365bet娱乐

There are two classes of Indian metres-viz.. Matrta-chanda and Varna-chanda. The metres of the former class are measured by the quantity of morae (matras) while those of the latter by the number of syllables (varnas). Our epic poem, Paumacariyam is composed mainly in the matra-chanda called Gatha which has its own advantage of greater freedom in construction and more suitability in singing. The poet has stated in the beginning and in the end that he has composed the work in the Gatha-chanda (raiyam gahahi Gatha payadaphudattham 1.3; gahanibaddham kayam 118.102). is the oldest Prakrit metre even as Anustup is of Sanskrit. The cause of employing the metre in the Paumacariya is quite apparent from the fact that it had become a sacred metre of the Jainas on account of its very common use in the Jaina canonical licerature. Further the introductory chapter of the Paumacariya reveals that the poem is being recited before the audience (ettham ciya parisae........bhanami...... The reciting can sampai sankhevenam nisameha 1.14,16,31). produce an appealing effect upon the audience provided it is done in a sing-song manner and the Matra-chandas 28.47 are well suited to it. In addition to the Gatha metre, other matra-chandas also are employed. They are generally used in the ending verse of the chapters and are seldom employed in the main body. For example the use of other matra-chanda at is purposeful, because that verse contains the eulogy of the Jina. But the purpose of departing from the running metre and using some other matra metres at 14.70; 17.107; 53.115 and 106.1 is not clearly under-standable because at these places there is no change of topic. Further the schemes of 14.70 & 53,115 are defective and they need correction for identifying their metres with some of the derived varieties of Gatha-proper. It is just possible that they were composed in Gatha-proper but have got corrupted in the hands of the scribes. Besides the matra-chandas, the varna-chandas are also employed. Generally the ending verse of every chapter is composed in Varnachanda. These verses are generally devoted to the paise of religion,

LITERARY EVALUATION 579 conduct or morality. There are only 12 verses in the main body, which have been composed in the Varna-chandas. They occur on the occasions of the eulogy of the Jina (28.48-50), the destruction of the the garden by Hanumat (53.79), the description of the soldiers of Indrajit fighting with Hanumat (53.107-113) and in the beginning of the Prasasti (118.102) appended to appended to the work in the end. Thus we find that the whole work is well planned with Gaha as the running metre and the metre of the ending verse of every chapter is changed generally into some Varna-chanda and rarely into some Matra-chanda. The following table gives an analysis of the Chandas employed in the Paumacariya:Sl. No. Name of the Metre I Matra-Chanda Main body Ending verse of the chapter No. Total A. Main Prakrit Metre : 1. Gatha (proper) 8499 verses in all (Prasasti--118. 103-119). B. Derived varieties of Gatha: 8516 路 2. Gatha (Gahu) 106.1; 53.115; 鈽� 3 14.70 3. Udgatha 4. Simhini 5. Gahini 6. Skandhaka * * * * X (16) 1 鈽� (96) 1 (116) 1 (48, 79, 102, 103, 108, 10 7. Gatha-Skandhaka C. Other Prakrit Metres : 17.107 110-112, 114, 117). (115) 2 8. Galitaka 28.47 Total 8521 (52) 15 " II Varna-Chanda (53.107-113) * * * 鈽� 鈽� (17, 22, 35, 46, 58, 87, 94) (14, 21, 36, 64, 80, 83, 85, 91) (49, 60, 62, 63, 113) 1. Pramanika 2. Dodhaka 3. Indravajra 4. Upendravajra x 2 8536 8 770 LO 5

