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Accuracy of pronunciation as well as purity of language was the main concern of Sanskrit literature from very early stage. The Vedas are the oldest written records of the Indo-European. The 峁欢惫别诲补 dedicates two entire hymns to speech^[1]. It also mentions three stages in the development of a language. 

These three stages are鈥�

1) Inarticulate speech,
2) Primitive articulate speech,
3) Language proper.

As regards the evolution of the four speeches the 峁欢惫别诲补 states that three out of the four stages are not audible to human ear (鈥�ne峁�gayanti鈥�) and it is only at the fourth stage when the speech sounds pass through the vocal organs, that they become audible and articulate. These distinct speeches only a human being can utter^[2]. The lowest grade of inarticulate speech, according to the explanation of the 艢atapatha Br膩hma峁嘺^[3], happen to be like the hissing of a serpent or the humming of an insect and soon. Notes of birds and speeches of brutes also belong to this kind.

The Vedas were preserved through oral traditions. When the spoken language had developed, it becomes difficult to preserve the proper pronunciation of the sacred hymns. So the Grammarians imposed a certain number of rules on 鈥�尘腻迟谤腻鈥�, accent and pronunciation. 艢颈办峁Ｄ� is defined as the science that teaches proper articulation and pronunciation of words and the laws of euphony.

Before discussing on the 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, it is better first to indicate the position of 艢颈办峁Ｄ� in a tree in the grammatical study of a language. The tree is shown in figure 1. Language is categorized in five points of view.

Fig. 1 Tree Structure of study of language

The first reference of 艢颈办峁Ｄ� is found in the first 鈥�惫补濒濒墨鈥� or 鈥�艢颈办峁Ｄ乨hy膩ya鈥檕f the 罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补 鲍辫补苍颈峁�a迟 (1.2)^[4]. In the 罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补 鲍辫补苍颈峁�a迟, it is said that there are six chapters in the 艢颈办峁Ｄ�. These chapters are named 鈥�惫补谤峁嘺鈥�, 鈥�svara鈥�, 鈥槼灸宄侔�腻鈥�, 鈥�vala鈥�, 鈥�蝉腻尘补鈥� and 鈥�蝉补苍迟腻苍补鈥�. In the 鈥�惫补谤峁嘺鈥� section, alphabetic order of 鈥�惫补谤峁嘺s鈥� are discussed. 鈥�痴补谤峁嘺蝉鈥� are of two kinds -vowels and consonants. Vowels are short, long and prolated (鈥�pluta鈥�). Consonants are divided into plosives (蝉辫补谤艣补), semi-Vowel (鈥�补苍迟补岣�s迟丑补鈥�), and sibilant (鈥�耻峁�m补鈥�). Besides, these consonants are again divided into voiced (鈥�驳丑辞峁�a鈥�), unvoiced (鈥�a驳丑辞峁�a鈥�) and nasals (鈥�苍腻蝉颈办测补鈥�). In the accent (鈥�svara鈥�) chapter, acute accent (鈥�耻诲腻迟迟补鈥�), grove accent (鈥�an耻诲腻迟迟补鈥�) and circumflex accent (svarita) are discussed. In the 鈥�vala鈥� section, the pronunciation of letters in the form of 鈥�产腻丑测补鈥� (external) and 鈥�腻产丑测补苍迟补谤补鈥� (internal) are delineated. In the 鈥�蝉腻尘补鈥� section, the similarty in the pronunciation of letters is discussed. In the 鈥�蝉补苍迟腻苍补鈥� section, the combination of letters in 鈥�sandhi鈥� is discussed. Normally, the elaborate discussion on 鈥�sandhi鈥� is not done, but essential elements of 鈥�sandhi鈥� are discussed only. 

艢颈办峁Ｄ伵浤宀醭侔���鈥� is the very first of the six ancillary 鈥�艣腻蝉迟谤补鈥�^[5] to Veda, the knowledge of which is must for correct recitation of Vedic mantras and understanding the Vedas in their right perspective. Every Veda, to be more specific, every subsidiary branch of each individual Veda, has its own accent.

A lot of 艢颈办峁Ｄ� texts are composed for preserving the phonetic peculiararities of the Veda. It is noted in the 艢颈办峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha^[6] that there are thirty one 艢颈办峁Ｄ� texts are published. These large numbers of 艢颈办峁Ｄ� texts are classified by six types of branches.

