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[Full title: Images of 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 (3): Caubisi type of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 sculptures]

We have documented 53 sculptures of 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 of this variety from the present study area and among them 40 icons are from Purulia, 9 from Bankura, 1 from West Midnapur (zone I), 2 from Burdwan (zone II) and 1 from Uttar Dinajpur (zone IV).

The caubisi type 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 image from Surohar is measuring almost 1 meter in height depicts the perfectly poised image of the 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 in the 诲丑测腻苍补 pose on a high pedestal. This is the only seated imgae of this variety. In the form of a miniature shrine, it depicts in the centre the 1^st 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补, seated in 辫补诲尘腻蝉补苍补 on a high throne. An 18-spoked cakra is carved in the pedestal, flanked by a pair of lions, just above R峁�abha蹋 's 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补, the bull. 峁氠梗补产丑补 is shown in deep meditation with half-closed eyes; the chest is damaged, palms and soles are marked with wheels, only faintly visible on the photograph. His hair is artistically arranged in a high ja峁�膩尘耻办耻峁璦 with two strands falling on each shoulder. Behind his head is a round 辫谤补产丑腻尘补峁囜笉补濒补 fringed with lotus petals. Further up is a triple umbrella from the top of which spring two branches of a tree framing the umbrellas. This motif is flanked by four pairs of hands, belonging to invisible figures in the sky, offering flowers and playing a drum and cymbals. Below, on either side of the nimbus, is shown a garland-bearing 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补 couple floating in the air. The principal figure is flanked by two 肠腻尘补谤补-bearing attendants, clothed and adorned like princes.

The most noteworthy feature of the image are the twenty three seated miniature Jina figures surrounding the central one, all displaying 诲丑测腻苍补尘耻诲谤腻. None of them shows the 艣谤墨惫补迟蝉补 mark on the chest, thus implying that also the principal figure was devoid of this mark, as usual for Jina images from Bengal. Twenty one Jinas are seated within niches of a five-fold temple structure terminating in five 艣颈办丑补谤补蝉, while two Jinas occupy separate miniature shrines on either side at the bottom. The three vertical rathas above the central figure are made to project a little forward, thus serving as a sort of canopy to the principal figure.

All but one of the twenty three miniature Jinas are iconographically identical, differentiated only by their cihnas (濒腻帽肠丑补苍补s) carved against the pedestals. Only the 23rd 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 笔腻谤艣惫补苍腻迟丑补, who occupies the bottom niche to the right of the principal figure, is further distinguished by a seven-hooded snake-canopy. The twenty three Jinas are regularly arranged in horizontal order. The sequence starts at the top left with the 2nd 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 and ends at the bottom right with the twenty fourth. Thus we see in the first row Ajita with an elephant, 厂补峁僢丑补惫补 with a horse, and Abhinandana with a monkey; in the second row Sumati with a dog, Padmaprabha a lotus, 厂耻辫腻谤艣惫补 with a padma-like wheel, Candraprabha with a crescent moon, and 笔耻峁�p补诲补苍迟补 or Suvidhi with a makara. The third row shows 艢墨迟补濒补 with a diamondshaped 艣谤墨惫补迟蝉补, 艢谤别测腻峁僺补 with a rhinoceros, 痴腻蝉耻辫奴箩测补 with a buffalo, Vimala with a boar, and Ananta a bear. The fourth through seventh rows flank the principal 峁氠梗补产丑补 and show Dharma with a vajra and 艢腻苍迟颈 with a deer; Kunthu with a goat and Ara with a fish; Malli with a water-pot and Munisuvrata with a tortoise; and Nami with an utpala and Nemi with a conch. Finally, at the bottom we see two Jinas in separate miniature shrines: 笔腻谤艣惫补 with a snake and 惭补丑腻惫墨谤补 with a lion. Though 峁氠梗补产丑补 is the main subject of the sculpture, the representations of the other 23 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 make it a 肠补迟耻谤惫颈峁兣沘迟颈辫补峁�峁�补. However, the special emphasis given to the two flanking Jinas at the bottom, who are shown within slightly larger niches crowned by complete shrine-roofs of their own, would also suggest an inherent 迟谤颈迟丑墨谤迟颈办补辫补峁�峁�补 consisting of R峁�abha flanked by 笔腻谤艣惫补 and 惭补丑腻惫墨谤补蹋. In the centre at the bottom a small male figure kneels in adoring pose in front R峁�abha蹋 's bull. He is shown with long, well-arranged hair and a pointed beard and may be the donor of this extraordinary sculpture. If so, his prominent hairstyle perhaps indicates the special devotion to his favourite Jina, the hairy R峁�abhan膩tha蹋. This sculpture is unique not only in providing us with a well visible and complete set of the twenty four cihnas, but its careful rendering of the architectural details gives us also an idea how a tenth century temple in Bengal looked like, an important feature since not a single temple in the region of that period has come down to us. This icon is stylistically assignable to nineth-tenth centuries CE.

The Paruldiha image of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 (Pl.XVIII.A) is made of chlorite stone and measures 127 cm x 60 cm x 15cm. The image is well preserved and it represents a high quality of craftsmanship. In this image the Jina is in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 and 蝉补尘补辫腻诲补蝉迟丑腻苍补办补 postures and stands on a full blown lotus placed on a 辫补帽肠补-ratha pedestal. The 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 obviously devoid of any worldly attire, has elongated earlobes, and wears an elegant 箩补峁�膩j耻峁璦 with 办别艣补-惫补濒濒补谤墨 falling down the sides of the head and over the shoulders. The elaborate ovoidal 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补 is embellished with rows of beads and leafy edges. Above it is a tri-linear chatra, flanked by 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补s hovering in the conventional representation of clouds. On either side of the 尘奴濒补苍腻测补办补 stand sensitively modelled 肠腻尘补谤补dharas with their left hands in 办补峁瓂腻惫补濒补尘产颈迟补 posture and the right hands holding a fly-whisk. They stand on lotus pedestals and are in 迟谤颈-产丑补峁単补 posture. The Jina figure is flanked by pillar like structural appendages surmounted by triangular entities. On the edges of the backslab, on a projected frame, are miniature figures of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s arranged in six horizontal rows of two each on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补. Like the principal image, they also stand in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a double-petalled lotus and their respective 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补s are carved at the centre of their lotus thrones. The backslab is quite congested with parikara elements. The centre of the pedestal has a bull, the 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补, placed between two crouching lions with their tails folded and turned upwards and the upper part of this pedestal has three figures of devotees or donors (a male and a female on the right side and a female on the left side with a heaped offering in front of her) kneeling in 苍补尘补蝉办腻谤补-尘耻诲谤腻. On stylistic grounds, the image can be assigned to a period ranging from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE.

