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48. A Rare Manuscript of Janardana Mahodaya by Raghunatha Ganesa Navahasta, Friend of Saint Ramadasa Between A. D. 1640 & 1682 * Raghunatha Ganesa Navahasta, a friend of Saint Ramadasa of Maharastra, flourished between A. D. 1640 and 1712 as I have proved elsewhere.' He mentions a work called " janardanamahodaya " as his own work in the list of his works recorded by him in his Narakavarnana in Marathi, composed under the patronage of queen Dipabai of Tanjore. I was under the impression that the janardana - janardanamahodaya " was probably a misreading for title HT" which is the name of a work recorded by Aufrecht.³ Secondly Raghunatha composed a work called dharmamrtamahodadhi " 66 66 " which he mentions in his list of works referred to above. Since expressing this view my friend Pandit Raghunatha Shastri Patankar of Rajapur has sent to me his own article on Raghunatha Ganesa Navahasta published by him in 1931 in a Marathi journal (now stopped) together with an actual MS of w the property of the Sanskrit Pathasala at Rajapur. This MS has been briefly described by Pandit Raghunatha Shastri in his Marathi article under reference but for the benefit of the students of the history of Sanskrit literature I must present a critical analysis of it, especially because the work is unknown to Aufrecht's Catalogus Catalogorum. I am thankful to Pt. Patankar for sending me the MS of and also for drawing my attention to his article referred to above. = JM) belongs to the This MS of Janardana-mahodaya ( collection of MSS acquired by the above Pathashala from Pandit * Journal of S. V. Oriental Institute, Tirupati, Vol. V, No. 2, pp. 51-68. 1. Vide Bombay University Journal Vol. X, Part 2 (Sept. 1941), pp. 132-140. 2. Ibid, p. 133. 3. CC III, p. 43. 4. Vividha-jnana-vistara (Vol. 62)-August-Sept. 1931, pp. 330- 342. (416)

The Balakrsna Laksmana Mainkar Shastri, the guru of Pt. Patankar. The work is divided into several chapters called Utkalikas. MS consists of 223 folios, 1 28 lines to a page and 45 letters to a line. It begins as follows :- " sriganesaya namah || svetadvipe jalajajanuse taramaraddadantam svecchasaktya jaladhisutaya samtatam sevitamghri (m ) | yoge rudhairapi sukamukhairantararadhyamanam manairgamyam mama bhavatu tadbrahma narayanakhyam || 1 || mayeti saktiriti meti ca citkaleti vidyetyumeti samudancati yasparesu | vacamagocarataya kimapiha vedyam narayanorasi krtasrayamasrayami || 2 || manah samavedanadhikatanu na tanum manyase katham nu sutanu sakhe sadayametadakarnyatam | anantasukhasampadam padamadah samaradhyatam guroh padamadambhanityanudinam tavaisomjalih || 3 || mayi vastu kimapyastu taranaya trayimayam | pasavo'pi vinayasamasanyatrapavarginah || 4 || bhuyo bhuyah sadayahrdayanarthavaryan pranamya prayo baddhamjalirapi punah prarthaye prarthaniyam | naitryadvimalamanasa'veksya samsodhaniyam ksamtavyam me visadamatibhih sahasam gramtharupam || 5 || vilokya vividhagamanapi vicintya tattatsmrtih purananikaran matanyapi vibhajya bhurinyatha | svadesikakaram sirasyapi nidhaya kurve'dhuna janardanamahodayam karavilagnamoksodayam || 6 || 1. The MS is divided into 3 sections separately and containing folios as under :Section I - 21 folios 8.I.L.H.-27 II - 73 " " III-129 " 99 Total 223

HISTORY. yadyapi satasah praudhah santyevovyam nibandhasandarbhah | janayatu vidusam tosam prthuka iva ( sya ? )lpajalpanadesah || 7 || asminkalimalakaluse kale nalambanaya vedantah | napi ca yajnadyanisam bhagavadbhaktim vina patatah || 8 || uktam ca paramagurucaranaih " etc. The first chapter of the work ends on folio 21 :- " avaditthamanantena sistestajanatustaye | pratahkrtyadyanusthanam tena tusyatu matprabhuh anamtapadacimtanadhigatacetanacamkrama- kramahitapariskrtau ca raghunathavidvatkrtau || janardanamahodaye sakalatamtra simdhudaye prabhatasamayarcanavadhividherabhutsamgrahah | srirastu || subhamastu || iti prathamotkalika || 6 || Works and authors referred to in the first chapter (folios 1-21 ) are :- paramagurucaranaih (fol. 1, 5 ) visnupurane (fol. 1 ) naradah ( fol. 2) visnurahasye (fol. 3, 6 pamcaratre ) garude (fol. 3) visnudharme (fol. 3, 13 ) skamde (fol. 4, 13 ) yogavasisthe (fol. 4 ) padmapurane (fol. 4 ) naradiye (fol. 4 ) nrsimhapurane (fol. 4, 13 ) yajnavalkyasmrtau (fol. 4 ) taittiriyopanisadadisrutisu ( fol. 4) puranasare (fol. 5) kaumem (fol. 5 ) baudhayana (fol. 5, 14 ) camdrodraye (fol. 5) asvalayanokteh (fol. 5, 11 ) mahabharate (fol. 5 ) itihasasamuccaye (fo 1. 5 ) bhagavadgitasu (fol. 5 ) bhagavate (fol. 6, 8, 9, 11 ( gajemdra- vamanakalpe (fol. 6 ) moksanam ) ramamantraprayoge (fol. 7 ) cf. fol. 42- 52 of section III of the Ms, which deal with Ramamantras ayurvede (fol. 12 ) mitaksarayam (fol. 12 ) gargah (fol. 12) 1. This is obviously a reference to anantadeva, the author of smrti- kaustubha .

