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TERRESTRIAL GEOGRAPHY I: CONTINENTS :JAMBUDVIPA, according to Shri D.P.Derasari, 26 is the region identified at present as India. Politically it was known as Bharatavarsa, while geographically it was known as Jambudvipa. But Dhanapala mostly follows the 24. Life in Ancient India as depicted in the Jain Canons, p.249. 25. Tilakamanjari,p.412(9-12). 26. Bhaugolika Kosha ,pp.161-162.

378 Jain mythology and considers it as bigger region of which 27. Bharatavarsa is but a part. Mr. S.Muzafer Ali 'equates it with Asia. In the Puranic mythology it is one of the seven continents surrounding the Meru mountain. It is supposed to be a lac Yojanas in width and encircled by 28 an equally wide Salt Ocean. 29 PUSKARADVIPA is one of the seven regions divided by seven Kula-parvatas, according to the Jain mythology. Puranic mythology refers to its area as consisting of sixty-four lacs of Yojanas and as surrounded by an equally wide salty ocean. King Nitivarman is said to have divided it into two for his two sons Ramanaka and Ghataki on account of which the two parts came to be known after 30 31 those names. Shri D.P.Derasari identifies it with a part of the middle Asian region to the north of the river Oxus and consisting of Tartar etc.. According to Mr.S.Muzafer Ali, 32 it seems to cover the Scandinavian lands, Finland, Northern European Russia, Siberia, Japan, Manchuria and the south-eastern Siberia. 27. The Geography of the Puranas, p.48. 28. Pauranika Kathakosha, p.195. 29. Tilakamanjari, p.33(10). 30. A卤dxxx 218. Pauranika Kathakosha,p.318. 31. Bhaugolika Kosha p.148. 32. The Geography of the Puranas, p.42;44. 1

379 II: OCEANS : UTTARASA-JALARASI 33 would naturally refer to 34. the Arctic Ocean, while by Daksinabdhi the reference is 35 clearly to the Indian Ocean. KSIRODA has been identified 36 by Mr.S. Muzafer Ali with the Sea of Japan. PUSKARANIRADHI might have covered the Pacific Ocean. NANDISVARODA 98.37. being mythological, has not been physically identified. BHARATA-KSETRA or BHARATAVARSA is situated to the 38 39 south of CULLA-HIMAVANTA and between the eastern and the western seas. By two large rivers Ganga and Sindhu and the VAITADHYA mountain-range it is divided into six portions. It is identified with India 'obviously extending from modern Afghanistan and the Himalayan range to Ceylon and from Gujarat-Saurashtra and the Western Ghats to Burma. The rivers Ganga and Sindhu are too wellknown to need any clarification. III : MOUNTAINS : The VAITADHYA mountain seems to be identical 33. Tilakamanjari,p.234(1) 34. ibid., p.329(19);343(3). 35. ibid., p.421(3). 36. The Geography of the Puranas, p.43. 37. Tilakamanjari, p.40(6). 38. Life in Ancient India as depicted in the Jain Canons, p.248. 39. Pauranika Kathakosha, p.361.

380 with the modern Himalayan range from the description of 40 it in the Tilakamanjari of Dhanapala Dhanapala has in a way confessed that it 41 is a Jain prototype of the Himalayas, a part of which 42 is mentioned as Himavan and Tuhinacala also.' Our poet has referred to the practice of cooking rice in hot-water 43 streams in the Vaitadhyan region. 43 One of the peaks of Vaitadhya is called CANDAGAHVARA. 45 44 VIJAYARDHA is another North Indian mountain which 46 is situated to the north of the LAUHITYA mountain, which again is situated in the eastern Himalayan region. The surface of the Lauhitya forest land is described as abo- .47 unding in cobbles and the forest as full of wild elephants. This description would fit the mountainous region of * 40. Tilakamanjari, p.239鈧�1): duradeva drsyamana subhradabhra vistaramadrstapara- tarusaritsarovaradhyam vaitakhyabhudharam ; and p.239(4ff.): usnisapatta miva jambudvipasya, manasutramiva bharatavarsasya, haramiva vaisravana haritah, tandave prasrta khandaparasubhujadannubhasmeva rekhakarena patitam purvaparodadhivelavalagnam--- | 41. ibid.,239(17) : pratipaksamiva himavatah -- 1 42. ibid., p.8(3);61(4)%; 239(11). 43. ibido, p.235(4): kvacitpandhatandulaprasthampacaih kvathanena kathyamana prakrte啶� bhirddha hano dakai rupetamh-- 1 pratigartama vartina 44. ibid., p.225 (17-18 ) : candamgabaranamni vaitakhyasikhare --- 1 p. 398 ( 2 ) : canu gahavarakhyasya vidyasiddhi sikharasya 45. ibid., p.198(16); 401(4-5). 46. ibid., p.374(21); 384(23). 47. ibid., p.184 (9) : ' kathina kakkara vyatikara kastasamcarammatimahatka- 48. ibid., p.184(12-13) : vyalabahule vanyadviradaya the -- 1

