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In this region situated in the middle of the above said four regions. In the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉, Epics, 惭补苍耻蝉尘峁泃颈 and 碍腻尘补蝉奴迟谤补 also speak about this region and all ancient geographers also approved it. In the K膩vyam墨m膩峁僺膩, 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补 says that he is not much try to delineate a detailed description of the country, river and mountain of this region since they are very much popular. In the 膧谤测腻惫补谤迟迟补 refer by 叠补耻诲丑腻测补苍补鈥檚 顿丑补谤尘补蝉奴迟谤补 and the 惭补诲丑测补-诲别艣补 of 惭补苍耻蝉尘峁泃颈 described as 础苍迟补谤惫别诲墨 by 驰腻测腻惫补谤墨测补 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补. In this region is extends up to 叠别苍腻谤补蝉补 in the eastern side.

Ancient 膧肠腻谤测补 state that the division of direction should be based on 础苍迟补谤惫别诲墨.

C.f.

鈥�vina艣anapray膩gayorga峁単膩yamunayo艣c膩ntaramantarved墨 (di) |
tadapok峁�ay膩 di艣o vibhajota鈥� ity膩c膩ry膩岣� |

- K膩vyam墨m膩峁僺膩 of 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补: Ch-XVII, Pp- 94

But 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补 says that, in 础苍迟补谤惫别诲墨, this is based on Mahodaya (or Kanauja), should be used for division of direction.

C.f.

鈥�迟补迟谤腻辫颈 尘补丑辞诲补测补峁� 尘奴濒补尘补惫补诲丑墨办峁泃测补鈥涟迟颈 测腻测腻惫补谤墨测补岣� |

- K膩vyam墨m膩峁僺膩 of 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补: Ch-XVII, Pp- 94

There the some people state that the division of direction is not stable due to the uncertainly of the quarters.

I.e.

鈥�aniyatatv膩ddi艣膩mani艣cito dig惫颈产丑腻驳补岣モ�� ityeka |

- K膩vyam墨m膩峁僺膩 of 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补: Ch-XVII, Pp- 94

There other people holds that the four division of direction i.e.

1. 笔谤腻肠墨,
2. 础惫腻肠墨,
3. 笔谤补迟墨肠墨 and
4. 鲍诲墨肠墨.

But some others state the division of eighteen as:

1. 础颈苍诲谤墨,
2. 膧驳苍别测墨,
3. 驰腻尘测补,
4. 惭补颈峁涐箾迟颈,
5. 痴腻谤耻峁嚹�,
6. 痴腻测补惫测补,
7. 碍补惫产别谤墨 and
8. 础颈艣补苍墨.

C.f.

鈥�pr膩cyav膩c墨prat墨cyud墨cya岣� catasro 诲颈艣补岣�鈥� ityeke |

- K膩vyam墨m膩峁僺膩 of 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补: Ch-XVII, Pp- 94

And,

鈥�aindr墨, 膩rre y墨, y膩m膩y膩, nar峁� t墨, v膩ru峁嚹�, 惫腻测补惫测腻, kaubor墨, 补颈艣腻苍墨 c膩峁ａ弓au 诲颈艣补岣モ�� ityeke |

- K膩vyam墨m膩峁僺膩 of 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补: Ch-XVII, Pp- 95

Therefore, with them adding two more 叠谤腻丑尘墨 and 狈腻驳墨测补, some posit it as ten.

C.f.

鈥�br膩hm墨 n膩gar墨y膩 ca dve | t膩bhy膩峁� saha dai艣at膩岣モ�� ityapare |

- K膩vyam墨m膩峁僺膩 of 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补: Ch-XVII, Pp- 95

Then 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补 agree about all these views and say that whether they are four, eight or ten, there remains no difference. Because the number of direction is within the control of the kavi (poet).

C.f.

鈥�sarvamastu, vivak峁Ｄ乸aratantr膩 hi di艣imiyatt膩鈥�

- K膩vyam墨m膩峁僺膩 of 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补: Ch-XVII, Pp- 95

The direction between the two star 颁颈迟谤腻 and 厂惫腻迟墨 constellations is east and in front of it is west. North and south are determined on the basis of the pole star. 叠谤补丑尘墨 is upwards and 狈腻驳墨测补 is downwards, thus the directions are determined.