jabalih (fol. 15 ) markamdeya (fol. 15 ) yogayajnavalkyah (fol. 15 ) A RARE MANUSCRIPT OF JANARDANA-MAHODAYA laksmana bhattiye (fol. 17 ) camdrikayam, (fol. 18 ) brahmapurane (fol. 18 ) 419 samgrahe (fol. 15) parijate samgrahe (fol. 18 ) mantradeva prakasikayam (fol. 15 ) brahmamde (fol. 19 ) bhattojidiksitah (fol. 19) (A.D. 1560- prayogaparijate (fol. 19 ) [1620 gautamiye (fol. 16 ) nilatamtre (fol. 16 ) padme (fol. 16 ) gobhilah (fol. 16 ) parasarena (fol. 16 ) bhrguh (fol. 16 ) devalah (fol. 17) jatukarnyah (fol. 17 ) The next chapter begins - bhavisyatpurane (fol. 19 ) ratnavalyam (fol. 19 ) prapamcasarasamgrahe (fol. 19 ) purascaranacamdrikayam (fol. 20) tripurarnave (fol. 21 ) tamtrarajavacanat (fol. 21 ) Folio 1 " sriganesaya namah || sucih sucipadam smarannaharahah suci tarpayan sucamayahatau hitah prayatacetasyacimtitah | giramadhipate gururgunaganairaganyah prabhuh prabhutasukrtanmayi prabhavatatprabhutodayah || 1 || smrtva nathapadambhojam krtva purvangasamgr (gra ) ham | vidusa raghunathena pujavidhirathocyate || 2 || " The chapter ends on folio 73 :- " avadityamanantena sistestajanatustaye | samanya pujanavidhistena tusyatumapatih || srirastu || anantapadacintanavigata cetanacakrama- kramahitapariskrtau ca raghunathavidvatkrtau | janardana mahodaye sakalatantra sindhudaye bhavadbhagavadarcana vidhisamuhasatsangrahah || 6 || sriramasatya || cha || sloka 2800 || cha || " References to works and authors in this chapter are :- kalikapurane, acamanavidhimahodadhau, gautamiye, malinitantre, sampradayikah, tantrasare, vrddhasankhah, markandeyah, bhrguh, kausikah, baudhayanah, brahmandapurane, nandikesvara- samhitayam, vidyanandiye, mantramuktavalyam, mahodadhau, uttaratantre, svatantre , kumari kaksape,

