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Some Important Shiksha Vedangas (study)

by Mala Laha | 2021 | 31,647 words

This page relates ‘Varieties of the Svarita accent� of the study dealing with Shiksha Vedangas—a crucial component of Vedic literature focusing on phonetics and pronunciation in ancient texts. The researched texts include the Paniniya, Yajnavalkya and Naradi Shiksas, among others. The study also investigates historical phonological transformations between Sanskrit and Pali, exploring the evolution of sounds and pronunciation.

Go directly to: Footnotes.

Part 2b - Varieties of the Svarita accent

According to ī Śṣ�, both of ܻٳٲ and anܻٳٲ is of one kind accent; they have no varieties and the third accent svarita alone has seven varieties. 

They are�

  1. ٲⲹ
  2. ṣa
  3. abhinihita
  4. ٲⲹṃjԲ [=ٲDZⲹñᲹԲ]; 
  5. پDZ峾
  6. śṣṭ
  7. 岹ṛtٲ

These varieties have been defined and illustrated by the author of ī Śṣ�.

i. ٲⲹ

The names of the different kinds of svarita are mainly derived from those belonging to the euphonic combinations in connection with which they arise. The meaning of the term ٲⲹ is “natural, original, primitive.� According to ī Śṣ�, a circumflex which follows a conjunction of consonants ending with �y� or �v� and preceded by an unaccented vowel or which has no predecessor, is called the ٲⲹ ܳڱ�

सयकारं सव� वाप्यक्षरं स्वरित� भवेत्।
� चोदात्तं पुरस्तस्� जात्यः स्वारः � उच्यते�

ⲹ� � ⲹṣa� ٲ� bhavet|
na codātta� purastasya ٲⲹ� � sa ucyate||

(ī Śṣ�,2/1/1)

ñⲹ Śṣ� also discussed the ٲⲹ circumflex on the same way[1].

ii. ṣa

When ,ī,,ū,� following dissimilar vowel become respectively y,v,r the resulting circumflex is ṣa. In this condition ��,� vowels should be ܻٳٲ and the resulting from �y� or `v� should be followed by anܻٳٲ

इउवर्ण� यदोदात्तावापद्येते यव� क्वचित्।
अनुदात्त� पर� नित्यं विद्यात् क्षैप्रस्य लक्षणम्॥

iuvarṇo yadodāttāvāpadyete yavau kvacit|
Գܻٳٱ pare Ծٲⲹ� vidyāt ṣasya lakṣaṇam||

(ī Śṣ�, 2/1/2)

Same verse of this above this above text is also mentioned in the ñⲹ Śṣ�[2].

iii. Abhinihita

When an “a� is absorbed by a preceding final “e� or “o�, which are ܻٳٲ the resulting circumflex is abhinihita

एओ आभ्यामुदात्ताभ्यामकारो निहितश्च यः�
अकार� यत्र लुम्पत� तमभिनिहितं विदुः॥

eo ābhyāmudāttābhyāmakāro nihitaśca yaḥ|
� yatra lumpati tamabhinihita� ḥ||

(ī Śṣ�, 2/1/2

iv. ղⲹṃjԲ

A circumflex that intervenes between the preceding acute vowel and consonant is ٲⲹṃjԲ[3].

ñⲹ Śṣ� also discussed this circumflex almost in the same way�

उदात्तपूर्वः स्वरित� व्यञ्जने� युतो यदि।
एष सर्व� वहुस्वारस्तैरोव्यञ्ज� उच्यते�

ܻٳٲpūrva� svarito vyañjanena yuto yadi|
eṣa sarvo vahusvārasٲDZⲹñᲹԲ ucyate||

(ñⲹ Śṣ�, 82)

v. վDZ峾�

When the acute is parted from its enclitic circumflex not only by consonants but by the avagraha or pause which separates the two parts of a compound word, it is called پDZ峾

The پDZ峾 circumflex can occur only in the 貹岹ṻ ٱ�

अवग्रहात्परं यत्र स्वरित� स्यादनन्तरम्�
तिरोविरामं तं विद्यादुदात्तो यद्यवग्रहः�

avagrahātpara� yatra ٲ� syādanantaram|
پDZ峾� ta� vidyādudātto yadyavagrahaḥ|| 

(ī Śṣ�, 2/1/5)

vi. ʰśṣṭ

A śṣṭ accent which rises from the fusion of two short �’s,which are respectively ܻٳٲ and anܻٳٲ is called a śṣṭ. It arises from the sandhi

इकार� यत्र पश्येयुरिकारेणैव संयुतम्।
उदात्तमनुदात्तेन प्रश्लिष्ट� तं निवोधत�

ikāra� yatra paśyeyurikāreṇaiva saṃyutam|
ܻٳٲmԳܻٳٱna śṣṭ� ta� nivodhata|| 

(ī Śṣ�, 2/1/6)

vii. 岹ṛtٲ

The term 岹ṛtٲ is evidently a mutilated substitute for 岹ṛtٲ or 岹ṛtٲ. Where there is a hiatus (viccheda), the circumflex is 岹ṛtٲ