381 Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan in the Himalayas. During his conquest of the eastern direction, Bhima is said to 49 have turned to Lauhitya, after conquering the Suhma region.It, thus, seems to refer to a mountain to the north of the river Brahmaputra. Not far from the Vaitadhya mountain is situated 50 51 the famous ASTAPADA-SAI LA, also called once as Camikaracala, the peak of which is held sacred by the Jains as the First Tirthankara Rsabha attained his Nirvana and breathed his last on it. It has been identified by Dr. J.C.Jain 'with Mount Kailasa. 53 52 To the west of Astapada, and not too far from the Vaitadhya mountain, is Mount EKASRNGA, which is said to have been covered by forest(and not snow) and temples of 54. the Siddhas and surrounded by the heavenly Ganges. 'Dhanapala has referred to the abundance of peacocks, elephants 49. Mahabharata II,30,26. 50. Tilakamanjari, p.405(19-21) : vaitadhya parvatadana tiviprakrstam ---- 1 51. ibid., p. 8(16) 52. 1b 14, p. 405 (20) : nirvanasamaye krtatanutyagena bhagavata nabhi- tanayena janitamahimanam 53. Life in Ancient India as depicted in the Jain Canons, p.268. , 1 54. Tilakamanjari, p.202 (9) : pascima nastapadasailamanatidura varti vaitadhya parvatasya ...; 202 (11) sarvvata evandhakarito vanalekhabhiranumevala siddha- --- yatana mandalesu ... ; 202 (14) tridasasindhusrotasa parigatah eka- sro nama sikhari--: 243 (1).

382 55 and monkeys at this place? According to the Jain mythology, it is one of the eight Gajadanta mountains in the Purva-Videha region.50 It is also called Ekasaila. MANDARAKA is called a Durga-giri being a stiff mountain and one serving as a castle where the captured enemy 57 kings were imprisoned by King Meghavahana of Ayodhya. In the Puranic mythology it is a supporting mountain to 58. the east of Meru. In the Jain mythology it is a great mountain in the central region of Mahavideha and the seat of the Birth-coronation (Janmabhiseka) of all the Tirthankaras. In the Mahabharata it is said to be situated on the eastern part of the Gandhamadana mountain. 61 59 ARBUDA generally stands for the modern Aravalli 60 Hills and particularly to Mount Abu in the Rajasthan State. 62 VINDHYA range in the Madhya Pradesh is too wellknown to need identification. In the south, Dhanapala mentions SAHYA and MALAYA mountains, by which obviously the whole range of the 55. Tilakamanjari, p.202(21-23). 56. Tiloya-pannatti of Yati-vrishabha-Acharya, IV,2210. ri 57. PM(N),'p.18i(18-19) : parigatopanagarah sthaviyasa prakaravalayena bandikrtanama rinarendranamekamandiram mandarakhyo durgagiri 58. Pauranika Kathakosha, p. 386. 59. Tiloya-pannatti of Yati-vrishabha-Acharya, IV,1780. 60. Bhaugolika Kosha, p.190. 61. Tilakamanjari, p.5(7). 62. ibid., p.16(9); 89(6); 242(13). 63. ibid., p.242(13); 329(20). 63