saradokta, agastisamhitayam mantradevaprakasika, pancaratre, saradayam, nibandhe, nara- diye, mundamalayam, sivagitayam, svatantre, ramarcanacandrikayam, kramadipikayam, tantra- rnave, skande, pancasarasamgrahe, garude, mantramahodadhau ( A. D. 1589 ), kalikrame, visuddhesvare, prapancasarasamgrahe, jnanarnave, pancaratre naradah, saradatilakat, nrsimhathakku- radayah, tantrakrt, raghava bhattiye ( fol. 21 ), vidyanandanathiye, visnudharme, prahlada- samhitayam, visnudharmottare, varahe, kurmem, brahmavaivartta, brahmapurane, bhargavarcana dipikaya ( 41 ), bhagavate, hayasirsapancaratre, ramakalpe, rudrayamale, tantraraje, daksinamurtisamhi- tayam, ratnasagare, kulasagare, svachandabhairave, kaulavaliye, bhargavarcanacandrikarya ( 44 ), tavanandataranginyam, vaisnava gautamiye, navaratnesvare, nibandhavacanat prapancasagara- sangrahe, smrtyarthasare, candrodaye, prayogasare, vijnanamalayam, saradatikayam vaisnava- tantresu, nrsimhapurane, bhagavate, jnanamalayam, matsye, bopadeviye, vamane, devipurane, yamale, rudrayamalokta, saktiyamalokta, raghavabhattah, mulagame, rayakalpe, bahuvrcaparisiste, visnurahasye, tatvasagarasamhitayam, kapilapancaratre, visnupurane, etc. The next chapter of the work begins on folio 1:- " sriganesaya namah || naravanantapadadvandvamanantasukrtaspadam | anantapadalabhaya krsnanantamupasmahe || atha vaksye mahamantranvisnoh sarvarthasadhakan | yasya samsmaranatsanto bhavandheh tatradau narayanamantrah etc. " paramagatah || References :- acaryah sruteh, mahabharate, nrsimhapurane, kramadipikayam, tikakrtah, tantrasare, mahodadhau, murtirahasye, saradayam, gautamiyatantra, kalikapurane, narayanakavaca, bhagavate, visnustotra, mahabharatokta, sahasranamastotra, atharvane, taitti- riye, mantradevaprakasika, narayanastaksaravidhanam, atmavodhopanisadi, skamde . Folio 16 - "iti srimadanantadeviyavidvadraghunathakrtau janardanamano ( ho ) daye narayanamantrakathanam || saradayam mantradevaprakasika, kalikapurane, tikayam, saradokteh, mahabharate, harivamse visnupurane, itihasasamuccaye . Folio 21 - " vasudeva mantraprakaranam || 'srimadananta deviyavidvadraghunathaviracite janardanamano ( ho ) daye kalikapurane, saradayam . " Folio 23 - " vamana mantraprakaranam || - " ' iti srimadanantadeviyavidvadraghunathakrtau janardanamahodaye saradayam samhitayam, ramarcanacandrikayam tapiniyopanisad, candrikayam, ramakavaca, ramaraksa, padmapuranokta, sahasranamastotra, ramacandrasya astottarasatanamastavah, uttaratapiniyokta stutih, ramavallabhastava ."

Folio 42 - " athatah sampravaksyami nanayantradi mantrinam | nanarthadani ramasya nanakalpagamatprthak || " 421 pancaratre, brahmasamhitayam, ramamantrabhedah, ramarcanacandrika, ramavallabhamantra, sita- mantra, laksmanamantra, ramacandramahima, adhikarinirnaya . " Folio 52-"6 iti srimadanantadevanugrhitaraghunathavidvaskrtau janardanamaho- daye raghunathamantraprakaranam || " krsnamantra, nibandhe, sanatkumarakalpe, balagopalamantrah, mantracudamani, mahodadhi- matam prapancasarasamgrahe, sundarigopalamantrah, mantrajapa mahima mahabharate, sahasranamabhasye . " , Folio 72 - " ityanantadeviyavidvadraghunathakrtau janardanamahodaye krsnamantra- prakaranam || " - venkatesa mantrah, purusottamamantrah, varahamantrah, salagramamantrah, narasimhamantrah, tapiniyoktamantrarajayantra, nrsimhakavaca, brahmandapurane, laksminrsimhastotra, nrsimhapurane, nrsimhasahasranamastotram, sridharamantrah . Folio 94 - " prakaranam || " - iti srimadvidvadraghunathakrtau janardanamahodaye visnumantra namatrayamantrah, saradayam, mahalaksmimantrah, siddhalaksmimantrah, mahalaksmikavaca- stotra, padmapurane karavirakande 'karaviramahatmye, sanatkumaraproktam srimahalaksmi - ' divyasahastranamastotram (fol. 112 ), mahasudarsanamantra, kartaviryakavaca . Folio 125 - " iti janardanamahodaya kartaviryamantra prakaranam || hanumanmantrah (folios 125-129 )." The MS ends on folio 129 as follows :- astagamdhairlikhedrupam kapirajasya sundaram | tanmadhyestadasarnam tu satrunamayatam likhet || tena mantrabhijaptena sirovrdhena bhumipah | jayatpari ...... || 1. The B.B.R.A. Society contains 2 MSS of karaviramahatmya, one of which contains the text with the comm. sanabhi by jyotirvidraya daji (Vide pp. 277-278 of Velankar's Catalogue of B. B. R. A. S. MSS). There are two MSS of this text in the Govt. MSS Library but they are late copies prepared in Saka 1789 = A. D. 1867. This mahatmya is ascribed to Vedavyasa. It describes the holy places of Kolhapur. 66 2. Vide my paper in the B. I. S. Mandala Quarterly, Poona, (Vol. XXIII pp. 17-25) 1942 on The Antiquity of Some Iconographic verses about the Mahalaksmi of Kolhapur etc.' "