In Lakhra village among the ruins of one or several temples somewhat forming a sacred enclosure are two beautiful images of 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s is presently worshiped. The 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 image (102 cm x 53 cm x 15 cm) is of the caubisi type (Pl.XVIII.B). The Jina stands in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a double-petalled lotus placed on a 辫补帽肠补-ratha pedestal. The 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 is devoid of any worldly attire, has elongated ear-lobes, and a simple 箩补峁�膩j耻峁璦 (coiled crown) with 办别艣补-惫补濒濒补谤墨 (flowing hair) falling down the sides of its head and over the shoulders. A circular 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补 with leafed edges adorns the head of the Saviour. Above the 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补, a tri-linear chatra is found near the curved top portion of the back-slab and the latter is flanked by two 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补s holding long garlands and also the divine hands playing on the drum and cymbals. The Jina is flanked on both sides by stout male 肠补耻谤墨-bearers. They are both wearing a three-tiered almost conical head-gear and long dhoti-like lower garments finely incised. Their left hands rest on their thighs while the right hands hold fly-whisks. At the sides of the back-slab and on a projected frame, miniature figures of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s are arranged in six horizontal rows of two each on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补. Like the principal image, they also stand in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on double-petalled lotus-pedestals. The pedestal of the image is quite unique. The five projections are almost square in dimension and each ratha is outlined by an etched border of two lines. There is a clear depiction of the bull 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 at the central projection and the adjoining ones depict lions facing opposite directions while the extreme right projection depicts a geometrical cum floral motif enclosed within a square and the extreme left projection depicts two kneeling devotees facing frontally.

The 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 icon from Bhavanipur stands in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture (Pl.XVIII.C) on a lotus the petals of which are spread out in two rows, downwards and upwards, placed on a 辫补帽肠补-ratha pedestal. The 辫补帽肠补-ratha pedestal, from right to left, holds a male donor with 补帽箩补濒颈-尘耻诲谤腻 in sitting position, right leg of him is bent and folded, left leg points upwards, lion, bull, the 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 mark, lion and a pair of female donors who are praying their obeisance with folded hands in kneeling posture. The face of a female of the pair is much defaced sometimes even questioning its identity. The middle of the pedestal bears a line of inscription, a few letters of which are partly defaced which make problem of decipherment. The image is flanked by adherent 肠补耻谤墨-bearers holding 肠腻尘补谤补s by right hands, one on each side of the divinity. The image, wearing 箩补峁�膩j耻峁璦 is framed by borders suggesting a rectangular throne. The ovaloid nimbus at his back is encompassed by lotus petals at its margin. The rectangular back slab is crowned with a projected trilinear parasol with a knob at top, two circular flowers with eight extended petals, one on each side below the chatra, flying 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补s holding long garlands and also a pair of drums struck by disembodied hands. On the edges of the back-slab, on a projected frame, miniature figures of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s arranged in four vertical rows of three each on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补. They also stand in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a simple pedestal and their respective 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补s are carved at the center of their thrones.

The Shyamsundar temple complex of Paruda has a well preserved specimen of 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 (Pl.XVIII.D) made of chlorite stone and it measures 117 cm x 57 cm x 15cm. Visually, it is quite schematic and rigid and the plastic tendencies are minimal. The Jina as usual stands in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a double-petalled lotus placed on a tri-ratha pedestal having a foliated scroll along its entire length. The face of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 is badly damaged. The Jina has elongated ear-lobes, and wears an elegant 箩补峁�膩j耻峁璦 with 办别艣补-惫补濒濒补谤墨 falling down the sides of the head and over the shoulders. A very simple almost apsidal 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补 adorns the head of the saviour. Above the 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补 and just below the top border of the back-slab is a centrally placed tri-linear chatra flanked by two 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补s holding long garlands. Incidentally, the top most horizontal row of the miniature 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s is depicted beside the 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补s. The Jina is flanked on both sides by male 肠补耻谤墨-bearers having haloes behind their heads. They wear deeply incised loin cloths and elaborate jewellery. These 肠补耻谤墨-bearers stand on lotus pedestals and their left hands are in 办补峁瓂腻惫补濒补尘产颈迟补 posture and the right hands hold a fly-whisk. This is a caubisi type of image. On the edges of the back-slab, on a projected frame, miniature figures of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s are arranged in six horizontal rows of two each on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补. Like the principal image, they also stand in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a double-petalled lotus plain pedestal and their respective 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补s are carved at the centre of their thrones. The bull, 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 is neatly carved in front of the lotus depicted at the centre of the pedestal. Stylistically, the image may be assignable to eleventh century CE.

The 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 image of Khelaicandi has been painted with red colour and is presently worshipped as a goddess (Pl.XVIII.E). The icon measures 68 cm x 42 cm. The elaborate back-slab represents a tiered elevation of a bhadra or 辫颈岣峢补-deul topped by an 腻尘补濒补办补 and the Jina is so carved as if it is enshrined in a temple. The Jina in his usual posture is quite sensitively modelled and stands on a double-petalled lotus seat placed on a 辫补帽肠补-ratha pedestal. Both the fly-whisk bearers stand in a three-quarter profiled view, turned towards the Jina with crossed legs. At either side of the back-slab beside both sides of the projected vertical section of the deul in which the Jina is placed are the miniature 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s arranged in four horizontal rows of three each. Interestingly two swans are depicted on either side of the back-slab just above the topmost row of the miniature 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s. About midway of the decorated arch over the head of the Jina are the 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补s (on both sides). This arch is surmounted by the tri-linear chatra. The bull 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补, is neatly carved at the centre of the pedestal (a portion of it is buried in the soil) between a male and a female devotee in 苍补尘补蝉办腻谤补-尘耻诲谤腻. Both the extreme rathas of the pedestal depict two crouching lions. The image is indeed beautiful and it is unfortunate that it is a prey to human vandalism.

Surulia is a locality in the Purulia Municipality and is near Khelaicandirthan. In a local 艢颈惫补 temple, we recorded two beautiful (one of them is broken) 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 images along with some architectural remains including a kalasa. Among the two images of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 one bears the representations of planetary deities in the backslab and the other image is of the caubisi type (Pl.XVIII.F). The latter is a damaged specimen (the lower portion from below the knee is missing). In this image the 尘奴濒补苍腻测补办补 obviously devoid of any worldly attire, has elongated ear-lobes, and wears an elegant 箩补峁�膩j耻峁璦 with 办别艣补-惫补濒濒补谤墨 falling down the sides of the head and over the shoulders. A 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补 adorns the head of the saviour. Above the 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补 a trilinear chatra is found which is flanked by 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补 couples (the first instance in our database) holding long garlands and just above them are two disembodied hands playing on musical instruments. The position of the musical instruments, i.e., the drum and the cymbals is altered in this back slab. This icon measures 63 cm x 44 cm x 11 cm.

