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[Full title: Influence of Paumacariyam; (A) Influence of Jaina works; (2) Svayambhu鈥檚 Paumacariu]

Paumacariu is an Apabhramsa work composed in the later half of the ninth century (840-920 A. D.; See Paumacariu, Vol. III Int.). Svayambhu (Paumacariu,, 1.2.9) expressly mentions that he composed his work through the favour of Ravisena (punu Ravisenayariya pasaem Paumacariu, 1.2.9). His work is more poetic and attractive in style. He has not slavishly imitated Ravisena. He has affected several omissions, abridgements, alterations, modifications, divergences and additions especially as regards the intervening stories. In the main story there is no far-reaching change except that Kaikeyi is jealous at heart, Vajrajangha is the husband of the sister of Rama and Indra is painted as if he is a celestial lord. The influence of Valmiki Ramayana on the Paumacariu can also be traced. (For details see Supra, Ch. 3, 4 & 5). Omissions:Main Rama-Story. (1) Rama's teachers. (2) Brother of Janaka and his daughter's marriage with Bharata. (3) Ratimala and Vijayasundari's marriage with Laksmana and Bharata respectively. (4) Reference to the Ganges on the occasion of banishing Sita. (5) Ksullaka, the teacher of Lavana and Ankusa.

286 Alterations:A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYAM (6) The boon was offered to Kaikeyi at Kautukamangalapura ( Paumacariya-Paumacariya-at Ayodhya). (7) Janaka's father's name is Candraketu Paumacariya-Paumacariya-Indraketu). (8) Visalya is offered to Laksmana in marriage on the occasion of Sita's 'svayamvara' (Paumacariya-Paumacariya-in the battlefield). (9) Khara and Dusana are two persons and husbands of Candranakha (Paumacariya-Paumacariya-Kharadusana as one person; Valmiki Ramayana-Two persons but not husbands of Surpanakha). (10) Ravana was temped by the beauty of Sita in advance through the message of Dusana (Paumacariya-Paumacariya-He was tempted on the spot). (11) Hanuman destroys the park to tease Ravana Paumacariya-Paumacariya-When the men sent by Ravana besiege him, he ruins the park). (12) Ravana is ready to abdicate his throne for possessing Sita (Paumacariya-Paumacariya-He offers some parts of his territory to Rama). Modifications: (13) Vidyadhara Sasivardhana marries his eight daughters to Laksmana, other ten to Bharata and Satrughna (Paumacariya-PGR-All married to Laksmana). (14) Viradhita was enthroned as the king of Patalamkarapura during Rama's sojourn at that place, immediately after having killed Khara-Dusana (Paumacariya-Paumacariya-after returning from Lanka). (15) Hanuman concealed himself in the sky when he dropped the finger-ring before Sita (Paumacariya-He changed his form). (16) Suvela is not defeated but he joins Rama (Paumacariya-He is defeated Paumacariya-No mention). (17) Vibhisana escapes from stabbing himself to death for he falls into a swoon (Paumacariya-Paumacariya-Rama saves him). (18) Vibhisana is crowned as the king of Lanka after the death of Ravana (Paumacariya-Paumacariya-After Rama's returning to Ayodhya). (19) Vajrajangha is mentioned as the husband of the sister of Rama (Paumacariya-Paumacariya-No relation with Dasaratha). So the marriage of his daughter with Lavana is dropped. (20) Here king Prthu marries his two daughters, Kanakamala and Tarangamala to Lavana and Ankusa respectively (Paumacariya-Paumacariya-Only Kanakamala to Ankusa). Additions: (21) Satrughna also was married to some Vidyadhara girls on the occasion of Sita's 'svayamvara' (Paumacariya-Paumacariya-His marriage not mentioned) (22) The period of Rama's exile is 16 years (23) Trisiras also was killed by Laksmana on the occasion of the latter's battle with Khara and Dusana. (24) Two Carana munis consoled Rama following the abduction of Sita and Jatayu's death. (25) Trijata's dream and Aksayakumara's killing are mentioned. (26) The sea is crossed in aerialcars (Paumacariya-Paumacariya--No specific mention). (27) Setu, an additional lord also is

