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NOTES 1 Bharata Natyasastra 36. 22 - 57 - bhutam maya devadevada mavatah sankaroditam snanajanyasahastrebhyah srestham me gitavaditam || 2 Vayu Purana , 61. 78. 3 Ibid, 30. 198. namo nartanasilaya mukhavadikarine | natayopaharaya gitavadyataya ca || VDP. III. 34. 27. mrtam gitam tatha va dattva devaya kinave | sarvakamasamrdhdasya yadyasya phalamannute || 5 Sangita Ratnakara I. 1. 21. gitam va ca nrtyam ca tryam samgitamucyate | Vide the commentary of Kallinatha on Sangita Ratnakara I. 4. 38. 6 VDP. III. 2.3-7. 7 8 9 K.C. Pandey, " Comparative AEsthetics, Vol. I., Aitareya Brahmana, III. 2. 12. Indian AEsthetics", p. 521 . 10 Ibid. 11 12 Vide R.S.Walimbe, " Pracina Bharatiya Svarasastratil Svaramandala Ibid, p. 197 gudattadayah pare sapta | A paper in 'Sanskrti Sugandha,' p. 193. 13 Ibid, p. 202 . gamdharvavede ye proktah sapta vadnadayah svarah | tameva vede vijneyastrayah guccadayah svarah |

14 15 58 Hulugar Krishnachariar, " The Indian Musical Scale, The Journal of Music Academy, Madras , Madras, July 1930 Vol. I pp. 157 12. Cited by R.S.Walimbe op. cit. p. gucca nisadagakari nica vrsabhacaivato | sesastu svarita heyah sadnamadhyamapancamah || . 157 - 167. Yajnyavalkya Siksa, 7. kha啶监�乨a tenisadagandhari anudate rsabhovati | svaritapramavayete sadnamadhyamapancamah || Panini siksa, 12. 16 K.C.Pandey, op. cit; p. 533. 17 Naradi Siksa , II. 4 - 5 4-5. saptasvarastrayo grama murcchana stvekavimsatih | tana konapancasadityetatsvara mandalam || sadajasya rsamacaiva gandharo madhyamastatha | pancamo dhaivata caiva nisadah saptamah svarah || 18 Ibid, I. 12. 19 22 20 prathamaca dvitiyaca trtiyo'tha caturthakah | mandrah kuto yatisvara jaitan kurvanti samagah || N. P. I. 50. 59 - 60. V.Raghavan, " Outline Literary History of Indian Music "., Journal of Music Academy, Madras , Madras, 1952, Vol. XXIII, pp. 64 - 74. 21 Naradi Siksa , IV. 1-2. yah samagani prathamah sa venormadhyamah svarah | yo dvitiyah sa gandhara strtiyah tu vrsabhah smrtah || caturtha padhna jitmahuh pancamo dhaivato bhavet | sasthi nivadi vijneyah saptamah pancamah smrtah || 22 K.C. Pandey, op. cit., p.

59 - 23 24 25 26 27 28 23 30 Vide B. Svarup, "Theory of Indian Music", p. 17. Sangita Ratnakara I I. 4 4. 1. "gramah svarasamuhah syat murcchanadisamasrayah | " Naradi Siksa II. 6-7. sadnamadhyamagandharastrayo gramah prakirtitah 1 mulikannayate sadjo muvarlokacca madhyamah || svargannanyatra gandharo naradasya martam yatha | Ibid, 28. 41 - 45. Ibid, 30. 2. dvitritustu ya vamsagatah svarah | Sangita Ratnakara I. 4.9. kamat svaranam saptanamaroha bavarohanam | murcchanetyucyate pramatraye tah sapta sapta ca || Na . S . I. 2. 9, Bhatta Sobhakara's Commentary. svaranam samucchravanat preranam murcchana | Bharata Natyasastra 8. 31. Na. s. 1.2.8. I. 2. 8 . Bhatta Sobhakare's Commentary. parasparam svaranam ta +cat tanah | 31 B. Svarupa, op. cit. p. 83. 32 33 34 Na. 搂. II. 8. II. 8. and the commentary on it has described the nature of a Tana "madhyamadanantaram ganbharatah sadnah tat rsamah mityekaprakarena svarajam prayome ......啷�" Bharata Natyasastra 28. 32. Ibid, 29. 14 ff. Mgnomohana Ghosh, The Natyasastra", Chapters 28-36, Trans., pp. 31 - 32.