We have documented ten images of 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 of this variety from Pakbirra amog them six are complet and four are damaged. Some of the images are already reported [Bhattacharyya, Mitra & Bhowmick 1986: 140 (No.7); 142 (No. 10); 144 (No. 19), 155 (No. 46) & 156 (No. 48)] and few are new. The temporary sculptural shed of the site contain five 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 image of this type and the most beautiful one is measures 90 x 45 x 14 cm (Pl.XIX.A). The Jina stands in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a full blown lotus placed on a 辫补帽肠补-ratha pedestal and wearing a tall 箩补峁璦尘耻办耻峁璦. In the centre of the pedestal the bull, the 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补of the Jaina, is depicting. The other objects in this pedestal are two pair of devotees in 补帽箩补濒颈-尘耻诲谤腻, crouching lions and offering in 谤补迟苍补辫腻迟谤补蝉. The Jina is flanked on both sides by stout male 肠补耻谤墨-bearers. The 肠补耻谤墨-bearers wear deeply incised loin cloth and elaborate jewellery. They stand on same pedestals and their left hands are in 办补峁瓂腻惫补濒补尘产颈迟补 posture and the right hands hold a fly-whisk. The back throne of the image consists of posts decorated with mouldings and criss-cross scratched pilasters, supporting a horizontal cross-bar with lightly incised square rhizomes at its ends, above which there are triangular fleurons. The Jina has an ovaliod 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补 behind his head and above the 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补 and just below the top border of the back-slab is a centrally placed tri-linear chatra flanked by two 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补s holding long garlands and a pair of desembodid hands playing on drums and cymbals. The back-slab is relieved with miniature figures of twenty four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture arranged in six vertical rows-consisting of three Jinas each on the upper three rows and one each on the remaining three-on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补.

The next one is also a beautiful image and measures 109 x 44 x 16 cm (Pl.XIX.B). The Jain is in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture, stands on a lotus placed on a 辫补帽肠补ratha pedestal which has a bull in the centre flanked by devotees in 补帽箩补濒颈-尘耻诲谤腻. On the interior-facets of the pedestal, on either side, is a figure of crouching lion; while the exterior ones has further figures of devotees in 补帽箩补濒颈. The Saviour is nude, the hai dressed in a tall 箩补峁�膩j奴峁璦 with curls falling down the sides of the head and over the shoulders. On either side are male 肠补耻谤墨-bearers wearing short loin cloth and elegant jewellery. In the edge of the back-slab miniature figures of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s are arranged in four vertical rows of three each on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补. Like the principal image, they are also stand on a lotus pedestal and their respective 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补s are carved at the centre of their thrones.

A less sophisticated 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 image of this variety is also housed in the shed. The image is badly damaged (100 x 48 x 10 cm.) and made of quartzite schist stone. Iconographically this image is very much similar with the earlier image. The usual parikara elements are present including two disembodied hands playing on musical instruments above the 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补 couples holding long garlands. The position of the musical instruments, i.e., the drum and the cymbals is altered in this specimen. The 辫补帽肠补-ratha pedestal of this image is quite interesting. At the centre of this pedestal the bull is present and both the sides of this bull are decorated with floral decoratons. The exterior ends of the pedestal are decorated with four devotees in 补帽箩补濒颈-尘耻诲谤腻 at both the sides.

Two broken (above the thighs of the Jina is missing) images of this type of 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 image is also kept in this room. In one image (56 x 44 x 15cm) the 肠补耻谤墨-bearers and two rows of miniatures 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s, two each on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补, are remains. The Jina has a tri-ratha pedestal depicting the bull at the upper projected part of the pedestal and just below it two crouching lions are present flanked by devote in 补帽箩补濒颈-尘耻诲谤腻. The remaining image measures 47 x 56 x 15 cm and in this image only the last rows of miniature 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s are visible. However, in this case the Jina has a 辫补帽肠补-ratha pedestal and the bull is depict at the center of it鈥檚, flanked by devotees in 补帽箩补濒颈-尘耻诲谤腻. On the interior-facets of the pedestal, on either side, is a figure of crouching lion.

Close to the site there is a modern temple and some Jain images are kept in there, among them two 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 images belong to this type (Pl.XIX.C). The bigger one measures 122 x 62 x 16 cm and is made of quartzite schist stone. The image is carved out on a rectangular back-slab with 辫补帽肠补-ratha pedestal having a bull, the 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补, placed between two crouching lions and flanked by a male and a female devotee kneeling in 苍补尘补蝉办腻谤补. The principal Jina wears an inelegant 箩补峁�膩j奴峁璦 with 办别艣补惫补濒濒补谤墨 falling down the sides of head over shoulders. On either side stand sensitively modeled 肠腻尘补谤补dharas with their left hand in 办补峁瓂腻惫补濒补尘产颈迟补 posture and the right holding fly-whisk. On the edge of the backslab, on a projected frame, are miniature figures of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s arranged in six vertical rows of two each on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补. Like the principle image they alsos stand in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补posture with their respective 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补s carved below each on a small lotus throne. The recessed portion of the back-slab reveals a cross-bar on which are triangular plaques embellished with kumbhas placed one above the other from which pallavas emerge in a triangular shape. The large roundish 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补 is gracefully aborned with beads and flame-tongued border devices. Above is a trilinear chatra, slightly damaged, which is flanked by 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补s hovering in the convetional representation of clouds.

The smaller one measures 85 x 50 x 14 cm and is made of quartzite schist stone (Pl.XIX.D). The back-slab of this image is also almost rectangular and it has rounded top. The nimbused Jina stands on a lotus places on a 辫补帽肠补-ratha pedestal having a bull flanked by a kneeling donor couple and a ratna-辫腻迟谤补 heaped with offering in its central projection. Stylized representations of crouching lions occupy the adjacent facets while the exterior ones are left balnk. The Jina is devoid of any worldly attire, has elongated ear-lobes, and wears a shapely 箩补峁�膩j奴峁璦 with 办别艣补-惫补濒濒补谤墨 falling by the sides of his head over the shoulders. He is attended by two stiff and roboust looking 肠补耻谤墨-bearers, profusely bejeweled, with their left hand in 办补峁瓂腻惫补濒补尘产颈迟补 posture and the right hands holading 肠腻尘补谤补s. The back of the throne consists of pots decorated with mouldings and criss-cross scratched pilasters, supporting a horizontal cross-bar with lightly incised square rhizomes at its ends, above which there are triangular foliated plaques. The ovoidal 辫谤补产丑腻 is embellished with beads and flame-tongued border devices and has a flowering twig on its either side. On the projected part of the back-slab there are representations of miniature figures of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s arranged in six vertical rows of two each on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补. Their 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补s are indicated on a small pedestal places below them. Above, also on a projected portion, can be seen a chatra-迟谤补测墨 with droping leaves over it, disembodied hands playing on musical instruments, and a vidyadhara couple holding long garlands and hovering in the clouds.

A beautiful image of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 in this variety is presently kept in the temple no II at the site (Pl.XIX.E). The image measures 126 x 62 x 16 cm and is made of chlorite stone. Iconographically and stylistically this image is very much similar with the earlier two 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 images. In this image the Jina stands on a lotus placed on a tri-ratha pedestal. The pedestal of the image is of considerable interest. A stylized lotus creeper with scroll leaves and buds occupies the centre of the pedestal below which there is the decorated bull. The bull is flanked by a male and a female devotee kneeling in 苍补尘补蝉办腻谤补-尘耻诲谤腻 and facing the 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补. Two crouching lions facing opposite directions are depicted on either end of the pedestal.

