�栢�嵿��-啶оえ啶距え啶� 啶� 啷�
啶班ぞ啶溹ぞ啶�啶苦さ啷冟う啷嵿ぇ啶苦�� 啶膏え啷嵿い啶距え啶� 啶�啷傕ぐ啷嵿ぃ啶班ぞ啶椸�囙し啷� 啶溹ぞ啶�啶む�� 啷� 啷�.啷оガ啷� 啷�

别迟补诲驳腻苍补辫丑补濒补尘腻丑补 办辞丑补濒补岣�
腻测耻谤诲丑补谤尘补测补艣补岣�-办墨谤迟颈-惫峁沝诲丑颈-saukhya-dhan膩ni ca |
r膩j膩bhi惫峁沝诲丑颈岣� sant膩na岣� p奴r峁嘺r膩ge峁�u j膩yate || 1.160 || 

鈥�(厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺, Vol. I, p.74) 

笔耻谤耻峁�o迟迟补尘补 Mi艣r膩 brings out the fruits of singing p奴r峁嘺-谤腻驳补s by quoting the above verse of Kohala. He says that as a result of singing p奴r峁嘺 谤腻驳补s, one gets long life, merit, fame, good repute, success, health, wealth and long lineage which brings prosperity to the kingdom^[3]. 

It is interesting that the very same verse is also found in the second chapter of the work 厂补峁単墨迟腻谤峁嘺惫补肠补苍诲谤颈办补 but it does not acknowledge Kohala:

啶呧ぅ 啶膏ぎ啷嵿お啷傕ぐ啷嵿ぃ啶班ぞ啶椸�椸ぞ啶�啶ㄠか啶侧ぎ啶距す 啶曕�嬥す啶侧��
啶嗋く啷佮ぐ啷嵿ぇ啶班�嵿ぎ啶�啶多�� 啶曕��啶班�嵿い啶苦が啷佮う啷嵿ぇ啶苦�� 啶膏�屶ぐ啶掂�嵿く啶оえ啶距え啶� 啶� 啷�
啶班ぞ啶溹ぞ啶�啶苦さ啷冟う啷嵿ぇ啶苦�� 啶膏え啷嵿い啶距え啶� 啶�啷傕ぐ啷嵿ぃ啶班ぞ啶椸�囙し啷� 啶溹ぞ啶�啶む�� 啷� 啷�. 啷�啷� 啷�

atha samp奴r峁嘺谤腻驳补g膩yanaphalam膩ha 办辞丑补濒补岣�
腻测耻谤诲丑补谤尘补测补艣补岣� 办墨谤迟颈buddhi岣� sauravyadhan膩ni ca |
r膩j膩bhi惫峁沝诲丑颈岣� sant膩na岣� p奴r峁嘺r膩ge峁�u j膩yate || 2. 45 ||

鈥敵Р贯箙g墨迟腻谤峁嘺惫补肠补苍诲谤颈办腻: 1995: p.52

4 峁⒛佱笉补惫补-谤腻驳补-g膩na-phala

啶粪ぞ啶∴さ啶椸ぃ啶ㄠ�� 啶�啶侧ぎ啶距�� 啶曕�嬥す啶侧��
啶膏�傕�椸�嵿ぐ啶距ぎ啷� 啶掂��啶班い啶距ぐ啷傕お-啶椸�佮ぃ啶侧ぞ啶掂ぃ啷嵿く啶曕��啶班�嵿い啷嵿い啶ㄠぎ啷� 啷�
啶椸ぞ啶ㄠ�� 啶粪ぞ啶∴さ啶班ぞ啶椸ぞ啶ㄠぞ啶� 啶椸う啶苦い啶� 啶�啷傕ぐ啷嵿さ啶膏�傕ぐ啶苦き啶苦�� 啷� 啷�.啷ㄠエ啷� 啷�

峁Ｄ佱笉avaga峁嘺ne phalam膩ha 办辞丑补濒补岣�
sa峁僩r膩me 惫墨谤补t膩r奴pa-gu峁嘺l膩va峁噛ak墨rttanam |
g膩ne 峁Ｄ佱笉avar膩g膩n膩峁� gadita峁� p奴rvas奴ribhi岣� || 1.224 || 

鈥�(厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺, Vol. I, p.108) 

The benefits of singing 峁Ｄ佱笉ava 谤腻驳补s is brought out through the above verse of Kohala. He says that according to the ancient seers/sages, one would acquire valour in battle and can glorify virtue and beauty by singing 峁Ｄ佱笉ava 谤腻驳补s. This verse is found verbatim in the works 厂补峁単墨迟腻谤峁嘺惫补肠补苍诲谤颈办腻^[4] as well as 厂补峁単墨迟补蝉补谤补峁噄^[5] and both these works acknowledge the authorship of Kohala.

5 Au岣峚va-谤腻驳补 g膩na-phala

啶斷ぁ啶掂�椸ぃ啶ㄠ�� 啶�啶侧ぎ啶距�� 啶曕�嬥す啶侧��
啶掂�嵿く啶距ぇ啶苦え啶距ざ啷� 啶多い啷嵿ぐ啷佮え啶距ざ啷� 啶�啶�啶多�嬥�曕さ啶苦え啶距ざ啶ㄠ�� 啷�
啶斷ぁ啶掂ぞ啶膏�嵿い啷� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶椸ぞ啶むさ啷嵿く啶� 啶椸�嵿ぐ啶灌ざ啶距え啷嵿い啷嵿く啶班�嵿ぅ啶曕ぐ啷嵿ぎ啶｀た 啷� 啷�.啷ㄠガ啷� 啷�

补耻岣峚惫补ga峁嘺ne phalam膩ha 办辞丑补濒补岣�
vy膩dhin膩艣e 艣atrun膩艣e bhaya艣okavin膩艣ane |
au岣峚v膩stu prag膩tavy膩 graha艣膩ntyarthakarma峁噄 || 1.268 || 

鈥�(厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺, Vol. I, p.33) 

The phala of singing 补耻岣峚惫补 谤腻驳补s according to Kohala is brought out by 笔耻谤耻峁�o迟迟补尘补 Mi艣r膩 in 厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺. He says that the singing of 补耻岣峚惫补 谤腻驳补s can bring about eradication of diseases, destruction 辞苍别鈥檚 enemies, destruction of fear and sorrow and appeasement of the planets. This verse is also found verbatim in 厂补峁単墨迟腻谤峁嘺惫补肠补苍诲谤颈办腻^[6] as well as 厂补峁単墨迟补蝉补谤补峁噄^[7]. The former does not mention the name of Kohala whereas the latter does.