580 A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYAM Sl. Name of the Metre No. Main body Ending verse of the chapter No. Total 5. Upajati X 6 Drutavilambita 鈽� (4, 9, 27, 32, 34, 40, 41, 43, 57, 16 69, 71, 81, 86, 89, 90, 104) (8, 28) 7. Totaka (28.50) 8. Indravamsa X 9. Vamsastha 10. Indravamsastha 11. 12. (Jagati-Upajati) Rucira Vasantatilaka (28.48) X 2 1 (50) 1 (105) 2 (31) 1 鉁� 鉁� 鈽� 13. Sarabha (28. 49) 14. Malini 15. Mandakranta 鈽� 98) 7 (51, 70, 72, 76, 78, (3, 5, 10, 12, 13, 19, 25, 37, 27, 39, 42, 44, 47, 55, 61, 66, 67, 68, 74, 77, 88, 92, 93, 99-101, 106, 118) X (2, 6, 15, 18, 23, 24, 26, 38, 53, 59, 65, 95, 109) (29, 45, 54, 56) 16. Sardulavikridita (118. 102 Pra- (1, 11, 20, 30, 75, 97) I 13 4 7 Sasti's opening verse) 17. Sragdhara X (7, 33, 73, 82, 107) 5 18. Dandaka (53.79) 1 X Total 12 Grand Total 8533 103 118 115 8651 A. Main Prakrit Metre : I Matra-chandas 1. Gatha proper³:-It has 30 and 27 matras in the first and the second line, having either line its caesura at the 12th matra. The sixth gana of the first line has either 121 or 1111 scheme and the same gana of the second line has one matra only (Every line is divided into the ganas of four matras-thus there are seven ganas in the first line and six ganas in the second line and the whole couplet must have 2 ganas of In 118.105b one matra 2 matras and one gana of 1 matra only). 1. See Prakrita Paingalam 1. 54-57 & Gatha Lakshana, vv, 6-9.

LITERARY EVALUATION 581 exceeds. In 14.72b 'miha' should be 'miham'. 2 In 43.15 the 'bahave' should be corrected to 'bahavesu' for grammatical correctness and metrical regularity. In 106.1 three matras are wanted in the second foot. 4 3 Types of Gatha proper A. Pathya':-At the 12th matra of each line of the Gatha proper the word must terminate (See 6.213; 48.77; 14.72; 43.15 ). B. Vipula : The above rule is not applicable to it (See 37.50; 42.6). C. Sarvacapala:-It has in both the lines the second and the fourth gana in 121 scheme which is preceded and followed by a guru (2) (See 33.96; 48.121). 8 D. Mukhacapala : -- It has the above scheme in the first line only. (See 20.100; 21.67; 23 8). E. Jaghanacapata;-It has the above scheme in the second line only. (See 26.1;26.12,64,97;27.39;29.39;30.11) B Derived varieties of Gatha : The following Chandas are derived from the Gatha proper either by decreasing or increasing the number of matras in the first or the second or both the lines of the Gatha proper. 2. Gatha (Gahu ) 10 : - It has 27 matra (33 minus 3 ) in the first line also; the caesura is at 12th matra and the sixth gana is of one matra only (See 106.1). The first line of 53.115 and of 14.70 is defective 12. 1. bahujuva isa hassehi, na ya patto uvasamam mayanamudho | so vijjahararaya, gano ya narayam aniyamiya || 118 .105 2. managutti vayagutto taheva kayassa ja havaha gutti | 3. eyau munivarenam niyayamiha dhariyavvao || 14 .72 graha mehavahanai, rakkhasavamse narindavasahesu | kalena vavagaesu, bahave mahanubhavesu || 43 .15 4. kancananayarahivai, kanaya raho ( ? ) khero suro | mahila tassa sayahuya, donni ya dhuyau kannasro || 106 . 1 5. Op. Cit. Gatha Lakshana, 18. 6. Ibid. See also - Apabhramsa Metres. II; vide p. 53 of the Journal of the University of Bombay, Vol. 5, Pt. III, Nov., 1936. 7.Gatha Lakshana, 19. 8. Ibid. 20. 9. Ibid. 10. I. Prakrita Paingalam 52, 11. graha marui vi entam, saranivaham riuna parimukkam | chindai calaggahattho, gayane nisiyaddhacandehim || 53 .115 12. himsaliyacorikka mehunapariggahassa niyatti | - ya pamcamahavvayarina samanana bharinyani || 14 .70