The two broken images of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 are also noticed in the temple complex belong to this group. In both the cases only the lower portion, below the thighs of the Jina, is available. In one image the extant part (52 x 56 x 13 cm) shows the representation of two 肠腻尘补谤补dharas flanking the Jain figure and miniature 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s, only eight are remaining, four on each side (Pl.XIX.F). A stylized lotus creeper with scrolled leaves and buds occupies the centre of the pedestal below, under which there is a much mutilated figure of a bull, the identifying 肠颈峁噃补 of the Jaina. On its right there are figures of a crouching lion and two kneeling devotees in 补帽箩补濒颈尘耻诲谤腻, while on left a lion and a solitary devotee. The remaining one is similar with earlier one and its measures 48 x 52 x 14 cm. In this case the two 肠腻尘补谤补dharas are also damaged and only four miniature 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s are remaning, two on each sides. The pedestal of this image is also similar with the earlier one.

A good quality of this type 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 image is reported from Bansgarh. The image measures 100 x 52 x 16 cm and made of chlorite stone. Partially weathered this image is iconographically similar with the earlier images. Noteworthy are the three-tiered almost conical head-gear of the male 肠补耻谤墨-bearers and their figures are flanked by pillar like structural appendages surmounted by triangular fleurons, which are not commonly observed in case of 肠补耻谤墨-bearers. At the sides of the back-slab and on a projected frame, miniature figures of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s are arranged in four horizontal rows of three each on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补. The centre of the 辫补帽肠补-ratha pedestal of the image is decorated with the bull, flanked by the kneeling devotees in 补帽箩补濒颈-尘耻诲谤腻 in both the sides. At both ends of the pedestal a crouching lion is depicted.

Similar type of 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 (85 x 46 x 14 cm) was noticed in Chandanpur near Basudevpur village. Iconographically and stylistically this image is very much similar with the Bansgarh image. In this image the Jina standing in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a lotus placed on a 辫补帽肠补-ratha pedestal. The body proportion of this image is comparatively slim than the earlier image.

The 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 image from Mahara is iconographically similar with earlier two images. Though this is a beautiful image and it is unfortunate that it is a prey to human vandalism. The image measures 80 x 42 x 12 cm. In this case on the projected part of the back-slab of this image there are representations of miniature figures of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s arranged in six vertical rows of two each on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补. Their 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补s are indicated on a small pedestal places below them.

We recorded three Jain icons in the private temple of the Raja of Manbazar locally known as Garh Patharmahara Thakurbari. Among the three images two has been identified as 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s, 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补. One of the two images is a massive lifesize image of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 standing in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a double-petalled lotus placed on a tri-ratha pedestal. As in most of the Jain images of Purulia, the back-slab is rectangular and the entire composition is quite congested. The icon measures 147 cm x 75 cm x 25 cm. The 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 obviously devoid of any worldly attire, has elongated ear-lobes, and wears an elegant 箩补峁�膩j耻峁璦 with 办别艣补-惫补濒濒补谤墨 falling down the sides of the head and over the shoulders. Significantly, the modelling of the Jina is so stiff that it does not depict the fingers touching the thighs. The hands of the Jina simply hang down. An elaborate circular 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补 with leafed edges adorns the head of the saviour. Above the 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补 is the depiction of a tri-linear chatra flanked by two 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补s holding long garlands. The Jina is flanked on both sides by male 肠补耻谤墨-bearers. Both hold the 肠腻尘补谤补 in their right hands, parallel to their arms (the 肠腻尘补谤补 of the left bearer is broken), and have their left ones placed on their bent legs. They wear a short skirt whose folds are indicated through incised lines and which is held by a girdle; a flat necklace and a high pointed tiara. On the edges of the backslab, on a projected frame, are miniature figures of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s arranged in four horizontal rows of three each on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补. Some of the heads of the miniature 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s of the topmost row and even the top of the parasol are jutting out of the confines of the back-slab. The much spoiled pedestal has the bull 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 carved at the right corner of the central ratha with an abrupt floral motif beside it. Two kneeling devotees in 苍补尘补蝉办腻谤补-尘耻诲谤腻 (folded hands) are depicted at the corner projections adjoining the central one of the pedestal.

The other image of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 is iconographically more or less similar to the earlier image. The image measures 137 cm x 70 cm x 40 cm. In this image the Jina is standing in a stiff 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a double-petalled lotus placed on a tri-ratha pedestal. The 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 wears an elegant 箩补峁�膩j耻峁璦 with 办别艣补-惫补濒濒补谤墨 falling down the sides of the head and over the shoulders. The Jina is flanked on both sides by male 肠补耻谤墨-bearers with haloes behind their heads. Their left hands are in 办补峁瓂腻惫补濒补尘产颈迟补 posture and the right hands hold a fly-whisk. This is a caubisi type of image. On the edges of the back-slab, on a projected frame, miniature figures of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s arranged in six horizontal rows of two each on either side of the 尘奴濒补苍腻测补办补 are depicted. An almost circular 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补 with leafed edges adorns the head of the saviour. Above the 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补 a tri-linear chatra is found which is flanked by two 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补s holding long garlands and just above them are two disembodied hands playing drums. The abraded pedestal is bordered on the lowermost section by a moulding depicting a band of geometrical designs. The bull is not visible and only the 箩补峁�膩j耻峁璦 helps us in identifying this image as that of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补. The corner projections of the pedestal have three devotees on the left side and two on the right. Both the images of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 are not of fine craftsmanship and are not sensitively modelled.

The site Nangtir Than has three 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 icons, among the three 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 icons two belong to the caubisi type. The head of the largest icon of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 is completely damaged. The image measures 136 cm x 66 cm x 26 cm. The bull, 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 is neatly carved in front of the lotus at the centre of the 辫补帽肠补ratha pedestal. The adjoining rathas depict lions while the extreme ends have the devotees. The image is quite abraded however, one can clearly see the tri-linear chatra, the two 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补s and the 肠补耻谤墨-bearers. This image is of the caubisi type and on the edges of the back-slab, on a projected frame, miniature figures of twentyfour 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s are arranged in six horizontal rows of two each on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补. The body of the principal Jina is of slender disposition, though with the usual stiffness.

The next 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 image of this type measures 120 cm x 60 cm x 20 cm. In this image, however, the projected frame of the back-slab depicts miniature figures of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s arranged in four horizontal rows of three each on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 are depicted. The tri-ratha pedestal is quite rounded and except for the centrally placed bull, the other depictions are no longer clear. The 肠补耻谤墨-bearers are of slender disposition are quite prominently depicted in this image. They are of larger dimensions and are in marked tri-产丑补峁単补 posture. Significantly, two pots of heaped offerings are depicted between the Jina and the 肠补耻谤墨-bearers on either side. The 箩补峁�膩j耻峁璦 is beautifully carved and is similar to that of the Paruldiha specimen.