स्वर� चेत् स्वरित� यत्र विवृता यत्र संहिता�
एतत् पादान्तवृत्तस्� लक्षणं शास्त्रचोदितम्�

svare cet ٲ� yatra vivṛtā yatra saṃhitā|
etat pādāntavṛttasya lakṣaṇa� śāstracoditam||

(ī Śṣ�, 2/1/7)

By this above discussion it is pointed out that the ī Śṣ� and the ñⲹ Śṣ� are closely connected with each other on the basis of the classification of svarita accent. Although according to ñⲹ Śṣ� the number of svarita accent is eight[4] and the number of svarita accent is seven according to ī Śṣ�. On the other hand, ñⲹ Śṣ� also mentioned �svarita� as another type of svarita accent. In this subject, the definition of different types of svarita accent according to ñⲹ Śṣ� and ī Śṣ� are classified by Table 14.

Table: 14 Definition of different types of Svarita Accent according to ñⲹ Śṣ� and ī Śṣ�

Name of the Svarita Accent Definition according to Both ñⲹ Śṣ� and ī Śṣ�
ٲⲹ nīcapṛrva� sayakāravakāro vā ٲⲹ� svarito bhavati.(Śṣāsaṃgraha, 10)
ⲹ� ⲹṣa� ٲ� bhavet|
na codātta� purastasya ٲⲹ� sa ucyate||(ī Śṣ�, 2/1/1)
Abhinihita eo ābhyāmudāttābhyāmakāro riphitaśca yaḥ|
lumpate yatra ta� cābhinihita� ||(Śṣāsaṃgraha, 10)
eo ābhyāmudāttābhyāmakāro nihitaśca yaḥ|

� yatra lumpati tamabhinihita� ḥ||(ī Śṣ�, 2/1/2)
ṣa iuvarṇo yadodāttāvāpadyete yavau kvacit|
Գܻٳٱ pare Ծٲⲹ� vidyāt ṣasya lakṣaṇam||(Śṣāsaṃgraha,p. 11)
iuvarṇo yadodāttāvāpadyete yavau kvacit|

Գܻٳٱ pare Ծٲⲹ� vidyāt ṣasya lakṣaṇam||(ī Śṣ�, 2/1/2)
ʰśṣṭ ikāro dṛśyate yatra ikāreṇa ṃyܳٲ�|
ܻٳٲścānudāttena praśliṣṭo bhavati svaraḥ|| (Śṣāsaṃgraha, p. 11)
ikāra� yatra paśyeyurikāreṇaiva saṃyutam|

ܻٳٲmԳܻٳٱna śṣṭ� ta� nivodhata||(ī Śṣ�, 2/1/6)
ղⲹṃjԲ ܻٳٲpūrva� svarito vyañjanena yuto yadi|
eṣa sarvo vahusvārasٲDZⲹñᲹԲ ucyate||(ñⲹ Śṣ�, 82
)
ܻٳٲpūrva� svarito vyañjanena yuto yadi|
eṣa sarvo vahusvārasٲDZⲹñᲹԲ ucyate||(ñⲹ Śṣ�, 82)
վDZ峾 avagrahāt paro yastu ٲ� 岹ԲԳٲḥ|
ٲDZ峾� ta� vvidyādudātto yadyavagrahaḥ||(ñⲹ Śṣ�, 83)
avagrahātpara� yatra ٲ� syādanantaram|
پDZ峾� ta� vidyādudātto yadyavagrahaḥ||(ī Śṣ�, 2/1/5)
岹ṛtٲ svarayorantare kāle vivṛrttirdṛśyate yadi|
sa� � 岹ṛtٲ� syāt kā'īmiti nidarśanam||(Śṣāsaṃgraha, p. 13)
svare cet ٲ� yatra vivṛtā yatra saṃhitā|
etat pādāntavṛttasya lakṣaṇa� śāstracoditam||(ī Śṣ�, 2/1/7
)
ٳ屹ⲹ udāttākṣarayormadhye bhavennīcastvavagraḥ|
tāthābhāvyo bhavetsvārastanūnaptre nidarśanam||(ñⲹ Śṣ�, 85)

Footnotes and references:

[back to top]

[1]:

nīcapūrva� sayakāravakāro vā ٲⲹ� svarito bhavati. (Śṣāsaṃgraha, p.10)

[2]:

Śṣāsaṃgraha, p.11

[3]:

ܻٳٲpūrva� yatkiñcicchandasi ٲ� bhavet| eṣa sarvabahusvārastairovyaṃjana ucyate|| (ī Śṣ� 2/1/4)

[4]:

ñⲹ Śṣ�, 76, 77

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