They are鈥�

1. The General 艢颈办峁Ｄ�.
2. The 艢颈办峁Ｄ� of the 峁欢惫别诲补.
3. The 艢颈办峁Ｄ� of the 艢耻办濒补 Yajurveda.
4. The 艢颈办峁Ｄ� of the 碍峁涐梗峁嘺 Yajurveda.
5. The 艢颈办峁Ｄ� of the 厂腻maveda.
6. The 艢颈办峁Ｄ� of the Atharvaveda.

These six types of 艢颈办峁Ｄ� are further divided into many subdivisions.They are illustrated in table 1.

General 艢颈办峁Ｄ�	峁欢惫别诲墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�	厂腻maved墨ya 艢颈办峁Ｄ�	Yajurved墨ya 艢颈办峁Ｄ�	Atharvaved墨ya 艢颈办峁Ｄ�
笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�	笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�	狈腻谤补诲墨 尝辞尘补蝉墨 骋补耻迟补尘墨	艢耻办濒补鈥�驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补, 痴腻蝉颈峁ａ弓丑墨, Var峁嘺ratnad墨pik膩, 碍腻迟测腻测补苍墨, P膩r膩艣ar墨, 骋补耻迟补尘墨, 惭腻峁囜笉补惫墨, Amogh膩nandin墨, M膩dhyandin墨, Ke艣av墨; 碍峁涐梗峁嘺鈥�叠丑腻谤补诲惫腻箩补, 痴测腻蝉补, 艢补尘产丑耻, Kauhal墨ya, 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补, 叠辞诲丑腻测补苍补, 痴补艣颈峁ａ弓丑补, 痴腻濒尘墨办颈, 贬腻谤墨迟补, Sarvasammata, 膧谤补峁噛补, 厂颈诲诲丑腻苍迟补, 膧辫颈艣补濒颈, 碍腻濒补苍颈谤峁嘺测补, 笔腻谤颈	惭腻峁囜笉耻办墨

Table: 1 -Branches of 艢颈办峁Ｄ�.

According to the classification and their sub-divisions, it should be mentioned that the 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� is not only a general 艢颈办峁Ｄ� but also it has four recensions like鈥�Agni Pur膩峁嘺, 笔补帽箩颈办腻, 笔谤补办腻艣补. The Yajus recension, The 峁欢惫别诲墨测a Recension. For this reason the 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� is mentioned as General 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, as well as 峁欢惫别诲墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� and Yajurved墨ya 艢颈办峁Ｄ� from the statement of table no 1. In this thesis an attempt has taken about a comparative study of the concept of 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, Var峁嘺ratnaprad墨pik膩 艢颈办峁Ｄ� and 惭腻峁囜笉耻办墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�. These five 艢颈办峁Ｄ� describe their theory of speech sound production process in different way and they also explain the total number of letters according to their respective school. All these theories represent a complete picture of Vedic speech sound creation and presentation processes.

Our comparative study is mainly based upon these five treatises, though a general view also has been presented for the sake of clarification. The thesis has been divided into seven chapters as follows:

1. 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�;
2. 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�;
3. 狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�;
4. Var峁嘺ratnad墨pik膩 艢颈办峁Ｄ�;
5. 惭腻峁囜笉耻办墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�;
6. 笔谤腻迟颈艣腻khya;
7. Contribution of the 艢颈办峁Ｄ� authors in phonetics 

In this thesis five 艢颈办峁Ｄ� text of different Veda are discussed on different point of view. As these texts are not belong to the same age so that we can observe the evolution of vedic sound of different Veda. Mainly the number of vowels and consonant are different in these five 艢颈办峁Ｄ� text which indicates the creation of a new language of Indo-aryan language group.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

峁欢惫别诲补, X.71, X.125

[2]:

峁欢惫别诲补, I.164.45

[3]:

艢补迟补辫补迟丑补产谤腻丑尘补峁嘺, IV.1.3.16.

[4]:

鈥�atha 艣颈办峁Ｄ佱箖 惫测腻办丑测腻蝉测腻尘补岣�,惫补谤峁嘺岣�,蝉惫补谤补岣�,尘腻迟谤腻, valam, 蝉腻尘补, 蝉补苍迟腻苍补岣�,艣颈办峁Ｄ乨hy膩ya岣� iti鈥�

[5]:

鈥�艣颈办峁Ｄ� 驳丑谤腻峁嘺峁� tu vedasya 尘耻办丑补峁� 惫测腻办补谤补峁嘺峁� 蝉尘峁泃补尘.鈥�(艢颈办峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha, p.372)

[6]:

艢颈办峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha, Benaras,1893.