The site Bauridi in Purulia district possess three images of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补, among them two belong to this caubisi types. The first image of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 measures 86 cm x 60 cm x 18 cm and the upper part of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 along with the concerned section of an almost rectangular back-slab is completely missing (Pl.XX.A). The Jain stands on a lotus placed on a 辫补帽肠补-ratha pedestal. Though the head of the image is missing however, some hair locks of the Jain is visible. He is attended by two stiff and robust looking 肠补耻谤墨-bearers, profusely bejewelled, with their left hands in 办补峁瓂腻惫补濒补尘产颈迟补 posture and the right hands holding 肠腻尘补谤补s. They are wearing short almost transparent lower garments and simple ornaments including armlets, wristlets and ekavali. Behind the Jain figure the lintel of the throne is indicated through flat mouldings surmounted by triangular fleurons. This is a caubisi type of image. On the edge of the back-slab, on a projected frame, are miniature figures of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s (presently only twenty exist) arranged in six horizontal rows of two each on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补. Like the principle image they also stand in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture with their respective 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补s carved below each on a small lotus throne. The central projection of the pedestal has the 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 bull. The projections adjoining the central one have stylized representations of crouching lions. The right side corner of the pedestal depicts a kneeling donor couple while the left corner of the pedestal is decorated with a ratna-辫腻迟谤补 heaped with offerings.

The remaining image of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 is very much similar to the earlier image. This is also a damaged specimen; only the lower portion (below the abdomen) of the image exists, and the extant image measures 88 cm x 68 cm x 19 cm. In this image the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 stands in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a double-petalled lotus placed on a 辫补帽肠补-ratha pedestal. The surviving portion of the body of 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 shows his svelte form with the arms hanging down vertically along the torso while the finger tips touch the thighs on either side. The Jina is flanked on both sides by stout male 肠补耻谤墨-bearers in 迟谤颈-产丑补峁単补 posture standing on separate double-petalled lotus pedestals. The carving technique renders these 肠补耻谤墨-bearers an almost threedimensional realistic portrayal. They are wearing deeply incised loin cloths and elaborate jewellery and stand on lotus pedestals. Their left hands are in 办补峁瓂腻惫补濒补尘产颈迟补 posture while the right hands hold a fly-whisk. The remaining portion of the edge of the back鈥搒lab is relieved with twelve-figures of miniature Jinas arranged in three horizontal rows of two each on either side. Like the principle image they also stand in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture with their respective 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补s carved below each on a small lotus throne. The miniature 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s on the lower register do not stand on lotus pedestals, however, their 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补s are depicted on a moulding like base. The pedestal of the image is of considerable iconographic interest. A stylized lotus creeper with scroll leaves and buds occupies the centre of the pedestal below which there is the decorated bull, the identifying cinha of the Jina. The bull is flanked by a male and a female devotee kneeling in 苍补尘补蝉办腻谤补-尘耻诲谤腻 and facing the 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补. Two crouching lions facing opposite directions are depicted on either end of the pedestal.

Three images of 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 of this type have been reported from Palma, among the three images two were earlier repoted (Mitra 1984: 173-4) and the remaining one is recently documented. The bigger image of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 (Pl.XX.B) is measure 88 x 45 x 12 cm and made of quartzite schist. The Jina stands in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 on a lotus placed on a 辫补帽肠补-ratha pedestal which has a bull, the 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 of the Jina, in the centre flanked by two devotees with their arms joined in adoration. The extreme end of the pedestal, on either side, bear the figures of crouching lion. The saviour is sky-clad, his hair is dressed in a tall 箩补峁�膩j奴峁璦 with 办别艣补-惫补濒濒补谤墨 falling down the sides of the head. On either side stands sensitively modelled 肠腻尘补谤补dharas holding a flywisk in one hand while the other rest on thigh. They are wearing short dhotis and elegant jewellary which includes wristlets, armlets, double standed necklace, 办耻峁囜笉补濒补蝉, anklets, and a decorated 尘耻办耻峁璦. The edge of the back-slab, on a projected frame, miniature figures of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s arranged in four horizontal rows of three each on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 are depicted. Like the principal image, they also stand in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a lotus pedestal depicting their respective 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补s. The ovoidal 辫谤补产丑腻-尘补峁囜笉补濒补 is adorned with lotus petals on the edges, and has on either side a rosette carved on the back-slab. Above the head of the Jina is a three-tiered parasol damaged at the front, which is flanked by a pair of heavenly hands playng on drums and cymbals. The usual 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补s holding long floweeing garlands can be seen on the top corners of the back-slab hovering in the conventional representation of clouds.

The next one measures 79.5 x 38 x 12 cm and is made of quartzite schist. Barring a few minor details like the absence of a rosette in the back-slab, arrangement of the back of the throne, embellishment of the halo the image is iconographically identical with the above.

The newly reported one is also iconographically similar with the above two, though the pedestal of this image is lost. The remaining one is measures 58 x 27 x 10 cm and made of quartzite schist (Pl.XX.C).

Some Jain images are now kept in a local shed of Suisa village. Among these images we have noticed a caubisi type of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 image. This image measeues 145 cm x 63 cm x 15cm (Pl.XX.D) and badly weathered. Due to this it is very dificult for us to study the iconic details of this image. The image is made of chlorite stone. In the edge of the back-slab are depicted the miniature figures of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s arranged in six vertical rows of two each on either side of the 尘奴濒补苍腻测补办补. They are seated within niches of a miniature form of temple structure. Their respective cognizances are also carved in the pedestal. In the space between the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 and the rows of miniatures 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s, a pillar like frame has been carved. This frame is surmounted by 辫颈岣峢腻 like architectural members. This elaborate composition looks like a temple niche in which the main 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 figure was carved. This entire sculptural specimen is visually dominated by the carvings of architectural features and of course the Jina. The depiction of such a structure in this sculpture perhaps reflect the fact that such types of architectural units were also used in Jain temples. Both the 肠补耻谤墨-bearers of this image are badly damaged. On stylistic grounds, this image is assignable to twelfth-thirteenth century CE.

In the Basanti Devi Mandir Complex of Chharra a 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 is fixed and worshiped as a Brahmanical deity. It is a well preserved specimen made of chlorite stone and measures 115 cm x 60 cm. Recently the villagers coloured this specimen, yet the elongated 箩补峁�膩j耻峁璦 of the Jina and his 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 bull helped us to identify this image as the first 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补. The Jina is standing in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a double-petalled lotus placed on a 辫补帽肠补-ratha pedestal. The bull 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 is neatly carved on the centre of the pedestal along with two devotees in 苍补尘补蝉办腻谤补-尘耻诲谤腻 (folded hands). At both ends of the pedestal a crouching lion is depicted. The 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 obviously devoid of any worldly attire, has elongated earlobes, and wears a 箩补峁�膩j耻峁璦 with 办别艣补-惫补濒濒补谤墨 falling down the sides of the head and over the shoulders. The Jina is flanked on both sides by stout male 肠补耻谤墨-bearers. They are wearing deeply incised loin cloths and elaborate jewellery and both of them have plain, small oval shaped halos. These 肠补耻谤墨-bearers stand on lotus pedestals and their left hands are in 办补峁瓂腻惫补濒补尘产颈迟补 posture and the right hands hold the fly-whisk. At the sides of the back slab and on a projected frame, miniature figures of twentyfour 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s are arranged on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补. Like the principal image, they also stand in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on double-petalled lotus-pedestals. The stele is decorated with some miniature shrine like structural carvings like the earlier image.