383 Western Ghats facing the modern Arabian Sea; Sahya being the part adjoining the Konkan region and Malaya consisting of Travancore Hills and Cardamom mountains adjoining the Mysore and Kerala States respectively. The river Kaveri 64 seems to be the dividing line. 65 TRIKUTA, a part of Suveladri, is another name of the Lamba mountain of Lanka. According to the Jain mythology it is one of the parts of the Meru mountain. But Dhanapala's Trikuta is definitely situated in the South India. SUVELADRI is a mountain in/Lanka; while the short name 'Suvela' would refer to a Himalayan peak to the north-east of Kailasa.66 Dhanapala's Suvela mountain is definitely the one in Lahka as Gandharvaka goes to the south of Ayodhya and further to the south of Malaya in order to reach there.67 The Puranic tradition holds that MAINAKA was origi- 68. nally an offshoot of the Himalayas, but later on entered into the Southern Ocean. Dhanapala locates it in the midst 69 1 of an ocean, probably the Indian Ocean. PANCA-SAI LAKA is 64. Bhaugolika Kosha, p.171. 65. TH(N), p.24(2); 95(1); 115 (22) ; 363 (22) : daksinasa vibhusanesu trikuta malayadisu nagendresu-- 1 66. Pauranika Kathakosha, p.659. 67. Tilakamanjari,p.173(14); 224(3); 286(4). 68. ibid., p.5(9). 69. ibid., p.100(18) : amburamsijalamadhya varttina mainakam |

384 a mountain 70 rather an island in the Southern Ocean and seems to be a part of the Maldive Islands. RATNAKUTASAILA is referred to as situated on the panca-sailaka- 71 dvipa far to the west of the famous Setubandha. Bhoja mentions a Ratna-dvipa which is identified by Dr.Kalpalata 72 Munshi, as one of the islands of Java. But Dhanapala's evidence rules her conjecture out. IV: ZONES OR PROVINCES :UTTARAPATHA, mentioned once, is but a general i term signifying the North India, but Dhanapala seems to indicate collectively the north-eastern region comprising the modern Bihar, Bengal and Assam. 73 74. MAGADHA, according to Derasari, is modern Orissa 75 or rather the southern part thereof. Dr. J.C.Jain, however, identifies it with modern Bihar, which was a great 76 centre of religious activity of Mahavira! 77. KAMARUPA is identified with modern Assam. Dr. A.D. 78 Pusalkar notices that while some sources identify PRAGtake JYOTISA with Kamarupa, others/ Pragjyotiga to be 70. Tilakamanjari,p.266(12): pancasailo nama daksina sya salilaraserantaradvipah ..; 71. 鈾歜id鈥�2p.137(1ff.) : pascimena setogatvatiduram - cudalankarah panca- 343(21). sailakadvipasya L.M.M 27217142413417-1 72. cf. Shringaramanjari-katha of Bhojadeva, Intro., p.76. 73. Tilakamanjari, p.182(18-19). 74. ibid., p.267(8). 75. Bhau.k,p.165. 76. Life in Ancient India as depicted in the Jain Canons, p, 251. 77. Tilakamanjari, p. 182(15-16); Bhaukk,p. 40.. 78. Summaries of Papers pp. 197-198.

385 the name of the capital of the region named Kamarupa.The geographical sections of the Puranas uniformly include Pragjyotisa in the eastern region, whereas the Mahabharata indicates its location also in the north or north-west, and the Ramayana places it in the west. In the opinion of Dr. Pusalkar, the name Pragjyotisa was originally applied to the region in the north-west. But Dhanapala seems to distinguish between Kamarupa and Pragjyotisa; the former 79 is the name of a region, but the latter is not specified as a city. UTTARA-KURU has been mentioned as an region of the 80 semi-divine beings like the Vidyadharas. 81 AVANTI-VISAYA is Malwa in the central India. 82 SAURASTRA-MANDA LA is known today by the same name and signifies modern Kathiawad surrounded by the waters of the Arabian Sea on three sides in Western India. 83 KALINGA signifies the region to the south of modern Orissa near the Bay of Bengal. It is referred to both in the Puranic as well as in the Jain mythology. 79. Tilakamanjari, p. 182 (15) : kamarupanamna labdhavyapadesa desam .... 80. ibid., p.169(5). 81. ibid., p.279(19). 82. ibid., p.267(12). 83. ibid., p. 267(5).