582 A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYAM 3. Udgatha: It has 30 matras in both the lines and caesura at 12th matra in each line (See 16.90). 4. Simhini: - It has 32 matras in the first and 30 matras in the second line (See 96.49). 5. Gahint : -It is just the reverse of the Simhini ( See 116.17). 6. Skandhaka - It has 32 matras in either line or eight ganas of four matras (see 48.125 ) . 7. Gathaskandha : -- It has one line of Gatha and the other of Skandhaka. In 17.107 the first line exceeds by one matra². C. Other Prakrit Metres: 8. Galitaka : - The verses 28.47 and 52.29 are of Galitaka type. In 28.47 the first three feet have 21 matras, the fourth foot has 23 matras its scheme is also defective and 'nha' in the first foot should be counted as one matra³. In 52 29 every one of the four feet has 22 matras. In the first foot 'vicittayae should be 'vicittae' as in the fourth foot. II Varna-Chandas 1. Pramanika 7: It has 8 syllables alternately short aud long in each foot. 2. Dodhakas: It contains 11 syllables having three Bhaganas and two long letters. In 94.108 the second foot is defective at 'mahiliya.' In 22.110 the second foot is defective at ' sampanna. 1.Prakrita Paingalam I. 73 & Gatha Lakshana, 64. 2. so bhanai ajja diyaho, vibhavasu bahula pratthami ya cettassa | samarano cciya nakkhatam bambha una bhannae jogo || 17 .107 3. See Jaina Yuga, Pustaka 1, Arika. 5, Posa 1992, pp. 180-181 - K. H. Dhruva. 4. jo tiyasahivehi havi girimatthae, kinnara siddhajakkhakaya mamgalasaddae | jammajara visrogagharanakambhavinasae, paranamaha srayarena sayayam usabhajindie || 28 .47 5. See Prakrita Paingalam 1.5 . 6. evam imam tu pecchaha kammavicittayae sayalajasam uvei piyasamgamabhattae || lamkasundariem hanuvassa virohae, vavahariyam sinehavimalara ivicitta || 52 .26 7.Prakrita Paingalam II. 69. 8. Ibid, 104. 9. tattha varane mahayam ti balam tam mahiliyarunnasaram nisuneu | " jayabhayam sraicamcala nettam, khayajasam vimalam pi niruddham || 64 .108 10. je bharahainarahivasura, uttamasattisirisampanna | te nidhammaphalena mahappa, honti puno vimalamalabhava || 22 .110

LITERARY EVALUATION 583 3. Indravajra¹: It has 11 syllables in each foot and has the scheme of Ta, Ta, Ja, and two long syllables (See 14.158). 4. Upendravajra: It has its first gana in Ja scheme while the rest of the scheme is identical with that of Indravajra (See 60.9). Upajati: It is a mixture of Indravajra and Upendravajra. Example: 89.64--It has first and third foot of Indravajra while second and fourth foot of Upendravajra. There are examples of one foot of Indravajra and the rest of the three feet of Upendravajra (See 32.79) or vice versa (See 40.16; 57.36; 71 69; 81.15; 90.30). Such a combination is allowed by Virahanka who defines it as Slikatripada. He names the Upajati as Misra³. 6. Drutavilambitat: It has 12 syllables with the scheme of Na, Bha, Bha, Ra, in each foot (See 28.141). 7. Totaka: It has the scheme of four times 'Sa' gana in each foot. 8. Indravamsa(R); 9. It has Ta, Ta, Ja, Ra scheme in each foot. Vamsasthai or Vasantamanjari"; It has Ja, Ta, Ja, Ra scheme in each foot. 10. Indra-Vamsastha: It is a mixture of Indravamsa and Vamsastha (See 31.128-Its first foot is of Indrvamsa and the other three of Vamsastha. It is also called Jagati upajati. 11. Rucira or Sadagati¹0: It has 13 syllables and the scheme is Bharata Savitri Ja, and a long syllable. It has caesura at 4th syllable. See 70.71 The 'sajjauha' of the third foot should be 'saauha', otherwise that foot is defective 11. 12. Vasantatilaka¹²:-It has 14 syllables in each foot. Its scheme is Ta, Bha, Ja, and two long syllables (See 88.43). 1. Prakrita Paingalam II. 114. 2. Ibid, 118. 3. See Vrittajatisamuccaya = Vrttajatisamuccaya 5.2'. (J.B.B. Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 8, No. 1 & 2, p. 13, 1932.). 4. Ibid. 5.28. 5. Ibid. 5.27. 6. Hem. Chandanusasanam p. 7a line 17. 7. Ibid. Adhyaya 2. 159. 8. Vrittajatisamuccaya, 5.26. 9. Op. Cit. Jaina Yuga. 10. Vrittajatisamuccaya, 5.30. 11. mahabhada kavaiyadehabhusarana, samantamro turayagaindrasamkula | sajja uha diranaya rateyasanniha, viniggaya vimalajasahilasino || 70 .71 12. Prakrita Paingalam II. 159.