The fairly eroded image of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 from Loulara made of chlorite stone measures 90 cm x 48 cm x 10 cm. The Jina in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture stands on a full blown lotus placed on a 辫补帽肠补-ratha pedestal. The principle Jina wears an inelegant 箩补峁�膩j耻峁璦 with 办别艣补-惫补濒濒补谤墨 falling down the side of its head and over the shoulders. An ovoidal 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补 embellished with rows of beads and leaves at the edge has been carved. Above it is a tri-linear chatra, slightly damaged, and flanked by 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补s hovering in the conventional representation of clouds. On either side of the 尘奴濒补苍腻测补办补 stand sensitively modelled 肠腻尘补谤补dharas with their left hands in 办补峁瓂腻惫补濒补尘产颈迟补 posture and the right hands holding a fly-whisk. They also stand on lotus pedestals. On the edges of the back-slab, on a projected frame, miniature figures of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s arranged in six horizontal rows of two each on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 are depicted. The depiction of the bull is at the centre of the pedestal and it is flanked by two crouching lions. A male and a female devotee kneeling in 苍补尘补蝉办腻谤补-尘耻诲谤腻 are also depicted on the pedestal.

The modern Durga temple of Bhangra village contains a sculpture of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补. It measure 104 cm x 50 cm. This image is badly weathered and lost its iconographic details. Iconographically this ismage is very much similar with the earlier image. Similar type of 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 image is also noticed from Bandoan. This image is also badly weathered. The image is measures 85 x 42 x 15 cm (Pl.XX.E)

On the eastern side of Sanka village a big tank locally known as Bara sayar. In the left side of the tank there is an image of Jain 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补. It is made of grey stone and measures 125 x 68 x 10 cm. The Jina stands in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a double-petalled lotus placed on a tri-ratha pedestal. There is a clear depiction of the bull 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 on the center of the tri-ratha pedestal. The 尘奴濒补苍腻测补办补 is devoid of any worldly attire, has elongated ear-lobes, and a simple 箩补峁�膩j耻峁璦 with 办别艣补-惫补濒濒补谤墨 falling down the sides of the head and over the shoulders. A circular 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补 with leafed edges adorns the head of the savior. Above the 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补, a trilinear chatra is found near the curved top portion of the stele and the latter is flanked by two 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补s holding long garlands and also a pair of drums struck by disembodied hands. The Jina is flanked on both sides by stout male 肠补耻谤墨-bearers. They stand on lotus-pedestals and their left hands are 办补峁瓂腻惫补濒补尘产颈迟补 and the right hands hold fly-whisks. At the sides of the back-slab and on a projected frame, are miniature figures of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s arranged in six vertical rows of two each on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补. Like the principal image, they also stand in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on double-petalled lotus-pedestals.

A 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 image of Telkupi is presently kept in a site known as Gurudi. The upper part including the head of the Jina is badly damaged. It is a massive image of greyish stone and it measures 100 x 60 x 12cm. The dimensions of the specimen (massive and square) suggest that it was definitely not a free-standing image. Visually, it is quite schematic and rigid and the plasticity are minimal and outlines of the image is quite famine in charecter. The Jina is standing in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a double-petalled lotus placed on a triratha pedestal. The bull 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 is neatly carved on the pedestal along with two crouching lion devotees at both corners the pedestal. The simple and stark pedestal leads the eyes of the viewer to the schematic composition above. The 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 obviously devoid of any worldly attire and had an elegant 箩补迟腻箩耻迟补 as is evident from the 办别艣补-vallari falling down the sides of the head and over the shoulders. The Jina is flanked on both sides by stout male 肠补耻谤墨-bearers. They wear deeply incised loin cloths and elaborate jewellery and both of them have plain, small oval shaped halos. Obviously, the modulation of surfaces apparent from the drapery and jewellery are restricted to these parikara elements. These 肠补耻谤墨-bearers stand on lotus pedestals and their left hands are in 办补峁瓂腻惫补濒补尘产颈迟补 posture and the right hands hold a fly-whisk. On the edges of the back stele, on a projected frame, miniature figures of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s arranged in six vertical rows of two each on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补. They also stand in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a simple pedestal and their respective 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补s are carved at the center of their thrones. Stylistically, the image may be assignable to twelfththirteenth century CE.

An image of this type 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 sculpture is noticed from Arsha village. Iconographically this image is very much similar with the above mentioned two images. The image measures 75 x 38 x 8 cm and it is also a damaged specimen. The 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 image (105 x 55 x 15 cm) from Balarampur which is presently housed in the Haripada Sahitya Mandir at Purulia, is a caubisi type of image and iconographically similar with the Arsha specimen. This imsge is also weathered and lost the iconic details (Pl.XX.F).

A partially damaged and badly weathered 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 image is documented from Cheliyama. In this specimen the Jina is standing in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture, on a double-petalled lotus placed on a tri-ratha pedestal. The bull 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 is neatly carved on the pedestal between 谤补迟苍补鈥�辫腻迟谤补s heaped with offerings. Crouching lions are depicted at both the corners of the pedestal. The back slab is bordered by miniature figures of the twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补ss, arranged in four vertical rows of three each on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补. The miniature Jinas also stand in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on double-petalled lotus pedestals.

Three damaged 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 images of caubisi type are documented from different areas of Purulia district. The sites are Mangaldiha (55 x 30 x 6 cm), Lalpur (32 x 22 x 10 upper part and 40 x 22 x 10 cm lower part) and Herbona (25 x 24 x 5 cm upper part and 30 x 24x 5 cm lower part).

We have documented 9 caubisi type images of 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 from Bankura. Among these the magnificent one is plaqued on the northern wall of the abandoned Shamchand Mandir of Dharapat. It is a massive image of blackish stone and measures about 1.6 m in height (Pl.XXI.A). The dimensions of the specimen (massive and square) suggest that it was definitely not a free-standing image but was fixed against the concerned Jain sanctuary. Visually, it is quite schematic and rigid and the plastic tendencies are minimal. The Jina is standing in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a double-petalled lotus placed on a sapta-ratha pedestal. The bull 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 is neatly carved on the pedestal along with two devotees in 苍补尘补蝉办腻谤补 尘耻诲谤腻 (folded hands) at both corners and a crouching lion close to the 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补. The simple and stark pedestal leads the eyes of the viewer to the schematic composition above. The 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 obviously devoid of any worldly attire, has elongated ear-lobes, and wears an elegant 箩补峁�膩j耻峁璦 with 办别艣补-惫补濒濒补谤墨 falling down the sides of the head and over the shoulders. A circular 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补 with leafed edges adorns the head of the saviour. Above the 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补 is the depiction of a trilinear chatra flanked by two 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补s holding long garlands. The Jina is flanked on both sides by stout male 肠补耻谤墨-bearers. They are wearing deeply incised loin cloths and elaborate jewellery and both of them have plain, small oval shaped halos. Obviously, the modulation of surfaces apparent from the drapery and jewellery are restricted to these parikara elements. These 肠补耻谤墨bearers stand on lotus pedestals and their left hands are in 办补峁瓂腻惫补濒补尘产颈迟补 posture and the right hands hold a fly-whisk. On the edges of the back stele, on a projected frame, miniature figures of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s arranged in six vertical rows of two each on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补. Like the principal image, they also stand in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a double-petalled lotus and their respective 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补s are carved at the center of their lotus thrones. Stylistically, the image may be assignable to c. 11^th century CE. This image bears a unique style of carving especially discernible from the waist downwards. The lower part of the body is quite heavy (and seems to have weighed down the image) in comparison to the upper portion.