Then 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补 gives the description of colour of people residing in the different regions, which are also helpful to the poet. The colour of people living in east is 艣测腻尘补 (glossy-blackish) and the people of southern regions are 办峁涐梗峁嘺 (dark). Western regions peoples are 辫腻峁囜笉耻 (yellowish white) and the people residing in the north are Gaura (white). Beside those the people of Madhya-诲别艣补 (central region) are a mixture of 办峁涐梗峁嘺 (dark), 蝉丑测腻尘 (black) and Gaura (white) colours. 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补鈥檚 this type of division of colour is generally accepted by most of the kavi (poets).

[搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补鈥檚 concepts on regional distribution of complexions鈥擥aura (fair); P膩峁囜笉u (fair); Gaura 艣测腻尘补 and 办峁涐梗峁嘺 (fair, light-dark and dark); 艢y膩ma (light-dark); K峁涐梗峁嘺 (dark)]

In this way we can seems that the geographical concepts of 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补 takes resemblance by the earlier text 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉. In the regard of geographical concepts, 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补 has mostly utilized the 痴腻测耻辫耻谤腻峁嘺蝉. However, sometimes 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 mentions the east but the K膩vyam墨m膩峁僺膩 mentions this as west. Thus there we found some doubts and dispute on the place of different regions which are refers in the K膩vyam墨m膩峁僺膩

In the eighteen chapter of 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补鈥檚 K膩vyam墨m膩峁僺膩 deals with the 办腻濒补-惫颈产丑腻驳补 (divisions of season) as a part of poetics. In a literary composition 办腻濒补 or seasons have a great prominence since the time of Vedas. In the 峁欢惫别诲补 Veda we found that the performer of sacrifice of 鈥�峁歵惫颈驳鈥� means the one who sacrifice at the 办腻濒补 or 峁歵耻 or seasons. In the 笔耻谤耻峁�a蝉耻办迟补 of 峁欢惫别诲补 Veda described the four seasons i.e. Vasanta, 骋谤墨峁�m补, 艢补谤补迟补 and 笔谤腻惫峁涐笉. This concept of seasons is connected with the 驰补箩帽补 or sacrifice and says, Vasanta is to be the 腻箩测补 (Shee) for the oblation, 骋谤墨峁�m补 as the fuel and 艢补谤补迟补 as the food offering.

In the 膧测耻谤惫别诲补 deal with 峁泃耻蝉 in connection of health and behavior. In the sixth chapter 厂奴迟谤补蝉迟丑腻苍补 of Carakasamhita and 峁歵耻cary膩 in the 艢耻峁�r耻迟补蝉补尘丑颈迟腻 deal with the seasons, this is very much important.

In classical Sanskrit literature, kavi (poets) are described the various seasons and different seasonal changes in their works. Since the 础诲颈办腻惫测补 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺, the author 痴腻濒尘颈办墨 also describes different seasons in the context of Rasa. Therefore 碍腻濒颈诲腻蝉补, the great poet of Sanskrit literature was very influenced by the 痴腻濒尘颈办颈鈥檚 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺. Then he devotes one of his work 峁歵耻sa峁僪膩ra to describe the characteristics of various 峁泃耻蝉 or seasons. Out of those, all the poets of any literature does not avoid the characteristics of seasons, they all are directly or indirectly treated about the different season in their writing.

Not only the poet but also the poeticians are recognized the importance and characteristic of different seasons in their works and also advices to the poet that to described the seasons in their works. 膧肠腻谤测补 Bharatamuni in the twenty-fifth chapter of his 狈腻迟测补艣腻蝉迟谤补 relates the 峁泃耻蝉 or seasons with the description of s峁涐箙g膩ra rasa. There he includes the six-seasons in the themes for abhinaya or composite acting.

Then 碍腻惫测补诲补谤艣补办腻谤补 顿补峁囜笉颈苍 says that the description of seasons is important characteristic for the 惭补丑腻办腻惫测补.

C.f.