- 60 - 35 Markandeya Purana 23. 50. abhvatara juvaca karya dehi devi tvam purvam kambalameva me | samasta svarasambandhamubhayo, samprayaccha ca || I have followed Pargiter's translation of Markandeya Purana 36 37 Vide Swami Prajnanananda, "The Analysis of Music 38 In Markandeya Purana", the Journal of Music Academy, Madras , Madras, Vol. XXIX, 1958, p. 131. Sarasvati Kanthabharana of Bhoja I.7.22. "jevadalya nigasvaduh kambalasvataradayah atyadvimuke ramamamadavapi tanmatam || " 39 Cited by Swami Prajnanananda, op. cit., pp. 130 "pancami madhyama jiti matamatanusarina vacanena - jetadalpanima miti kambalasvataradi matanusarina vacanena * 40 Pargiter accepts the reading "Tala" and comments that *I do not know what the 49 Talas here meant are". Here "Tana" will be the correct reading. Alain Danielou and N.R. Bhatta accept the reading "Tana", "Textes Des Purana Suria Theorie Musicale", Vol. 1., p. 106. 41 Markandeya Purana 23. 51 - 57. 42 Naradi Siksa IV. 7 II. Na S . II . 8 8 . "svaparagavisesena gramarama jiti samsrtah | * N. P. I. 50. 34. "svaranam ca visesena pramarana jiti smrtah | "

61. 43 44 45 46 47 Bharata Natyasastra 31. 200. gitani sapta madako lopyakeca parantam | prayogake caiva rovindakamayo taram Bharata Natyasastra 32. 27. svaratalanumavitam | yasyadatarasambadhdam tatsarvam padasamcitam || nibaddham canibaddham ca huyevametad didha smrtam | atala cha pata ca dviprakaram taducyate Sangita Ratnakara IV. 1. 12. Vide Swami Prajnanananda, op. cit., p. 135. cf. Bharata Natyasastra 31 4. yo vyastu vijneya drutamadhyavilambita | || 48 Sangita Ratnakara V. 5.50. 49 50 51 layapravrtiniyamo matirityabhidhiyate | sama strotoyata canya gopuccha trik啷嬥たti sa || Vide Pargiter, trans. of Ma. p., p. 131, f.n.8. cf Bharata Natyasastra 28. 1. tatam caivavanaddham ca dhanam musirameva ca | caturvidham tu vijneyamatacam laksananvitam || Vide Swami Prajnanananda, op. cit., p. 138 Markandeya Purana 23 P. 23. 58 - 59 52. Ma 53 vijnanamumyoragyam padatalasvaradikam | tatah kailasasailendrasikhara sthitamisvaram || gitakaih saptamigau tantri layamamanvita | ariradhayisu devamanangangaharam haram || V.R.R. Dikshitar, "Some Aspects of the Vayu Purana", VIII, p. 34.

62 54 Vayu Purana 86. 36 55 sapta svarastrayo prama murcchana kaivimsatih tana napacasat jityetatsvaramandalam || Na. 8., II. 4 56 Vayu Purana 86. 37. vanama ca gandhari madhyamah pancamastatha | caivatam capi vijneyastatha capi nivadavan || cf. Bharata Natyasastra 28. 22. padnasca macaiva gandharo madhyamastatha | pancamo dhaivatacaiva saptamamca nisadavan || 57 Ibid, 86. 38. 58 59 Another reading for marge 18 san and for pauravi 16 pavani . The texts are usually corrupt. cf . Bharata Natyasastra 28. 31. Na. 8., I 2. 14. rsosi murcchanah sapta yastvima laukikah smrtah | Bharata Natyasastra 28. 29 30 . sadne botarabhanda svad vrsame camirudgata | amvakranta tu gandhare madhyame matsarikrta || pancame sudhdasadja syadhdevate catarayata | nivade rajani va syadityetah sadjamurcchanah || 60 Vayu Purana 86. 41 - 43 gandharagramiyanyankirtyamanannisthita | agnitomikamatu dvitiyam vajapeyikam || trtiyam pandrakam proktam caturtha va'svametrakam | pancamam rajasuyam ca patham ca suvarnakam | saptamam gosavam nama mahavrstikama-tamam | bramadana va navamam prajapatyamanantaram ||