We have documented four images of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 from Satpatta, among them two images belong to the caubisi type. The well preserved specimen of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 image is made of chlorite stone and measures 87 cm x 40 cm. Visually, it is quite schematic and rigid and the plastic tendencies are minimal. The Jina is standing in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a double-petalled lotus placed on a 辫补帽肠补-ratha pedestal. The bull 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 is neatly carved on the centre of the pedestal along with two devotees in 苍补尘补蝉办腻谤补-尘耻诲谤腻 (folded hands). At both ends of the pedestal a crouching lion is depicted. The 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 obviously devoid of any worldly attire, has elongated ear-lobes, and wears an elegant 箩补峁璦箩耻峁璦 with 办别艣补-惫补濒濒补谤墨 falling down the sides of the head and over the shoulders. An almost circular 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补 with leafed edges adorns the head of the saviour. Above the 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补 a trilinear chatra is found which is flanked by two 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补s holding long garlands and just above them are two disembodied hands playing drums. The Jina is flanked on both sides by stout male 肠补耻谤墨-bearers. They wear deeply incised loin cloths and elaborate jewellery and both of them have plain, small oval shaped halos. These 肠补耻谤墨-bearers stand on lotus pedestals and their left hands are in 办补峁瓂腻惫补濒补尘产颈迟补 posture and the right hands hold a fly-whisk. On the edges of the back-slab, on a projected frame, miniature figures of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s arranged in four vertical rows of three each on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 are depicted. Like the principal image, they also stand in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a plain pedestal and their respective 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补s are carved at the centre of their thrones. The recessed portion of the back slab reveals a cross鈥揵ar on which are triangular plaques embellished with kumbhas placed one above the other from which pallavas emerge in a triangular shape. Stylistically, the image may be assignable to eleventh century CE.

The remaining specimen of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 is very much similar with the earlier image. It is made of chlorite stone and measures 100 cm x 50 cm. In the edge of the back-slab are depicted the miniature figures of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s arranged in six vertical rows of two each on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补. They are in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture over a plain pedestal. Their respective cognizances are also carved in this pedestal. In the space between the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 and the rows of miniatures 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s, a pillar like frame has been carved. This frame is surmounted by 辫颈岣峢补 like architectural members. This elaborate composition looks like a temple niche in which the main 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 figure was carved. This entire sculptural specimen is visually dominated by the carvings of architectural features and of course the Jaina. The depiction of such a structure in this sculpture perhaps reflect the fact that such types of architectural units were also used in Jain temples. This particular icon is quite damaged and it is difficult to delineate its precise iconographic details.

A single specimen of a 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 image, quite carelessly placed amidst a thick bamboo grove and worshipped as a Brahmanical deity at Kotulpur. The image made of greenish stone and measures 42 x 30 x 9 cm (Pl.XXI.B). The Jina stands in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a double-petalled lotus placed on a 辫补帽肠补-ratha pedestal. The bull 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 is neatly carved on the pedestal between ratna-patras heaped with offerings. Crouching lions are depicted at both the corners of the pedestal. The 尘奴濒补苍腻测补办补 wears a ja峁�膩尘耻办耻峁璦 with 办别艣补-惫补濒濒补谤墨 falling down the sides of the head and over the shoulders. The elliptical 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补 is embellished with beads and flame-like border devices. The kevala tree is spread over the 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补. The head of the Jain is surmounted by a trilinear chatra. Both sides of the 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补 are flanked by the depictions of hands playing on drums and hovering 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补s holding long garlands. The deity is flanked by two attendants who are sparsely clad and elegantly jewelled. Their left hands are in 办补峁瓂腻惫补濒补尘产颈迟补 posture and the right hands hold flywhisks. The stele is bordered by miniature figures of the twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s, arranged in four vertical rows of three each on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补. The miniature Jinas also stand in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on double-petalled lotus pedestals and these figures are quite damaged. This image of smaller dimensions is portable and was most probably not enshrined.

The 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 image of Radhamohanpur is quite damaged. The massive black stone image stands in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a double-petalled lotus placed on a sapta-ratha pedestal. It measures 2.40 x 60 x 10 cm. There is a clear depiction of the bull 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 on the pedestal. The 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 is devoid of any worldly attire, has elongated ear-lobes, and a simple 箩补峁�膩j耻峁璦 with 办别艣补-惫补濒濒补谤墨 falling down the sides of the head and over the shoulders. A circular 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补 with leafed edges adorns the head of the savior. Above the 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补, a trilinear chatra is found near the curved top portion of the stele and the latter is flanked by two 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补s holding long garlands. The Jain is flanked on both sides by stout male 肠补耻谤墨-bearers. They stand on lotus-pedestals and their left hands are in 办补峁瓂腻惫补濒补尘产颈迟补 posture and the right hands hold fly-whisks. At the sides of the stele and on a projected frame, are miniature figures of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s arranged in five vertical rows of three in upper two rows and two in rest on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补. Like the principal image, they also stand in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on double-petalled lotus-pedestals and their respective 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 are carved at the centers of the pedestals. Stylistically, the image may be assignable to circa eleventh century CE.

We have documented two images of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 of caubisi type from Khatra region. The first specimen of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 image (95x50x9 cm) is a fine piece of sculpture made of a schist variety of rocks, the locally available raw materials (Pl.XXI.C). Iconographically, the specimen has affiliation with the other 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 images found from eastern India in general. The principal figure shows the representation of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补, standing in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a double petalled lotus placed on a tri-ratha pedestal which is carved with a bull, the 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 of the Jina. Over the head of the Jina is seen the parasol whereas the hair of the principal deity is dressed into a tall 箩补峁�膩j耻峁璦 with curls falling down along the sides of the head and over the shoulders. On either side stand male 肠补耻谤墨-bearers wearing lower garments and very simple ornaments. The upper portion of the stele of the image on both sides is embellished with the figurines of flying 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补s. The edge of the back-slab contains the miniature representations of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s in standing posture with each three figurines arranged in one column, set one above the other in altogether eight rows.

The second specimen (86x 42x 5 cm) made of same raw materials and by following similar idiom of art style depicts the image of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 standing in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on full blown lotus placed on a 辫补帽肠补-ratha a pedestal. The plinth contains the 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 of the Jina, i.e, bull flanked by four kneeling donors relieved on each ratha. On either side of the principal deity appears standing bejewelled attendant figures with their left hands probably in 办补峁瓂腻惫补濒补尘产颈迟补 posture and the right hands holding 肠腻尘补谤补s., while above, on each side of the halo, is seen flying 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补s hovering in the clouds. The Jina has elongated earlobes and wears a shapely 箩补峁�膩j耻峁璦 with 办别艣补-惫补濒濒补谤墨 falling by the sides of his head over the shoulders. Above the head a beautifully carved three tiered parasol is recognizable. On each side of the back-slab, the representations of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s are depicted with three figurines in one column set altogether in eight rows of which two bottom rows on the right hand side are completely abraded due to the effects of weathering.