84 386 VANGA is identified with Bengal by most of the western 85 86 scholars. Dr, J.C.Jain equates it particularly with eastern Bengal. According to the Mahabharata it was a region 87 to the east of Kausiki Kacchanilaya 鈥� ANGA is the region between the rivers Sarayu and Bhagirathi and consists of the modern districts of Bhagalpur and Monghyr 88 KOSALA has been referred to in passing, but Dhanapala has not distinguished between the north and the south Kosala. Most probably he meant the south Kosala with its capital 89 Ratnapur wellknown in the eleventh century. KULUTA is the region of the Bias Valley to the north- -west of the modern Kangda in Punjab; at present it is known as the Kulu Taluka of Kangda District. 90 It is interesti ing to note that Dhanapala places all these regions in the central and the southern half of the Bharatavarsa. the 91 South India is mentioned by name DAKSINAPATHA,92 84. Tilakamanjari, p.267(5). 85. Pauranika Kathakosha, p.93. 86. Life in Ancient India as depicted in the Jain Canons, p.252. 87. Pauranika Kathakosha, pp.93; 486. 88. Life in Ancient India as depicted in the Jain Canons, p.251. 89. Tilakamanjari, p.267(15); Bhaugolika Kosha ,p.60. 90. Bhaugolika Kosha , p.50. 91. Tilakamanjari, p. 268 ( 12 ) : bharata ksetra daksina rdhamadhyamakhanda vasinam mandala pattinam ... 92. *b 1d'.', p.80(14) ; 381 (8) :-- daksina bharatartha vasughosa kantham .-.-

93 387 wherein Kanci-visaya seems to cover roughly the region E comprising modern Telangana, Mysore, Krala and Madras 94 States. It is also named Dravida-mandala. 95 96. SIMHALA or LANKA is an island in the Southern Ocean. It is identified as modern Ceylon. In the Critical Edition of Kiskindha-kanda of the Valmiki-Ramayana, Dr. D.R.Mankad locates Lanka in Central India "on one of the hill-tops near Indrana" a village about eighteen miles to the north of Jabalpur and takes the extent of Sim- 97 hala-dvipa upto the Narmada in the south. Dr. A.D.Pusalkar, however, differs in view if " several facts going against placing Lanka in Central India", and concludes that " there is overwhelming evidence in favour of the traditional view equating Lanka with Ceylon, and there is no valid basis for the theory placing Lanka in Central 98 India." And Dhanapala corroborates Dr. Pusalkar in that in order to reach Kanci on the mainland Samaraketu had to 99 cross the ocean after he started from Simkala country. 93. Tilakamanjari, `p.331(15); 363(8-9). 94. ibid., p.321(15). 95. ibid., p.114 (10) ; 259 (19) : lada啶糼e va lavanasagarana krtaparivara ... 1 96. Bhaugolika Kosha , p.200. 97. Val.Ram.Kis. Intro. p.IXIII. 98. JOIB, Prof. G.H.Bhatt Memorial Vol.XV, Nos. 3-4, March-June, 1966. + 99. Tilakamanjari, p. 322 (1-2 ) : uccalita sakalanaudanda pratyahamakhanditaih pramanairlacayitva lavanajalanidhim janapadamdha katicitkramana kaci- magamam |