The MS is incomplete and we have no means of knowing the number of chapters it contained originally. The foregoing analysis of the available sections of the MS before us gives us the following particulars about the work and its author :- (1) The title of the work is as stated in the several co lophons recorded in the work. This title exactly tallies with that mentioned by the author in his list of self-composed works found in the Marathi work narakavarnana . ( 2 ) The author of the work JM is raghunatha, pupil of anamtadeva, the great writer on dharmasastra who composed other works in the middle of the 17 th century. and (3) In addition to the identity of the name c, the author of the JM, and his guru's name c as also the identity of the name of the work viz. c which he claims as his own work we find close parallelism of expression in the introductory and closing verses of the janardanamahodaya and prayascitta kutuhala which read as follows:The section on adhanaprayascitta ends :- avaditthamanantena guruna karunandhina | acaragocaram prayascittam tatra nirupitam || Compare JM:- " avaditthamanantena sistestajanatustaye | pratah krtyadyanustanam tena tusyatu matprabhuh || " Compare again prayascitta kutuhala (ending verse):- " avaditthamanantena sistestajanatustaye | prayascittavidhihaubhya samsamksepodhirudhatah || " (4) Irrespective of the above proofs regarding the identity of authorship we can say that the work JM represented by the big fragment before us was composed later than c. A. D. 1630 as it refers to Era (on folio 19 of the first Chapter). I have proved elsewhere that Bhattoji Diksita flourished between A. D. 1560 and 1620 and consequently the reference to Bhattoji in the JM clearly proves that the JM is later than a. A. D. 1630. Raghunatha Ganesa Navahasta, the author of several works in Sanskrit and Marathi flourished between A. D. 1640 and 1712 or so.

(5) As the title indicates and as the contents of its fragment before us prove the JM is a sort of manual of Vaisnavite ritual and worship. In the 3 rd section of the MS we find some matter on the worship of rama and hanuman . The material for Rama worship is introduced by our author with the following verse on follio 42:- 66 'athatah sampravaksyami nanayantrani mantrinam | nanarthadani ramasya nanakalpagamat prthak || " Then again the incomplete material in this section about (folios 125 -129) is also important in view of the life-long devotion of Saint Ramadasa for Rama and Hanuman. I have proved in a special paper the contact of our author with Saint Ramadasa between A. D. 1648 and 1682, the year of Saint Ramadasa's death. (6) Students of Saint Ramadasa's literary biography should investigate the influence exercised by this learned Sanskrit Pandit, the author of the JM, on Ramadasa's writings and teachings say between A. D. 1648 and 1682. In a complete edition' of Ramadasa's works we find the following sections:- " (1) (Pages 494-593). (2)(p. 388) dealing with the manner in which the Ramanavami festival should be celebrated. (3) (p. 631) or a prayer to God Maruti or Hanuman. (4)(pp. 593-605). These Slokas are very popular in Maharastra as they contain spiritual advice saturated with devotion to Rama. (5) (pp. 605-608). Stanzas emphasizing the value of rama nama . " (7) In Ramadasa's letter² dated A. D. 1674 to Raghunatha, the author of the JM and other works, Ramadasa calls Raghunatha sarvajna " or all-knowing" and further shows his extreme confidence in Raghunatha by identifying himself with his learned friend (" "). We have, there- 1.Rub. by G. G. Gondhlekar, Bharata-Bhushan Press, Poona, 1906. 2. Vide Jour. of Tanjore S. M. Library, Vol. III, No. 1 (1943), p. 4 of my paper on Raghunatha.

fore, reason to believe that the constant presence of such an intimate pandit by the side of this illustrious Saint of Maharastra must have wielded considerable influence on Ramadasa's writings. At any rate the material regarding H and worship in the fragment of the JM before us leads me to infer that it is a connecting link between the author of the JM and his saintly friend Ramadasa. If this suggestion is accepted the date of composition of the JM may be taken to be earlier than A. D. 1682, the year of Ramadasa's death. (8) The material incorporated in the JM about the goddess mahalaksmi of karavira or Kolhapur is also important. Raghunatha was a Karhada Brahmin of the surname navahasta (or navathe ) of Vasistha Gotra as I have shown already.' The goddess HEIT of Kolhapur is the family deity of the Karhada Brahmins in Maharastra. This fact explains why Raghunatha has thought fit to incorporate in his JM the material about the goddess mahalaksmi of karavira or Kolhapur. (9) M. M. Prof. P. V. Kane does not mention the JM in his History of Dharmasastra² though he mentions other works of Raghunatha and deals with the works of his guru a in a special Section (No. 109) and assigns his literary activity to the "third quarter of the 17 th Century" i. e., between A. D. 1650 and 1675. This period³ is consistent with the chronology of his pupil Raghunatha, the author of the JM represented by the big fragment of MS analysed by me in this paper. I now close this paper with a request to scholars in Maharastra and outside that they should try to trace a complet: MS of he Janardana-mahodaya of Raghunatha Ganesa Navahasta. 1. Ibid p. 12. 2. Vol. I, 1930 (B. O. R. Institute, Poona), pp. 447-455. 3. Ibid p. 455.