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The 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 are different in nature and their characters. The 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 are having five-fold characteristics (辫补帽肠补濒补办峁�a峁嘺蝉) i.e. which contains the five different types of content, viz.

1. sarga,
2. pratisarga,
3. 惫补峁兣沘,
4. manvantara and
5. 惫补峁兣浤乶耻肠补谤颈迟补.

These characteristics are expressed in a single verse which is quoted in various 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 including the 惭腻谤办补峁囜笉别测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 as same or with slight variation thus鈥�

sarga艣ca pratisarga艣ca va峁兣沷 manvantar膩峁噄 ca /
惫补峁兣浤乶耻肠补谤颈迟补峁� caiva 辫耻谤腻峁嘺峁� 辫补帽肠补濒补办峁�a峁嘺m //^[1]

Here sarga means creation or evolution of the universe from its natural cause, pratisarga means recreation of the world from its constituent elements in which it is merged at the close of each kalpa, 惫补峁兣沘 means genealogies of Gods, demons, patriarchs, sages and kings, especially of the last two, manvantara means cosmic cycle each of which is ruled over by a Manu, the first father of mankind and 惫补峁兣浤乶耻肠补谤颈迟补 which means accounts of royal dynasties. The 础驳苍颈辫耻谤腻峁嘺 also mentions five characters of the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉.^[2]

The verse mentioning 辫补帽肠补濒补办峁�a峁嘺蝉 of the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 is also found in the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻辫耻谤腻峁嘺 with the variation of the second line as鈥�

sarve峁�vete峁�u kathyante 惫补峁兣浤乶耻肠补谤颈迟补峁� ca yat.^[3]

All the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 do not completely agree with this definition. Some 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 contain more subjects than these and some 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 only touch these and deal with other topics. It is also seen that 笔补帽肠补濒补办峁�a峁嘺蝉 occupy but an insignificant part of the extant 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉. Regarding the characteristics, the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 themselves state that the 辫补帽肠补濒补办峁�a峁嘺 is intended merely for the 鲍辫补辫耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 and the 惭补丑腻辫耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 had to satisfy the 诲补艣补濒补办峁�a苍补.

The 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 also mentions ten characteristics of the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 as:

迟补蝉尘腻诲颈诲补峁� 产丑腻驳补惫补迟补峁� 辫耻谤腻峁嘺峁� 诲补艣补濒补办峁�a峁嘺峁� //^[4]

The 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 mentions the ten characteristics namely:

1. sarga,
2. visarga,
3. 惫峁泃迟颈,
4. 谤补办峁Ｄ�,
5. antara,
6. 惫补峁兣沘,
7. 惫补峁僺腻苍耻肠补谤颈迟补,
8. 蝉补峁僺迟丑腻苍补,
9. hetu and
10. 补辫腻艣谤补测补.

Here, sarga means primary creation, visarga means secondary creation, 惫峁泃迟颈 denotes means of livelihood, 谤补办峁Ｄ� means incarnation of God or protection, antara means reign of Manus, 蝉补峁僺迟丑腻苍补 means destruction of the world, final emancipation, hetu means 箩墨惫补, the unmanifested cause of creation, and lastly 补辫腻艣谤补测补 means Brahman, the final resort.

The 叠谤补丑尘补惫补颈惫补谤迟补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 states that the 鲍辫补辫耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 bear the five characteristics mentioned above^[5] and the 惭补丑腻辫耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 bear the ten characteristics, viz.

1. 蝉峁涐梗峁璱 (primary creation),
2. vi蝉峁涐梗峁璱 (secondary creation),
3. sthiti (stability of creation),
4. 辫腻濒补苍补 (protection),
5. 办补谤尘补惫腻蝉补苍腻 (impression of past action),
6. 尘补苍耻惫腻谤迟腻 (information about different Manus),
7. 辫谤补濒补测补惫补谤峁嘺苍腻 (description of the final dissolution of the world),
8. 尘辞办峁�a-苍颈谤奴辫补峁嘺 (showing the path to get rid of rebirth),
9. hari-办墨谤迟补苍补 (discourses on hari) and
10. deva办墨谤迟补苍补 (discourses on other Gods).^[6]

These 诲补艣补濒补办峁�a峁嘺蝉 are dealt with in the 惭补丑腻辫耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 which possess ten characteristics including the adoration of 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 and other gods individually, and also an account of 尘辞办峁�a^[7] while the 辫补帽肠补濒补办峁�a峁嘺蝉 prevail predominantly in the 鲍辫补辫耻谤腻峁嘺蝉.^[8] The same view is also expressed by 艢r墨dharasw膩min, the commentator of the 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补辫耻谤腻峁嘺.^[9]