388 SUVARNA-DVIPA 100is, according to the Jain tradition, one of the thirty-two Dvipas in the ocean on the outskirts 101 of the Mandara mountain. In the Shringaramanjari-katha of Bhojadeva Bhoja mentions this island which is identified with Sumatra by Dr. Kalpalata 102 Munshi. As has been noticed by Dr. R.C.Majumdar, Al* -Biruni (1030 A.D.) tells us that "eastern islands in this (i.e. Indian) Ocean, which are nearer to China than to India, are the islands of Zabaj called by the Hindus Suvarna-dvipa, i.e. the gold islands because you obtain much gold as deposit if you wash only a little of the earth of that country". This common geographical name Suvarna-dvipa roughly denotes the Sailendra empire, which continued to be a powerful and extensive one throughout 103 the ninth and the tenth centuries. V: RIVERS :Among the rivers, all the three forms of GANGA, viz., the heavenly, the earthly and the nether-worldly are mentioned; the earthly one being called 'Jahnavi' origi- 104. nating at the Himalayas. KALINDI is of course the famous Yamuna. SARAYU is the one flowing by the famous 100. Tilakamanjari, p.127(1). 101. Tiloya-pannatti of Yati-vrishabha-Acharya, V,24. 102. Shringaramanjari-katha of Bhojadeva, Intro., p.76. 103. The Age of Imperial Kanauj, pp.412-414. 104. Tilakamanjari, p.24(8); 242(14); 239(8); 239(14); 154(10).

389 city of Ayodhya. BHOGAVATI is referred to as a name of a 105 river in which golden lotuses grew. According to the Amara-kosa, the reading is 'Bhogavati' and it is the name 106 of a river and also of a city of the Nagas. Trikanda- sesa-kosa also spells the word as'Bhogavati' ( not Bhogavati) but notices it in the sense of the name of a city of the Nagas. .107 Hemacandra lists the word in this sense only, but with the reading 'Bhogavati' though he himself has listed it in the sense of both a city and a river, 108 with the reading 'Bhogavati', in his Anekartha-sangraga 110 109 ! SARAVATI is a river near the Mandaraka mountain. VI: LAKES :Dhanapala has referred to a few lakes also. PADMA is situated on the which is called a 'Kuladri-culahrada' 1114 top of the Himalayas.112 The lake PUSKARA might be the one wellknown in Rajasthan. MANASA-SARA 114 113. is situated on the Himalayas. ADRSTAPARA is located by Dhanapala on the top of Mount Ekasriga. 105. Tilakamanjari, p. 214 (13ff . ) : bhogavati satakumbhambhoja vanarajorasim | 106. Amarakosha, III,111, 70: nadinaga ryo jagana bhogavati --- 1 107. Trikanda-shesha-kosa of Purusottama, I, X, 8: puri bhogavati caisam bhoginyo naga kanyakah | 108. Abhidhana-cintamani of Hemachandra, IV,373: nagah punah kadra veyah tesam bhogavati puri | 109. Anekartha-samgraha of Hemachandra, IV, 128 : bhogavati cam sarpanam nagare saridantare | 110. Tilakamanjari, p.181(20). 111. ibid, p. 421 (2) : padmadisu kuladri cula hadesu - . -1 112. ibid., p. 169 (22) : himagirisikharasadmatah padma maha hrdasya--- 1 113. ibid., p.168(21). /114. ibid., p.202(16ff.);205(3); 383(7). -

390 VII: CITIES :Dhanapala has mentioned a few mythological cities known in the Jainistic tradition. GAGANAVALLABHA is one of the sixty Vidyadhara cities on the northern 115. slope of the Vijayardha mountain. RATHANUPURACAKRAVALA is, similarly, one of the sixty Vidyadhara cities on the southern slope of the Vijayardha mountain in the Jain 116 mythology. VICITRAVIRYANAGARA is the capital of the Vidyadhara Emperor Vicitravirya and is located on Mount 117 Trikuta of the Suvela mountain in the Indian Ocean. VAIJAYANTI is also one of the sixty Vidyadhara sities on the southern slope of the Vijayardha mountain and it is 118. also called 'Vaijayanta' in the Tiloyapannatti. was In the Puranic mythology it the name of a city of King Timidhvaja and was situated in the Dandaka forest in South 119. India. RATIVISALA is a celestial city situated in the Nandisvara-dvipa.120 Of the Indian cities, AYODHYA alias SAKETA, was, according to Puranic mythology, a city built by Vaivasvata Manu. It was the capital of Kosala region and invariably 115. Tiloya-pannatti of Yati-vrishabha-Acharya, IV, 114;Tilakamanjari, p.401(4ff.);236(13ff.) 116. Tiloya-pannatti of Yati-vrishabha-Acharya, IV,114; Mahapurana of Jinasena, 19,32%; Tilakamanjari, p.366616ff.) 117. Tilakamanjari, p.171(13ff.); 223(17). 118. Tiloya-pannatti of Yati-vrishabha-Acharya, IV,114; Tilakamanjari,p.171(3). 119. Pauranika Kathakosha, p.538. 120. Tilakamanjari, p.40(20).