鈥�苍补驳补谤腻谤补峁嘺惫补谤艣颈濒颈峁泃耻肠补苍诲谤腻办辞诲补测补惫补谤峁嘺苍墨测补岣� 触鈥�

- K膩vy膩dar艣a of 顿补峁囜笉颈苍: I/16

膧肠腻谤测补 Bhojar膩ja in the four chapter of his 厂峁涐箙驳腻谤补辫谤补办补艣补 deal with the matter of 办腻濒补 or 峁泃耻 and 痴腻驳产丑补迟补 follows the method of 艢耻艣谤奴迟补 to describe the different 峁泃耻 or seasons. In there the concept of 峁歵耻sandhi is very much interesting. 膧肠腻谤测补 碍补耻峁璱濒测补 does not miss about this tradition, who deals in his 础谤迟丑补艣腻蝉迟谤补 with 办腻濒补 or seasons with its divisions in a scientific way. Here 膧肠腻谤测补 驰腻测腻惫补谤墨测补 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补 possibly seems to the influenced by him on the matter of 办腻濒补 or seasons.

In the K膩vyam墨m膩峁僺膩, 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补 describes the concepts of time or seasons with applying the various sciences and astronomy. In the beginning of 办腻濒补-惫颈产丑腻驳补 chapter, 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补 divided the 办腻濒补 or time into two i.e. 碍腻峁ａ弓丑腻 and 狈颈尘别峁�a to follow the 碍补耻峁璱濒测补鈥檚 divisions of 办腻濒补.

The 艣濒辞办补 of the K膩vyam墨m膩峁僺膩 about the various divisions of seasons bears a similar resemblance with 痴腻测耻辫耻谤腻峁嘺;

鈥�办腻峁ａ弓丑腻 nime峁Ｄ� 诲补艣补 pa帽caicava tri峁兣沘cca 办腻峁ａ弓丑腻岣� kathit膩岣� kaleti |
tri峁兣沘tkala艣caiva bhavenmuhurttastaistri峁兣沘t膩 r膩tryahan墨 samete || 鈥�

- K膩vyam墨m膩峁僺膩 of 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补: Ch-XVIII, Pp- 98

Fifteen 苍颈尘别峁�a蝉 makes one 办腻峁ａ弓丑腻, thirty 办腻峁ａ弓丑腻s makes one 办腻濒补, thirty 办腻濒补s makes one 尘耻丑奴谤迟补 and thirty 尘耻丑奴谤迟补s consists a day and night.

However the time is boundless for convenience but we can divide it in carious way of fifteen-苍颈尘别峁�a蝉. This divisions of 办腻濒补 also approved by the all the people from ancient to present times.

In the two months of Caitra and 础艣惫颈苍, the days and night are an equal rate that is fifteen of 尘耻丑奴谤迟补s are for days and fifteen of 尘耻丑奴谤迟补s for night.

After the Caitra month, in the 痴补颈艣腻办丑补 to three months there is an increase of one 尘耻丑奴谤迟补 each for everyday and month, the night gets shorter. This is in the reverse order for the next three months. From the 础艣惫颈苍 month the day and night becomes equal and after this for next three months the opposite cycle starts. In this time the night get longer and the days shorter.

In the transition of sun from one 鈥�搁腻艣颈鈥� or sign of the Zodiac into another is called a month.

There are the two 鈥�Ayanas鈥� (solstices) divided a years:鈥�

1. The 顿补办峁�i峁嚹乱补苍补 (southern solstice), the six month period following to the rain season and
2. The 鲍迟迟补谤腻测补峁嘺 (northern solstice), the next six month following to the winter season.

In this way the two 鈥�Ayanas鈥� constitute the 厂补峁僾补迟补蝉补谤补 (solar-year).

In fifteen days and nights constitutes a 笔补办峁�a or fortnight. In this 笔补办峁�a the moon increases in 艢耻办濒补-笔补办峁�a and when the darkness increases thus it is called K峁涐梗峁嘺-笔补办峁�a. The Vedic rituals and rites are performed in the 艢耻办濒补-笔补办峁�a and parental rituals performed in the K峁涐梗峁嘺-笔补办峁�a. In this way the two-笔补办峁�a constitute one month, two months makes one 峁泃耻 (season) and the six (seasons) 峁泃耻 make a lunar year.

