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Significance of Vaisheshika

Vaisheshika is a significant philosophical school in Indian philosophy, particularly within the context of Tibetan Buddhism and other traditions. It focuses on the categorization of reality, emphasizing the distinction between substances and their properties, and discusses the existence of universals. Vaisheshika philosophers, following Kanada's teachings, argue against the existence of universals in universals and explore concepts like inherence and the essence of Time. They maintain specific views on knowledge classification, the duality of souls, and the nature of existence, thereby presenting a unique perspective within Indian philosophical discourse.

In Dutch: Vaisheshika; In German: Vaisheshika; In Finnish: Vaisheshika; In Spanish: Vaisheshika

The below excerpts are indicatory and do represent direct quotations or translations. It is your responsibility to fact check each reference.

Buddhist concept of 'Vaisheshika'

Buddhism Books

Vaisheshika in Buddhism is interpreted as a philosophical school that explores reality's nature, time, and entity categorization, emphasizing a distinction between individual and universal entities while contesting the existence of universals within universals.

Significance in Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism):
Tibetan Buddhism Books

From: Tattvasangraha [with commentary]

(1) Philosophers who argue against the existence of universals within universals.[1] (2) A school of philosophy referenced here, which acknowledges the temporal limitations of a lamp-flame's existence.[2] (3) A philosophical school or position that offers its own interpretations and concepts in the context of cognition.[3] (4) Philosophers who follow the teachings of Kanada, focusing on the categorization of reality through concrete entities and substances.[4] (5) Another school of Indian philosophy that posits a distinct separation between universal and individual entities, differing from the Mimamsaka view.[5]

Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha鈥檚 words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (vajrayana) are collected indepently.

Hindu concept of 'Vaisheshika'

Hinduism Books

Vaisheshika in Hinduism is an ancient philosophical school focusing on atomic theory, pluralism, and metaphysics. It emphasizes duality of souls and the categorization of reality, while critiquing other doctrines for their divergent beliefs.

Significance in Vyakarana (Sanskrit grammar):
Vyakarana Books

From: Vakyapadiya of Bhartrihari

(1) A philosophical school that holds specific views on metaphysics, particularly regarding the nature of existence and non-existence.[6] (2) Refers to a specific philosophical school that debates the nature of existence and properties, including the concept of number.[7] (3) A philosophical school that interprets the term Direction (Dik) as an independent entity, which is critiqued in the text.[8] (4) A philosophical school that interprets words in a specific way, for instance, using the term 'ghata' to convey a whole.[9] (5) The philosophical school that provides a viewpoint on the origin and understanding of duality through the lens of the two unities.[10]

Vyakarana refers to Sanskrit grammar and represents one of the six additional sciences (vedanga) to be studied along with the Vedas. Vyakarana concerns itself with the rules of Sanskrit grammar and linguistic analysis in order to establish the correct context of words and sentences.

Significance in Vedanta (school of philosophy):
Vedanta Books

From: Brahma Sutras (Shankaracharya)

(1) Those according to whom the effect is something different from the cause, as described within the provided text.[11] (2) This term refers to a specific philosophical system discussed in the text, with its principles and doctrines being examined and compared to other schools of thought.[12] (3) The Vaisheshikas refers to a doctrine that is not accepted and is characterized as semi-destructive, or semi-nihilistic, as stated in the provided text.[13] (4) The Vaisheshika is a perspective that admits a binary compound originates from two atoms, connected by the relation of inherence; this position is challenged due to the regressus in infinitum it entails.[14] (5) Pluralistic thinkers who also assert that the Lord is an operative cause in their own philosophical exposition.[15]

From: Mandukya Upanishad (Gaudapa Karika and Shankara Bhashya)

(1) An ancient Indian school of philosophy that emphasizes atomic theory and pluralism, critiqued in the text for its doctrinal differences.[16]

From: Taittiriya Upanishad Bhashya Vartika

(1) A philosophical system that posits the mind as eternal and indivisible, in contrast to the material view presented.[17]

From: Brahma Sutras (Shankara Bhashya)

(1) Another opponent of the Vedantic view, who also holds differing beliefs regarding the nature of reality and causation.[18]

Vedanta refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. There are a number of sub-schools of Vedanta, however all of them expound on the basic teaching of the ultimate reality (brahman) and liberation (moksha) of the individual soul (atman).

Significance in Dharmashastra (religious law):
Dharmashastra Books

From: Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi

(1) A philosophical school that provides insights into the nature of odour and its exclusive association with earth.[19] (2) A philosophical school that considers Time a substance, differing from others that view it as a form of action.[20] (3) A school of philosophy in Hinduism that deals with the nature of reality and categorization of objects.[21]

Dharmashastra contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle.

Significance in Vaisheshika (school of philosophy):
Vaisheshika Books

From: Padarthadharmasamgraha and Nyayakandali

(1) A philosophical school that recognizes the soul as a substance, contributing to the understanding of the dual concept of substance.[22] (2) A philosophical school that traditionally classifies knowledge, emphasizing the nine substances and often dismissing Darkness as a mere negation.[23] (3) A philosophical school that posits that qualities can reside only in substances, promoting the idea that attributes have a substrate.[24]

Vaisheshika refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. Vaisheshika deals with subjects such as logic, epistemology, philosophy and expounds concepts similar to Buddhism in nature

Significance in Purana and Itihasa (epic history):
Purana Books

From: Yoga Vasistha [English], Volume 1-4

(1) The belief in duality of souls 鈥� the Vital and Supreme.[25] (2) Philosophers who seek bliss in the complete absence of pain.[26]

The Purana refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India鈥檚 vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.

Plural form: De Vaisheshika.