63 61 62 63 Alain Danielou and .R. Bhatta, op. cit., pp. 62-68. "mayaramacanyah kirtyamana nibodhata | balapa krtrima caiva trtiya nandini tya tatha visundamandhari gandhari catara punah | gha啷渘a pancayata caiva " V.R.R. Dikshitar, op. cit., VIII, P. 38. 26. Sangita Ratnakara I. 4. 25 - 26 nanda vijala tumukhi citra citrayatila | balasa ceti manvarama syuh sapta purcchanah | tamba svarse prayoktavya visesadena noditah | 64 Vayu Purana 86. 49. 65 Bharata Natyasastra 28. 33 ff. 66 Four Satsvara tanas in the Sadjagrama - manasamapamcarmanadahinah catvarah tanah | and three Satsvara tanas in the Madhyana Grama padhnarsamamadharahinah mah tana . | Ibid. Three Pancasvara tanas in the Sadja Grama "nahina ", "mahina and two in the Madhyama Grama - "gandharanivadahina * "bhasamatraivahina " 67 Sangita Ratnakara I . 4 .73 - 88. - "gandharanisadahina " 68 Ibid, I 4. 71 - 72. 69 These seven Suddhatanas are "Sadjahina". Vayu Purana 87. 21. alankara mavantyete jithe prakirtitah | 70 Bharata Natyasastra 29 . 14 ft.

- 64 - 23. 71 Vayu Purana 87. 23 72 samsthana pramana va kiro laksanam tatha | caturvidhamidam jneyamalahu . rapraye啷媕anam | Bharata Natyasastra 29. 17 - 19. cf. Sangita Ratnakara I. 6 1-3. 73 ganakiyocyate varnah sa caturdha nirupitah | sthayya rohayavarohi ca carityatha laksanam || sthitva sthitva prayogah syadekasyaiva svarasya yah | sthayi varsah sa vijneyah syadekasyaiva svarasya yah | jetatsammisranadvarnah samcari parikirtitah | Manomohan Ghosh, 'The Natya sastra', Chs. 28 - 36, Trans. P . 32, notes 18, 19. 74 Vayu Purana 87. 14 - 17, 19 - 21. Vayu Purana 87. bindurekakalakarya varsantasthayini bhavet | dvadasanca kala sthanamekantaragatam tatah | pred-khothitamala 鈥� garamevam svarasamanvitam || dvikala va yathamurta yatadhdasita mucyate | yastu syadavarohe va tarato mandrato'pi va | je啷媖antarahito hyesa tameva svaramantatah | samdhipracchedano nama catu-kalaganah smrtah || 75 Ibid, 87. 21. 76 varnasthanaprayogena kalamatra pramanatah || Bharata Natyasastra 29. 45. sasina rahiteva nisa vinaleva nadi lata vipuspaiva | avibhusiteva ca stri motiralarahina syat || cf Vayu Purana 87. 25 鈥� nanabharanasamyogacya naya vibhusanam | varnasya caivalankaro vibhusa iyatmasambhavah ||

65 - 77 Vayu Purana 78 79 80 81 82 V . P . 87. 26 na pade kundale daste na kanthe rasana tatha | jevameva hayalankaro viparyasta vigarhitah || J Bharata Natyasastra 29. 80 - 82 Ibid, 31. 52. dvikalam catu kalamca padamamah prakirtitah | catvarah padamagastu matreti paricodyate || Vayu Purana 87. 47. tipunam caiva vrttinam vrtticitra ca daksina | gantau tu mamavayaste sauviri murcchana tatha || VDP. III. 18. 1 atha mitalaksanam bhavati | tasya trini sthananyurah kanthah sira | temyo mandramadhyatarotpatih || cf. Bharata Natyasastra 17. 101. srisi sthanani gurakanthagiramsiti bhavantyapi | Vayu Purana 87.4. sthanani trini janiyadurah kanthah sirastatha | Sangita Ratnakara I.3.7. vyavahare tvasai啷� deva hrdi mandro'mitiyate | kanthe madhyo murdhni taro dvigunamco taro tarah || 83 VDP. III. 18. 3. 84 85 The Murcchanas of the Gandhara-grama are not to be found in the Natyasastra. Sangita Ratnakara I 4. 22 24. 鈥� - tamamanyani namani narado munirabravit | murcchana taravarniya sadjagramemika gdata ||