6 Time theory of 谤腻驳补s

6.1 S奴ry膩峁兣沘-Candram膩峁兣沘 谤腻驳补s

啶︵ぞ啶曕�嵿し啶苦ぃ啶距い啷嵿く啶膏�嵿い啷� 啶曕�嬥す啶侧え啶距ぎ啶椸�嵿ぐ啶距す啶� 啶�啶犩え啷嵿い啶�
啶︵�囙ざ啶距�栢�嵿く啶� 啶�啷堗ぐ啶掂�� 啶多�佮う啷嵿ぇ啶� 啶多ぞ啶班�權�嵿�椸ぞ啶栢�嵿く啶� 啶� 啶�啷堗ぐ啶掂�� 啷�
啶︵�囙さ啶曕�嵿ぐ啷� 啶班�曕�嵿い啶灌�傕じ啷� 啶� 啶�啶距す啷佮げ啶� 啶班�曕�嵿い啶班�炧�嵿�溹た啶曕�� 啷� 啷�.啷ㄠギ啷� 啷�
啶忇い啶距�� 啶膏�傕ぐ啷嵿く啶距�傕ざ啷佮い啷� 啶溹ぞ啶むぞ啶� 啶膏ぞ啶�啶傕�曕ぞ啶侧�囙し啷� 啶ㄠた啶ㄠ�嵿う啶苦い啶距�� 啷�
啶�啷嵿ぐ啶�啶距い啷� 啶�啷囙�� 啶椸��啶�啶ㄠ�嵿い啷� 啶� 啶ㄠぐ啶� 啶膏�佮�栢ぎ啷囙ぇ啶む�� 啷� 啷�.啷ㄠギ啷� 啷�
啶多�佮う啷嵿ぇ啶� 啶ㄠ�熰�嵿�熰�� 啶� 啶膏ぞ啶班�權�嵿�椸�� 啶多�佮う啷嵿ぇ啶� 啶ㄠ�熰�嵿�熰�� 啶掂ぐ啶距ぁ啶苦�曕�� 啷�
啶掂ぐ啶距げ啶苦�曕�� 啶︵�嵿ぐ啶距さ啶苦ぁ啷� 啶� 啶むぅ啶� 啶ㄠぞ啶椸さ啶班ぞ啶侧た啶曕ぞ 啷� 啷�.啷ㄠギ啷� 啷�
啶涏ぞ啶�啶� 啶椸�屶げ啷� 啶むぅ啶� 啶氞ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿く啶� 啶�啶距す啷佮げ啷嵿く啶距え啷嵿う啷嬥げ啶苦い啶� 啶むぅ啶� 啷�
啶�啶侧�嵿げ啶距ぐ啶苦�曕�� 啶むぅ啶� 啶涏ぞ啶�啶�-啶椸�屶げ啷� 啶曕ぐ啷嵿ぃ啶距�熰た啶曕ぞ啶灌�嵿さ啶掂く啶� 啷� 啷�.啷ㄠク啷� 啷�
啶椸�屶げ啷� 啶�啶距げ啶掂�椸�堗げ啶多�嵿�� 啶班ぞ啶�啶曕た啶班��啶膏�嵿い啶ム�堗さ 啶� 啷�
啶涏ぞ啶�啶距ぐ啶距�� 啶曕�冟い啷� 啶班�炧�嵿�溹�� 啶涏ぞ啶�啶距じ啶班�嵿さ啶掂ぐ啶距げ啶苦�曕�� 啷� 啷�.啷ㄠク啷� 啷�
啶曕ぐ啷嵿ぃ啶距�熰ぞ啶灌�嵿さ啶掂く啶掂�權�嵿�椸ぞ啶� 啶囙い啷嵿く啷囙い啷� 啶氞え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ啶�啷嬥�傕そ啶多�佮�溹ぞ啶� 啷�
啶忇い啷� 啶班ぞ啶椸ぞ啶� 啶掂た啶多�囙し啷囙�� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶距い啶冟�曕ぞ啶侧�囙し啷� 啶ㄠた啶ㄠ�嵿う啶苦い啶距�� 啷�
啶膏ぞ啶�啶�啷囙し啶距え啷嵿い啷� 啶椸ぞ啶ㄠ�囙�� 啶�啶灌い啷�啶� 啶多�嵿ぐ啶苦く啶�啶距お啷嵿え啷佮く啶距い啷� 啷� 啷�.啷ㄠク啷� 啷�

d膩k峁�i峁嚹乼yastu kohala苍腻尘补驳谤腻丑补峁� 辫补峁环补苍迟颈
诲别艣腻办丑测腻 产丑补颈谤补惫墨 艣耻诲诲丑腻 艣膩ra峁単膩khy膩 ca 产丑补颈谤补惫墨 |
诲别惫补办谤墨 raktaha峁僺墨 ca 尘腻丑耻濒腻 谤补办迟补谤补帽箩颈办腻 || 1.287 ||
et膩岣� s奴ry膩峁兣泆to 箩腻迟腻岣� s膩ya峁僰膩le峁�u nindit膩岣� |
prabh膩te yena g墨yante sa nara岣� sukhamedhate || 1.288 ||
艣耻诲诲丑腻 苍补峁�峁�腻 ca 蝉腻谤补峁単墨 艣耻诲诲丑腻 苍补峁�峁�腻 惫补谤腻岣峣办腻 |
惫补谤腻濒颈办腻 诲谤腻惫颈岣嵞� ca 迟补迟丑腻 n膩ga惫补谤腻濒颈办腻 || 1.289 ||
肠丑腻测腻 驳补耻濒墨 迟补迟丑腻 c膩ny膩 b膩huly腻苍诲辞濒颈迟腻 迟补迟丑腻 |
尘补濒濒腻谤颈办腻 迟补迟丑腻 肠丑腻测腻-驳补耻濒墨 办补谤峁嚹佱弓颈办腻hvavay膩 || 1.290 ||
gaulo m膩lavagaila艣ca r膩makir墨stathaiva ca |
肠丑腻测腻r膩ma k峁泃e 谤补帽箩墨 肠丑腻测腻sarva惫补谤腻濒颈办腻 || 1.291 ||
kar峁嚹佱弓膩hvavayava峁単膩la ityete candramo峁�'艣uj膩岣� |
ete r膩g膩岣� vi艣e峁�e峁嘺 pr膩ta岣�k膩le峁�u nindit膩岣� |
s膩yame峁Ｄ乶tu g膩nena mahat墨峁� 艣riyam膩pnuy膩t || 1.292 || 

鈥�(厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺, Vol. I, p.166,168)

笔耻谤耻峁�o迟迟补尘补 Mi艣r膩 lists out the names of 谤腻驳补s based on the time they are to be sung. 

He says that these prescriptions differ from one region to another and then proceeds to enumerate the views of 顿腻尘辞诲补谤补, 狈腻谤补诲补 (笔补帽肠补尘补蝉腻谤补蝉补尘丑颈迟腻), Kohala, Lak峁�ma峁嘺bha峁�峁璦 and 碍补耻尘耻诲墨:

啶呧い啷嵿ぐ 啶曕�囙し啷嵿さ啶�啶� 啶班ぞ啶椸�囙し啷� 啶椸ぞ啶ㄠじ啶�啶� 啶夃�曕�嵿い啶� 啷� 啶むぅ啶距お啶� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶むた啶︵�囙ざ啶� 啶�啶苦え啷嵿え啶むく啶� 啶曕�嵿さ啶氞た啶︵�� 啶︵�冟し啷嵿�熰�嵿さ啶む�嵿さ啶距い啷嵿い啶︵�� 啶掂た啶掂�囙�曕ぞ啶� 啶多た啶多�佮が啷嬥ぇ啶ㄠぞ啶� 啶� 啶�啷佮え啶班�嵿げ啶苦�栢�嵿く啶む�� 啷�

atra ke峁�vapi r膩ge峁�u g膩nasamaya 耻办迟补岣� | 迟补迟丑腻pi 辫谤补迟颈诲别艣补峁� bhinnatay膩 kvacid d峁涐梗峁璿atv膩ttad vivek膩ya 艣i艣ubodhan膩ya ca punarlikhyate |

鈥敵Р贯箙g墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺: 2009: Vol. I: V峁泃ti on V. 1.321: p.162

In this context Kohala has classified 谤腻驳补s as 蝉奴谤测腻尘腻峁兣沘 (谤腻驳补s to be sung in the day time) and 肠补苍诲谤补尘腻峁兣沘 (谤腻驳补s to be sung at night). 

He says that the [following] 谤腻驳补s are born of the sun鈥檚 rays and therefore should not be sung in the evening:

1. 诲别艣腻办丑测腻, 
2. 产丑补颈谤补惫墨, 
3. 艣耻诲诲丑腻, 
4. 蝉腻谤补峁単腻,
5. 产丑补颈谤补惫墨, 
6. 诲别惫补办谤墨, 
7. 谤补办迟补丑补尘蝉墨, 
8. 尘腻丑耻濒腻 and
9. 谤补办迟补谤补帽箩颈办腻. 