121 391 connected with the kings Dasaratha and Rama of the Iksvaku line. After Rama it was deserted for a long time. Later on King Rsabha of the Solar dynasty renovated it. It had an honoured place as the capital of the Uttara-kosala country in the Puranic Buddhists and Jain literature. Historically it was the pivot of political activities during the Sunga period. According to the Jain mythology, it was built by Indra as the capital of the Gandhila-ksetra where the First Tirthankara Rsabha was born. It was the birth-place of the second Tirthankara Ajita, the fourth Tirthankara Abhinanda, the fifth Tirthankara Sumati and the fourteenth Tirthankara Ananta. Dhanapala refers to it as built by Prajapati and as the ancestral capital city of the kings 122. like Raghuvamsha of Kalidasa, Dilipa, Dasaratha and others. Parsvanatha and Mahavira, the last two Tirthankaras, visited it. 123 According to the Tiloyapannatti, SAKETA, the birth-place of Ajita, was different from Ayodhya, But Dhanapala regards 'Ayodhya' and 'Saketa' to be identical in so far as he 'Saketa-nrpati' 125 124 qualifies King Meghavahana of Ayodhya as 121. Anekanta (A Hindi Journal), Delhi Vol. XVII, No.2, June, 1964,pp.78-81. 122. Tilakamanjari, p.7(20); p.27(17ff.); 123. LAIJS, p.252.. 124. Tiloya-pannatti of Yati-vrishabha-Acharya, IV,526,;527;2300. 125. Tilakamanjari, p.412(15). also.

392 Shri R.B." Pandey agrees with the contention of Rhys Davids that Ayodhya and Saketa were almost two parts of one. city and conjoined like London and Westminster; Ayodhya being the first capital of Kosala and Saketa being the 126 next one in point of time. A popular verse lists Ayodhya among the seven cities, the residence at which enables one 127 to attain emancipation. KUSUMAPURA was the capital city of King Suraketu 128 of Magadha. The author of the marginal notes in the P Ms. regards it as another name of Pataliputra. Shri K.K. 129 Handiqui is also of the same opinion. 130 KUSASTHALA was another name of the city of Kanauja, according to Hemacandra. Dhanapala locates it in the Pancala region. 131 It is different from 'Kusasthali' which, according to Harivansa, was another name of the city on the foundation of which Sri-krsna founded Dvaraka. It is also different from 'Kusasthali' which, according to the Skanda- 132 purana, was another name of Ujjayini. 126. Journal of the Asiatic Society Bombay (New Series), Vol.XXXVI-XXXVII, 1961-62,pp.42-47. 127. ayodhya mathura maya kasi kanci vyavanti ka| puri dvaravati caiva 12412-41324 12191-44 + saptaitah moksadayikah || 128. Tilakamanjari, p.298(8). 129. YTIAC, p.514(b). 130. Abhidhana-cintamani of Hemachandra, IV,40: kanyamkubjam gadhipuram kausa kusasthala ca tat guo 132. Tilakamanjari, p.266(21ff.) 132. Bhaugolika Kosha , p.51. a MFLI

393 KUNDINAPURA was a city in the Vidarbha region. It was situated to the south of Varora in the modern Canda District, and about sixty-five kilometres to the east of 133 modern Amaravati. MANIPURA was the capital city of Citravahana, where 134 Babhruvahana, the son of Arjuna, ruled. It was situated in the Kalinga region, and is identified by Oppert with Manaluru near Madura; according to Rhice it is the same 135. as Ratanpur in the central India. But, according to Dhanapala, it was a city rather a port on the Suvarnadvipa. 136 137 KANCI is known at present by the name Conjeevaram near Madras in South India. During the tenth century it was an important centre of great power under the early Cola rulers. It is also listed among the 'moksa-dayika' cities. RANGASALA was the capital city of Candraketu, the 138 king of the Sinhala country. LANKA is also referred to as the city of that name 139 on Mount Trikuta. 133. Tilakamanjari, p.82(8); Bhaugolika Kosha , p.51. 134. Pauranika Kathakosha, p.382. 135. Bhaukk., p.166. 136. Tilakamanjari, p.128(1): suvarnadvipe manipurabhidhana nagara 137. ibid., p.224(5). 138, ibid., p.114(10ff.); 127(10). 139. ibid., p.24(22).