- 66 - 86 jamvakranta ca sai啷�viri drsyaka cautarayata | rajaniti samakhyata rsinam sapta murcchana | bapyayani vistrta candra hema kapardini | maitri candramati (camdravati ) pitrya madhyame murcchana khimah || Bharata Natyasastra 28. 8 yatu tantrikrtam proktam nanataca samabhyam | gandharvati tadvegam svaratalapadatmakam nian 87 Ibid, 28. 22. 88 89 caturvidhatvametesam vijneyam ganayoktrbhih | vadi caivatha samvadi vivadi canuvadapi || cf. Sangita Ratnakara I. 3. 49 caturvidhah svara vadi samvadi va vivavapi | anuvadi ca vadi tu prayoge bahulah svarah || VDP. III. 18. 12. murcchana svadimadhyante va diva dinanuvadi samvah | Bharata Natyasastra 28. 66. dasakam natiksanam - mahamji taramandrau ca nyamo'panyasa jaiva ca | alpatvam ca bahutvam ca sadavaduvite tatha || 90 Catur Kallinatha's commentary on Sangita Ratnakara I.7.30 . "amgraha yoranyataroktau yatra vacidamsa jevicyate na praho yatra ca jevacyate na tvamsastatro mayagraha gumaye mahasayoh do grahanam bhavati | " 91 Ibid, on Sangita Ratnakara I. 7. 32 "navamsa jiti maravadesena sarve-vayamtradharmesu grahasya praptesu mahasayoh ko visesa jiti cet | mucyate | hasyaciti desatastu praptam vaditvameva na kevalam dharmah | api tu vaditvadicatustayamapiti tayorveda biti |

- 67 - yathoktam matangena - ase (seda ) tha vacaiva param stu vacadibhinna- caturvidhah " miti | S cf. Bharata Natyasastra 28. 76 - 78. 92 93 INS 29 23 - 30. 94 Ibid, 29. 43 - 45. 95 Ibid, 31. 200. gautani sapta - madraka lopyake caiva tatha caivaparantakam | prakopaka caiva rovindamayo taram || cf. Sangita Ratnakara I. 5. 59 - 60 . atah prakaranakhyani tapani jagurbudhah | tani gitani vaksyamastvamacam tu madrakam || aparantakamullapyam pravesakam tatah | rovindakottare sapta mitanityavadisu || 96 Sangita Ratnakara I. 5.60. 97 Bharata Natyasastra 98 99 100 101 28.12 Sangita Ratnakara V. 6.5-6. A Bh. 28.1-2. tatra svaramse tatasusirayorupayogah | tau hi svarasya paramartha raktilaksanam vitaratah | gatrnam hi vakparusyadi dosasatopahatanam svaratantri- venusvarena susvaratam niyate, svabhavata deva tanmadhuryat | Ibid suparajjaniyavabhinaya miti tayorekasannivesatmakah samuhah kartavyah | tatra turvidhamapyatacam svaratalapradhanyad dvividham krtam tatamavanadhdam ceti | suviranayoh kramena tadangatvat | VDP. III. 19. 3 4 - 鈥� tatra svarastulyah sarira vainavaca | taddasya || kimtu yatha sariranamarohavarohane tatha vainavanam vamsyani viparyayat ||

102 103 104 105 106 Bharata Natyasastra 28 . 13 - 15 鈥� svara gramau murcchananca tana| sthanani vrtyah | suskam sadharane varsa hamalankaraca ghatavah || srutayo yatayadeva nityam svaragatatmakah | daravya samavayastu vinayi samudahrtah || svara prabhavadvara varsah sthanani jatayah | sadharane va sariya vimayameva samgrahah || cf. Catura Kallinatha's Commentary on Sangita Ratnakara 1. 3. 13 mevam krte vastayo'gharagharastivra buccocca dhvanayo bhavanti | yatha sarire bhutaya guttarottaracya mutpadyante tatha vinayi marocya nrtyabanta jiti svarasyam || Bharata Natyasastra 31 . 6 . kalakalapramanena tala jiyadvitah | VDP. III. 19.5. pancalavvataroccarana kala matra | cf. Sangita Ratnakara V. 1. 16. pancalavdha roccaramita matra kathyate | Catura Kallinath comments - "simha margatalavisaye matra tu pancaladhyaroccaramita | pa jani ladhvaksaranam "kevata va pa " jityetesam | guccarasabdena muccaranakali yate | tena mita samita tatkalasadrsakaletyarthah | * VDP. III. 19. 6 6. dvina matrakala citre | catumatra vrta | atamatra daksinayah | Catura Kallinatha on Sangita Ratnakara V. 1. 27. patah sasabda vadayah, kala nihsabda avapadayah | tami patakalabhiryogah sambandhah | 107 cf. Bharata Natyasastra 31. 7 - 10.