One who sings these 谤腻驳补s in the morning attains joy.

[The following 谤腻驳补s] are born of the rays of the moon and should not be sung in the morning:

1. 艣耻诲诲丑腻,
2. 苍补峁�峁�腻, 
3. 蝉腻谤补峁単墨, 
4. 艣耻诲诲丑腻-na峁�峁璦-惫补谤腻岣峣办腻, 
5. 惫补谤腻濒颈办腻, 
6. 诲谤腻惫颈岣嵞�, 
7. n膩ga惫补谤腻濒颈办腻, 
8. 肠丑腻测腻,
9. 驳补耻濒墨, 
10. 产腻丑耻濒测腻,&苍产蝉辫;
11. 腻苍诲辞濒颈迟腻, 
12. 尘补濒濒腻谤颈办腻, 
13. 肠丑腻测腻驳补耻濒墨, 
14. 办补谤峁嚹佱弓颈办腻, 
15. gaula, 
16. 尘腻濒补惫补驳补耻濒补,
17. 谤腻尘补办颈谤颈, 
18. 肠丑腻测腻r膩mak峁泃i, 
19. 谤补帽箩墨, 
20. 肠丑腻测腻sarva惫补谤腻濒颈办腻 and
21. 办补谤峁嚹佱弓补惫补峁単腻濒补. 

Singing these 谤腻驳补s in the evening brings about great prosperity. 

It is interesting to note that the same verses are found in the manuscripts of Kohala-mata [Kohalamatam]^[8] and Kohala-rahasya [Kohalarahasyam]^[9]. This could be presumed as an indication that the work of Kohala which 笔耻谤耻峁�o迟迟补尘补 Mi艣r膩 and other Orissa authors referred to and the works Kohalamata and Kohalarahasya were one and the same (or at least had the same source material). 

Also the [following] statement is of interest鈥�

啶︵ぞ啶曕�嵿し啶苦ぃ啶距い啷嵿く啶距じ啷嵿い啷� 啶曕�嬥す啶�-啶ㄠぞ啶�-啶椸�嵿ぐ啶距す啶� 啶�啶犩え啷嵿い啶�

d膩k峁�i峁嚹乼y膩stu Kohala-苍腻尘补-驳谤腻丑补峁� 辫补峁环补苍迟颈

鈥淭he Southerners attribute this to Kohala鈥�.

This would mean that the above extract was known as the work of Kohala in South India. The manuscripts of Kohalamatam and Kohalarahasyam also belong to South India. So there exists a possibility of a link between the work 碍辞丑补濒墨测补 (mentioned in the Orissa works) and the manuscripts of Kohalamatam and Kohalarahasyam. But on the other hand, the rest of Kohala鈥檚 material available in the Orissa works finds no match in the manuscripts of Kohalamatam and Kohalarahasyam and vice-versa. Therefore, no concrete theories about these works can be made out based on this solitary instance of commonality. At best, it can be considered that these works bear a link to each other.

6.2 Time theory of R膩gas (厂补峁単墨迟腻谤峁嘺惫补肠补苍诲谤颈办腻)

啶曕�嬥す啶侧ザ泥く啷�
啶班ぞ啶椸�� 啶�啶む�� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啷嬥�曕�嵿い啶�啶膏�嵿ぎ啶距き啶苦�� 啶膏ぎ啶�啶距う啶� 啶班じ啶距う啶� 啶� 啷�
啶むい啷� 啶膏ぐ啷嵿さ啶�啶ㄠ�嵿く啶ムぞ啶�啶� 啶膏�嵿く啶距う啷嵿ぐ啶距�溹�嵿�炧ぞ啶�啶距�溹�嵿�炧ぞ啶掂ざ啶距う啶苦さ 啷� 啷�.啷оエ啷� 啷�

办辞丑补濒墨测别
r膩ge yat proktamasm膩bhi岣� samay膩di ras膩di ca |
tat sarvamanyath膩pi sy膩dr膩j帽膩m膩j帽膩va艣膩diva || 2.125 ||

鈥�(厂补峁単墨迟腻谤峁嘺惫补肠补苍诲谤颈办补, p.65) 

Having spoken about the time-theory and prescription of rasas to 谤腻驳补s, 狈墨濒补办补峁囜弓丑补 quotes a verse from 碍辞丑补濒墨测补m which states that they (the 谤腻驳补s) can be performed otherwise also. In other words, he seems to indicate that adherence to these regulations is optional. This optionality has been put across in a simple way through this citation from 碍辞丑补濒墨测补m. However, the comparison of this optionality to the order of a king (r膩j帽膩m aj帽膩) is unclear.

7 笔补谤颈丑腻谤补 for not singing ragas in the prescribed time

啶�啶班た啶灌ぞ啶班ぎ啶距�� 啶曕�嬥す啶侧ザ泥く啷�
啶侧�嬥き啶距え啷嵿ぎ啷嬥す啶距�氞�嵿�� 啶�啷� 啶曕�囙�氞た啶︵�� 啶椸ぞ啶�啶ㄠ�嵿い啶� 啶� 啶掂た啶班ぞ啶椸い啶� 啷�
啶膏�佮ぐ啶膏�� 啶椸�佮�溹�嵿�溹ぐ啷� 啶むじ啷嵿く 啶︵�嬥し啶� 啶灌え啷嵿い啷�啶むた 啶曕ぅ啷嵿く啶む�� 啷� 啷�.啷ㄠク啷� 啷�

parih膩ram膩ha 办辞丑补濒墨测别
lobh膩nmoh膩cca ye kecid g膩yanti ca vi谤腻驳补ta岣� |
suras膩 gujjar墨 tasya do峁�a峁� hant墨ti kathyate || 1.299 || 

鈥�(厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺, Vol.I, p.33) 

After mentioning the time for singing the different 谤腻驳补s, 笔耻谤耻峁�o迟迟补尘补 Mi艣r膩 proceeds to explain the 诲辞峁�a蝉 which will accrue by neglecting the time theory. Then, he mentions the remedial solution in case of singing in the wrong time as found in the work 碍辞丑补濒墨测补. Here, Kohala says that the charming 骋耻箩箩补谤墨 destroys the 诲辞峁�a蝉 of those who sing the wrong 谤腻驳补s due to greed or ignorance. The same verse is also found in 厂补峁単墨迟补蝉补谤补峁噄^[10] and 厂补峁単墨迟腻谤峁嘺惫补肠补苍诲谤颈办腻^[11] but only the former acknowledges Kohala.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺: 2009: Vol. I: p.89

[2]:

狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 of Bharatamuni: 2006: Comm. on 28.31: p. 25

[3]:

Translation of terms as given by Mandakranta Bose

[4]:

ibid.: V. 2.24: p. 49

[5]:

厂补峁単墨迟补蝉补谤补峁噄: 2002: pp.79-80

[6]:

厂补峁単墨迟腻谤峁嘺惫补肠补苍诲谤颈办腻:1995: V.2.32: p.50

[7]:

厂补峁単墨迟补蝉补谤补峁噄: 2002: p.80

[8]:

Kohalamatam: ORI Tvm: Acc. No. T822: Fol.13-14

[9]:

Kohalarahasyam: GOML: Acc. No. R787: Fol. 2

[10]:

厂补峁単墨迟补蝉补谤补峁噄: 2002: p.87

[11]:

厂补峁単墨迟腻谤峁嘺惫补肠补苍诲谤颈办腻: 1995: V. 2.126: p.65