Here it is noticeable that, astronomers think that the year begins from the Caitra month and ancient tradition believe that the year start with the month of 艢谤腻惫补苍补. But 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补 posits concepts is different from them and he is there much influenced to the seasonal concepts of 罢补颈迟迟谤墨测补-厂补峁僪颈迟腻 and discusses the different concepts and characteristics of seasons^[1].

The six-seasons that constitute a solar-year are:

1. 痴补谤峁Ｄ� (rainy season), it includes the months of 艢谤腻惫补苍补 and 叠丑腻诲谤补;
2. 艢补谤补迟补 (autumn season), it includes the months of 膧艣惫颈苍补 and 碍腻谤迟颈办补;
3. Hemanta (dewy season), it includes the month of 础驳谤补丑腻测补峁嘺 and 笔补耻峁�a;
4. 艢颈艣颈谤补 (winter season), it includes the months of 惭腻驳丑补 and 笔丑腻濒驳耻苍补;
5. Vasanta (spring season), it includes the months of Chitra and 痴补颈艣腻办丑补 and
6. 骋峁浤�峁３静� (summer season), it included the months of 闯补颈峁ａ弓丑补 and 膧峁Ｄ乨丑补.

However 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补 mentions the [following Vedic terms of twelve month in the connection with each 峁泃耻蝉 or seasons and he follows the Vedic order.] i.e.

1. Nabha,
2. Nabhasya,
3. 滨峁�a,
4. Urja,
5. Saha,
6. Sahasya,
7. Tapa,
8. Tapasya,
9. Madhu,
10. 惭腻诲丑补惫补,
11. 艢耻办谤补 and
12. 艢耻肠颈.

C.f.

鈥�tatra 苍补产丑腻 苍补产丑补蝉测补艣肠补 惫补谤峁Ｄ佱弗, i峁�a 奴rja艣ca 艣补谤补迟, 蝉补丑补岣� 蝉补丑补蝉测补艣肠补 丑别尘补苍迟补岣�,
tapastapasya艣ca 艣i艣ira岣�, madhurm膩dhava艣ca vasanta岣�, 艣ukta岣� 艣uci艣ca gr墨峁�ma岣� 触鈥�

- K膩vyam墨m膩峁僺膩 of 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补: Ch-XVIII, Pp- 99

In the 痴补谤峁Ｄ� (rainy-season) the eastern-wind flows believe the poets.

Thus 尘补丑腻办补惫颈 碍腻濒颈诲腻蝉补 in his 痴颈办谤补尘辞谤惫补艣墨测补 described the waves the crest of peacocks watching the fast moving rain clouds as:

鈥�膩lokayati payed膩n prabalapurov膩tat膩岣峣ta艣ikha峁囜笉a岣� |
ke k膩garbhe峁嘺 艣iravo d奴ronnamitena ka峁囜弓hena || 鈥�

- 痴颈办谤补尘辞谤惫补艣墨测补 of 碍腻濒颈诲腻蝉补: Ch-IV/ 8

But the ancient 腻肠腻谤测补 does not agree with this and argue that the western wind blows in rainy season and eastern winds oppose it.

C.f.

鈥�p膩艣c膩tya岣� paurastyastu pratihant膩鈥� ity膩c膩ry膩岣� |

- K膩vyam墨m膩峁僺膩 of 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补: Ch-XVIII, Pp- 99

But 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补 does not agree with this view and accepts the first. In the 艢颈艣颈谤补 (winter season) blows the eastern wind and the 艢补谤补迟补 (autumn season) there is no fixed direction of winds. In the Hemanta-办腻濒补 (dewy season) and 艢颈艣颈谤补 (winter) both eastern and northern winds are generally blows. Therefore in the Vasanta (spring season) blows the southern wind and the 骋峁浤�峁３静� (summer season) both south and eastern winds are blows. In this way after describing the different characteristics of winds of various seasons 搁腻箩补艣别办丑补谤补 take his concentration into the details discussion of different six-seasons.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

Taittriyasa峁僪it膩: I/ IV/ 14. Ed. By. N.S. Santakke and T.M. Dharmadhikari, Vaidika Sahsodhana Mandala, Poona.1970