-69 108 109 110 111 Sangita Ratnakara V. 1. 17 - 18 . caturastrastatha nyatra biti talo dvidha matah | caccatpucacapura jiti namni tayoh kramat | yathasaramsa dvikala catu kala jiti tridha pratyeka to namayatairmastatra yathaksarah || ayamekakala caccatpute tvantyam plutam viduh | SB / 6 miti yathasarambavatputah, s/ s / jiti kyasara cacaputah || Bharata Natyasastra 31 . 34 - 40. cf. Sangita Ratnakara V.1.6-9 patah kala ca ma deya tasam laksmamidadhmahe || bavapastatra hastasyotanasyangulikancanam | nikramo mastalasya syadahamulini prasaranam || ksepo daksinaparsvastanasya praptatanguleh | viseso'vastalasyasya prake啷�'ngulikancanam || hava hastasya patah syacchotika sabdapurvakah | sampa daksina hastasya tali vamakarasya tu || Sangita Ratnakara V. 1. . 5. nihsabda sabdayukta va nihsabda tu kocyate | syadavapo'tha nikramo visesanca pravesaka || nisabdeti catubhokta masabda'pi caturvidha || dhruvah jampa tatastalah samnipata a啶縯irita | cf. Bharata Natyasastra 31. 31 - 33. VDP . 111 . 19. 19.9 . layana talah || cf. Bharata Natyasastra 31. 3-4. tatah kalakata laya jityamimamditah | yo layastu vijneya dutamadhyavilambitah ||

-70 - 112 113 Manamohana Ghosh has given the explanation of the term "Kala" in foot - note of the translation of the Bharata Natyasastra 31. 2. Catur Kallinatha's commentary on Sangita Ratnakara V. 5. 314. " taladhyaye vaksyamanani mandrakadi caturdasagitani karanani miti mucyante " | ef . Sangita Ratnakara V . 2. 57 - 59, Catur Kal 11 natha comments - "tani gitaniti madrakadoni saptani gitakani chandakadini saptani motani va samanyena nirdesah / Bharata Natyasastra 31. 365 ff. 114 115 Sangita Ratnakara V. 2. 60 - 61. 116 Bharata Natyasastra 34. 4 ff. 117 Ibid, 34. 37 - 39. 118 cf. Catur Kallinatha on Sangita Ratnakara VI. 5. 822. ka kha ga gha ta tha da dha na ta tha da dha na raha jiti sodasavarna (patahe ) 119 cf. Bharata Natyasastra 34. 41. katara dhanastu daksina mukhe ma (ma) 6 thana vamake ni (ti ) vatah | dhakaro caivardhva karamadhvala va syuralingye || Bharata Natyasastra 34 . 43 ff . Ibid, 34. 46. 120 121 122 Ibid, 34. 45 49 123 VDP. III. 19. 17. 124 srmgarahasyaye啷媟anghritah | vaudradmutesu vitastah | karunasantayora liptah | bibhatsamayanako gaumukhi || Bharata Natyasastra 34. 215.

71 - 125 Linga Purana II. 1. 9 - 12. 126 127 128 129 pura tretayuge kausiko nama vaidvinah | vasudevaparo nityam samaganaratah sada mudaracaritam visomiyamanah punah punah bagayata harim tatra talavarnalayanvitam murcchana svarayogena srutimedena meditam || Ibid, II . 1 .60 . jevamuktva harirvi purbrahamanamidamabravit - -- kausikasyasya ganena yoganidra ca me gata | Ibid, II. 3.2-3 narayanasya gitani garna tham punah punah | ganena aradhito kisu satkirtim jnanavarcasi | dadati tustim sthananca yathasau kausikasya vai || Ibid, II . 3 . 32. agayata harim tatra talavarnalayanvitam | Ibid, II . 3 . 60 - 65. 130 Ibid, II. 3. 67 - 69 jevamukta, sa bhagavanokta va ghalaksanaih | asiksaya tatha gitam divyam varsasahastrakam || tatah samastasampanno gitaprastarakadisu | vipancyadisu sampannah sarvasvaravibhagavit || ayutani ca sattrimsatsahastrani satani ca | svarani medayogena jnatavan munisattamah || 131 Harivamsha II. 89. 76 - 77, 83. 132 Ibid, II. 89. 68. 133 M. N. Datta, Translation of the Harivamsha, p. 646 fn. 1. the commentary of Nilakantha on the Harivamsha cf.

72 - satagramah sthanani khevi ragaci tairyah samadhih citai啶緂ram vad yasya ti te ca madhyasudhdabhinnagaudamisramitarupah | ilosakam bahubhih stribhih saha nrtyam 134 N. P. I. 50.30 - 40 . 135 Ibid, I. 50. 63 - 64. 136 Ibid, I . 50. 95 - 96. 137 Narada Purana I. 50. 79 - 80, 103 - 104.