394 VIII: MISCELLANEOUS PLACE-NAMES :- (a) GARDENS:KUSUMAKARA is the name of a public garden 140 adjoining the royal palace-garden of King Kusumasekhara of Kanci. A temple of Cupid was built in it, and the people of the city used to gather there on the Madanatrayodasi day for the public festival. MATTAKOKILA is the name of another public park on the outskirts of the city of Ayodhya and located on In this garden also the bank of the river Sarayu. 141 there was a temple of Cupid and the citizens of Ayodhya used to go there and entertain themselves with artistic and literary pastimes. 142 MANORAMA is the name of an extensive private park situated on the top of Mount Ekasraga. It was raised by the goddess Priyangusundari.In it was built a series of Jain sub-temples with the principal temple Of Lord Rsabha in the centre. The garden was meant to serve the purpose of a hermitage for her. Dhanapala has also mentioned, in passing, the famous 143 heavenly garden called NANDANA. 140. Tilakamanjari,p.298(8); 322(19拢f.) 141. ibid., p.105(15ff.). 142. ibid., p.408(7ff.). 143. ibid.,p.421(2).

395 (b) HERMITAGE:PRASANTAVAIRA or VISRANTAVAIRA is the name of a hermitage of Sage Kasyapa and was meant for the Vaikhanasas. It was situated in the forest on the shore of the Southern Ocean. 144 (c) HOLY PLACES and TEMPLES:- SAKRAVATARA-TIRTHA is the name of a holy Jain temple of Lord Rsabha situated in the public park on the outskirts of Ayodhya. 145 Another temple of Lord Rsabha at Manorama garden on Mount Ekasriga is not given any name. A third temple, of Lord Mahavira, on Mount Ratnakuta on the Suvela range on South Indian Ocean, has also been given no specific name. Similar is the case with a MAKARADHVAJAYATANA each at the Mattakokila garden of Ayodhya and at the Kusumakara garden at Kanci. A passing reference is made to the temples of Bhava and Bhavani. 146 Dhanapala has also mentioned Ganga as a holy place of pilgrimage. k AA x UIQ I DA I*Bhandarkar鈥榮 Report on the Search of Sanskrit Manuscripts 5QIRIQ搂A- 145. Tilakamanjari, p.35(15ff.).路 146. ibid., p.8(12).'

396 (d) SUICIDAL PRECIPICE: SAMHARA is the name of a wish-fulfilling rock hanging on a precipice of the Candagahvara peak of the 147. Vijayardha mountain. 'People used to fall from it in order to get rid of the burdensome and painful life and with the hope of better prospects in future births. (e) MILITARY CAMP:JAYASKANDHAVARA is the name of the military camp 148 of Prince Harivahana on the Lauhitya mountain. (f) PALACE:- 149 we BHADRASA LA is the name of the palace of King Meghavahana of Ayodhya. No special names are given to the palaces of Kusumasekhara, Candraketu and Tilakanmanjari. (g) BRIDGE:SETUBANDHA is the name of the famous bridge over the Indian Ocean built by Rama to transport his army to Lanka and fight with Ravana, cha wei - *** ** * 147. Tilakamanjari, p. 415 (22) : sarvakamikam vijayardhaparvatasya prapata sikharam 398(211.): candagharajya vidhasiddhi sikharasya ksudhita kalaratri kuddhi- kuhara karala kandarah samharo nama sarvakamikah prapatasanu +; 397(13拢拢.): abhilasitartha sadhaka tirtham--- 1 148. ibid.,384(23). / 149 藲ibid.,p.23(9ff.).