584 A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYAM 13. Sarabha':--It has 15 syllables in each foot. It has all the syllables short except the last one which is long. - 3 14. Malin 2: - It has 15 syllables with the scheme of Na, Na, Ya, Ya. It has caesura at the eighth syllable ( See 2.119 ). In the fourth foot of the 95.68 'sirihai' is defective. In the second foot of the 109.26 the 'gunagahanam' should be corrected to 'gunaganam', otherwise both the sense and the metre are defective. 4 15. Mandakranta ³ :- -It has seventeen syllables. It has caesuras at 4th and 10th syllable. Its scheme is Ma, Bha, Ta, Ta and two long. syllables. (See 45.45). 16. Sardulavikridita : - It has 19 syllables, caesura at 12th and Ma, Sa, Ja, Sa, Ta, Ta and one long syllable. (See 1.90). 17. Sragdhara7 : --- It has 21 syllables, caesuras at 7th and 14th syllable and Ma, Ra, Bha, Na, Ya, Ya, Ya scheme ( See 73.35 ). In the fourth foot of the 107.15 'tamha' should be corrected to 'tamha's. 1: Prakrita Paingalam 166. 2. Ibid. 165. 3. grahigayatavasammadittidakkacittam, samanamiva gunad dham silasambharapunnam | parajanauvayari vacchalam dhammabandhu, vimalajasanidanam kona sirihai viram || 65 .68 , 4. suravaibharinayam jam taccamagganuratam jiranavaraguna gaharanam suppasattham pavittam | suniya vihasamghatam ca indam nameu ', ivimalasarora janti sam sam nikeyam || 106 .26 5. Vrittajatisamuccaya, 5.34. 6. Vrittajatisamuccaya, 5.40. 7. Ibtd. 5.45. 8. evam jo diha suttam kuranai iha naro'neyavavarajutto, niccam bhogabhilasi sayanapariyane tibvanehanuratto | samsaram so mahantam paribhamai ciram ghoradukkham lahanto, tamha rayam pasatthe sasiyaravimale hohi dhammekkacitto || 107 .15 N.B. In the second revised edition of Paumacariyam (P. T. S. Varanasi, 1962, 1968 ) only five of the above mentioned verses are found corrected as follows: sranimiyappa, ( Supra, p. 581. fn 1 ), bahavesu ( Supra, p. 581.fn. 4 ), 'ho nama khe, ( Supra, p. 581.fn . 5), riujarona ( Supra, p. 581. fn. 11 ), tamha ( Supra, p. 584fn. 8 ) 鈥� And two more can be corrected as indicated below according to Appendix No. 7 of the revised adition of Paumacariya mehunna pariggahassa ya niyatti (Supra, p. 581.fn. 12), sahauha (Suppa, p. 583. fn. 11).

LITERARY EVALUATION 585 It has 18. Dandaka:-It is a variety of Dandaka type of metres. 84+87+87+84 syllables in the successive four feet and the scheimes Na, Na, and 26 times Ra in the first and the fourth foot each while Na, Na, and 27 times Ra gana in the second and the third foot each. Hemacanda says that Dandaka has always more than 26 syllables and the Ra ganas may increase up to the extent of 331 times.