All these characteristics have their roots in the materials, viz. 腻办丑测腻苍补蝉 (tales), up腻办丑测腻苍补蝉 (anecdotes), 驳腻迟丑腻蝉 (songs) and kalpajoktis (that had come down through ages) which, as the 叠谤补丑尘腻峁囜笉补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, the 痴腻测耻辫耻谤腻峁嘺, the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻辫耻谤腻峁嘺 say, were used by 痴测腻蝉补 in compiling the original 笔耻谤腻峁嘺.^[10]

Thus it is clear that the characteristic features of the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 have no fixed rule. It has been floating and dynamic and texts have been subjected to numerous revisions, editions, omissions and modifications. So, it is observed that there should be the 辫补帽肠补濒补办峁�a峁嘺 as the minimum for a 笔耻谤腻峁嘺. Anything old may be the subject of a 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 and it covers all the aspects of life.^[11]

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

惭腻谤办补峁囜笉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 134.13; cf. 础尘补谤补办辞峁�a, 1.6.5; 惭补迟蝉测补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 53. 65; 碍奴谤尘补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 1.1.12; 痴腻测耻辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 4.11; 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 12.7.8-10

[2]:

sargasya pratisargasya 惫补峁兣沘manvantarasya ca /
va峁兣浤乶ucarit膩de艣ca matsyak奴rm膩dir奴padh峁沰 // 础驳苍颈辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 1.14

[3]:

痴颈峁ａ箛耻辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 3.6.25

[4]:

sargo鈥檚y膩tha visarga艣ca 惫峁泃迟颈 谤补办峁Ｄ乶tar膩峁噄 ca /
va峁兣沷 惫补峁兣浤乶耻肠补谤颈迟补峁� 蝉补峁僺迟丑腻 hetor补辫腻艣谤补测补岣� //
da艣abhirlak峁�anairyukta峁� 辫耻谤腻峁嘺峁� tadvido vidu岣� /
kecit 辫补帽肠补惫颈诲丑补峁� brahman mahadalpavyavasthay膩// 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 12. 7. 8-10

[5]:

sarga艣ca pratisarga艣ca va峁兣沷 manvantar膩峁噄 ca /
惫补峁兣浤乶耻肠补谤颈迟补峁� vipra 辫耻谤腻峁嘺峁� 辫补帽肠补濒补办峁�a峁嘺m //
别迟补诲耻辫补辫耻谤腻峁嚹乶腻峁� 濒补办峁�a峁嘺峁� ca vidurbudh膩岣� /
尘补丑补迟腻峁� ca pur膩峁嚹乶膩峁� 濒补办峁�a峁嘺峁� kathay膩mi te // 叠谤补丑尘补惫补颈惫补谤迟补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 4.133.6-7

[6]:

蝉峁涐梗峁璱艣c膩pi vi蝉峁涐梗峁璱艣ca sthitiste峁Ｄ佱箖 ca 辫腻濒补苍补m /
办补谤尘补峁嚹佱箖 惫腻蝉补苍腻 惫腻谤迟腻 man奴n膩峁� c膩krame峁嘺 ca //
惫补谤峁嘺苍补峁� pralay膩n膩峁� ca 尘辞办峁�asya ca 苍颈谤奴辫补峁嘺m /
tat办墨谤迟补苍补峁� harereva dev膩n膩峁� ca 辫峁泃丑补办 辫峁泃丑补办 // 叠谤补丑尘补惫补颈惫补谤迟补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 4.133.8-9

da艣膩dhika峁� 濒补办峁�a峁嘺峁� ca 尘补丑补迟腻峁� parik墨rtitam // Ibid., 4.133.10

[7]:

A.D. Gyani, 础驳苍颈辫耻谤腻峁嘺, A Study, p. 9

[8]:

R. C. Hazra, Studies in the 鲍辫补辫耻谤腻峁嘺蝉, Vol. I, p.24

[9]:

叠丑腻惫腻谤迟丑补诲墨辫颈办腻 on 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补, 12.7.9-10

[10]:

膩khy膩nai艣c膩pyup膩khy膩nair g膩th膩bhi岣� kalpajoktibhi岣� /
辫耻谤腻峁嘺蝉补峁僪颈迟腻峁� cakre pur膩峁嚹乺thavi艣arada岣� // 叠谤补丑尘腻峁囜笉补辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 2.34.21; 痴颈峁ａ箛耻辫耻谤腻峁嘺, 3.6.16.

[11]:

A. D. Pusalker, Studies in Epics and 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉, p.XIVII