SOURCES, CONTRIBUTION AND INFLUENCE OF Paumacariya 287 defeated before encamping near Lanka. (28) Samudra and Setu jointly offered five girls to Laksmana in marriage (Paumacariya-Paumacariya-Samudra only offered four girls). (29) Rama challenged Ravana through Angada before the commencement of the battle. (30) Here Trijata and Lankasundari spoke for Sita's purity after the battle between Rama and his sons. They further asked Rama to arrange an ordeal if he was not convinced with Sita's chastity. (Paumacariya-Paumacariya-Rama asks Sita to adduce proof, then Sita offers for fire-ordeal. Divergences:- (31) Kaikeyi is jealous at the proposed Rama's coronation, Bharata abuses Dasaratha, Laksmana becomes furious and is ready to imprison Bharata. (32) Bharata. goes to call back Rama of his own accord. Kaikeyi follows him but does not speak. She is here also jealous at heart, (33) Rudrabhuti commissions his warriors to snatch away Sita, but after having learnt that Rama is a Baladeva, he surrenders to Rama. (34) Candranakha assumed her hideous form and Laksmana raised his sword to threaten her men if they dared to put him in danger. Omissions:Dynasties. (35) The origin of the Iksvaku and the Hari Vamsas as well as the genealogical lists of Iksvaku, Vidyadhara and Hari Vamsas are dropped. Abridgement:- (36) The genealogical list of Vanara Vamsa is curtailed (37) The genealogical list of Raksasa Vamsa seems to be influenced by the Paumacariya (See Supra Ch. 5). Intervening Stories. Ravana-Carita. Omissions:- (38) Request of Vaisravana to Ravana for avoiding a battle. Abridgement:- (39) number of Vidyas acquired by Ravana is curtailed. There is a mere reference to the destroying of the Yajna of Marutta by Ravana. (40) Some of the Vidyas have their counterpart in the Paumacariya, but not in the Paumacariya Alterations: (41) Indra is depicted as the celestial lord. (42) Sahasrakirana of Mahismati fought with his one thousand arms. (43) Hanuman tried ro fasten the soldiers of Varuna with his magic tail,

288 Modification:A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYAM (44) Ravana was named Dasamukha in his boyhood (Paumacariya-Paumacariya- when he was a babe). (45) Uparambha herself offered the Sudarsanacakra along with the lore to Ravana (Paumacariya-Cakra came into the possession of Ravana when Nalakubara was defeated). Additions:celebrate the marriage of (46) Ravana sends his men to Candranakha with Khara and Dusana. (47) Personal combat between Vali and Ravana and humiliation of Ravana on being lifted up by Vali. (48) Parasara, Kautilya and Manu also mentioned as ministers. of Indra (49) Sending of an envoy by Indra to make friends with Ravana, offering of his daughter to Ravana in marriage and inciting of Ravana by Narada for a battle with Indra. (50) Vidyadhara lords. Candra, Yama, Kubera, Kesarin, Kanaka, Agni, Anala, Anila and Surya all taken as captive by Ravana (51) As regards the marriage of Ravana and his brothers, the Paumacariu agree with the Paumacariya, not with the Paumacariya Other Intervening Stories. Previous birth stories are generally dropped or abridged. In the rest of the stories, leaving aside sectarian differences there are minor droppings, alterations, modicications and additions. Omissions: Caritas: Story Nos. 3, 4,7 & 10. Legendary kings: Story Nos. 12, 13, 14 & 15. Stories of Genesis: Nos. 16 & 20. Didactic stories: Nos. 21-23, 25-28, 30-33, 36-37, 41-42, 43-50, 52, 53 & 57. Stories of General Prudence: Nos. 58 to 63. Abridgement:Story no. 11, 38 & 54 are curtailed and No. 17, 24, 34, 35 & 51 get merely a passining reference. 52. There are some minor points which reveal that Paumacariu is influenced by the Paumacariya (See also Paumacariu, I. Int. p. 50-51). An analysis of various changes affected by Svayambhu reveals that he has cut short the volume of (the epic) his work by dropping altogether many intervening stories.

SOURCES, CONTRIBUTION AND INFLUENCE OF Paumacariya 289 Though he has followed Ravisena yet he seems to have consulted Vimalasuri's work (See above points No. 37, 40, 51 &52) as it is brought out also by the description of the Raksasa soldiers marching to fight Rama's army (59.7). Its similarity with that of the Paumacariya at 53.107-113. is striking. The PCC does not contain this short of description. Similarly the description of the palace of Ravana in the Paumacariya at 68.1-17 and in the Paumacariu at 72.2f can be compared. He has been influenced by the Valmiki Ramayana also for he divides his work into five Kandas of which four are named as in the Valmiki Ramayana (Ayodhya, Sundara, Yuddha and Uttara). Further see. points Nos. 9, 10, 11, 15, 21, 22, 23, 25, 29, 31-34, 41-43, 47 & 50. These points do not bear complete identity with those of the Valmiki Ramayana There are alterations and modifications, but the influence of the Valmiki Ramayana is apparent. seems to be an influence of Calling Rama as Bhavabhuti. Ramacandra There are many other points which differ from the Paumacariya and Paumacariya For their source he might have followed some other tradition or might have affected innovations. Dr. Bhayani proposes that in such cases his source was Caturmukha's Paumacariu (See Paumacariu, I. Int.).