The 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 image from Ambikanagar is a well-executed sculptural specimen (Pl.XXI.D). The Jaina, in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture, stands on a double-petalled lotus placed on a tri-ratha pedestal which has the depiction of a bull, the 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 of the Jina placed between two devotees. This finely executed Jina image is nude and has a tall ja峁�膩尘耻办耻峁璦 with curls falling down the sides of the head and over the shoulders. On both sides stand male attendants wearing lower garments and simple ornaments. The edge of the back stele contains the representation of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s arranged in pairs, one above the other in twelve rows. The 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补s of the Jinas are carved on their pedestals and quite a number of them are recognizable. The image is made of chlorite stone and measures 85 x 47 x 13 cm. Mitra (1958: 131) dated the specimen to c. eleventh century CE.

The 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 image from Lakshmisagar is highly abraded and is partly embedded in the soil. Its exposed part measures 99 x 53 x 10 cm. The Jina is seen standing in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a pedestal. The bull 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 is neatly carved on the frontal part of the pedestal. The deity is flanked by two attendants. The edge of the stele contains the representation of the miniature figures of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s, one above the other in eight rows. The other iconic features of the image can hardly be identified.

A damaged caubisi type image of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 is presently kept in the Dantan village library and according to the library authorities they collected this image from the nearby village of Dantan, West Midnapur (Pl.XXI.E). The head of the 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 and the upper part of the back-slab are missing. The Jina stands in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a double-petalled lotus placed on a sapta-ratha pedestal. The surviving portion of the body of 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 shows his svelte form with the arms hanging down vertically along the torso while the finger tips touch the thighs on either side. The Jina is flanked on both sides by 肠补耻谤墨-bearing attendants standing on separate double-petalled lotus pedestals. Their left hands are in 办补峁瓂腻惫补濒补尘产颈迟补 posture while the right hands hold a fly-whisk. The remaining portion of the edge of the back鈥搒lab is relieved with twelve-figures of miniature Jinas arranged in four horizontal rows of three each on either side. Like the principle image they also stand in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture with their respective 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补s carved below each on a small throne. The central projection of the sapta-ratha pedestal has the depiction of 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 bull, which is placed between a ratna-辫腻迟谤补 heaped with offrings. The remaining portion of the pedestal is decorated by six male and a female devotee (three in each side) kneeling in 苍补尘补蝉办腻谤补-尘耻诲谤腻 and facing the 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补. The image measures 57 x 38 x 12 cm.

The well-known archaeological site Sat Deuliya in the Burdwan district also possesses two images of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 of caubisi type (Pl.XXI.F). Among these two images one image is presently kept in the Haritala Temple Complex near to the brick temple of Sat Deuliya. The image is partially damaged and measures 117 x 57 x 15cm., made of chlorite stone. Visually, it is quite schematic and rigid and the plastic tendencies are minimal. The Jina stands in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a double-petalled lotus placed on a tri-ratha pedestal. The face of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 is badly mutilated. The Jina has elongated ear-lobes, and wears an elegant 箩补峁�膩j耻峁璦 with 办别艣补-惫补濒濒补谤墨 falling down the sides of the head and over the shoulders. The present image shows that the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 bears a svelte figure and the carving of the image is very sophisticated. The arms of the Jina hang down vertically along the stiff torso and the finger tips touch the thigh on either side. A very simple almost apsidal 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补 adorns the head of the saviour. Above the 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补 the upper part of the back-slab of the image is also broken. The Jina is flanked on both sides by male 肠补耻谤墨-bearers having halos behind their heads. Like the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 their face are also badly mutilated and they stands on separate lotus pedestal. They wear deeply incised loin cloths and elaborate jewellery and their left hands are in 办补峁瓂腻惫补濒补尘产颈迟补 posture and the right hands hold a fly-whisk. This is a caubisi type of image. On the edges of the back-slab, on a projected frame, miniature figures of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s are arranged in six horizontal rows (though all the miniature Jinas cannot be traced because of the mutilated condition of the back-slab of the image) of two each on either side of 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补. Like the principal image, they also stand in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a double-petalled lotus plain pedestal and their respective 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补s are carved at the centre of their thrones. The bull, 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 is neatly carved below the lotus depicted at the centre of the pedestal. To the right of 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 below the miniature Jain image, a panels two devotees are present in the 苍补尘补蝉办腻谤补-尘耻诲谤腻.

The pedestal of the image is very important for its two unusual depictions. Just below the two devotees a male figure is depict standing in 膩产丑补峁単补 posture. He has a seven hooded snake canopy over his head and holds an umbrella for protecting the lord with his two hands. This is probably the image of 顿丑补谤补峁噀苍诲谤补, 驰补办峁�a of twenty third 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 笔腻谤艣惫补苍腻迟丑补. Left side of the pedestal a female figure is carved. The image is identifying as the figure of 础尘产颈办腻, 驰补办峁Ｄ� of twenty second 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 狈别尘颈苍腻迟丑补. She is standing in 膩产丑补峁単补 posture on double-petalled lotus pedestal. This figure is also badly damaged. She is holding a frolicking little child very realistically rendered (who is her younger son 笔谤补产丑补峁卥补谤补 according to Jain tradition) with her left hand. In her right arm she possibly holds the branch of a mango tree, unfortunately, this is broken now. A male attendant (who is her elder son 厂耻产丑补峁卥补谤补 according to Jain tradition) stands in cross legged posture to her right side. The goddess wears a diaphanous 蝉腻谤颈 fastened by an ornamented girdle with an elaborate centre piece and profuse jewellery. Above the goddess is a sprawling mango tree. Representation of these two figures (顿丑补谤补峁噀苍诲谤补 & 础尘产颈办腻) in the pedestal of the 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 image is very much unusual and obviously unparallel with the other Jain images of West Bengal as well as other parts of eastern India are concerned. Like the other 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 images 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 has 驰补办峁�a and 驰补办峁Ｄ� known as Gomukha and 颁补办谤别艣惫补谤墨. However, instated of 驰补办峁�a Gomukha and 驰补办峁Ｄ� 颁补办谤别艣惫补谤墨 here 驰补办峁�a 顿丑补谤补峁噀苍诲谤补 and 驰补办峁Ｄ� 础尘产颈办腻 is present. This depictions shows that yak峁�a 顿丑补谤补峁噀苍诲谤补 yak峁Ｄ� 颁补办谤别艣惫补谤墨 had a special position of veneration as well as 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 狈别尘颈苍腻迟丑补 and 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 笔腻谤艣惫补苍腻迟丑补 are also very much popular. Overall stylistically, the image may be assignable to eleventh century CE.

In the house of Mangal Kshetrapal in the Sat Deuliya village we documented a caubisi type of image 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 峁氠梗补产丑补苍腻迟丑补 and it measure 63 cm x 31 cm x 10 cm. The 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 bears a svelte figure and the carving of the image is very sophisticated. The central figure stands in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on a double-petalled placed on a 辫补帽肠补-ratha pedestal. Both the arms of the 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 hang down vertically along the stiff torso and the finger tips touching the thigh on both side and his both legs come close to each other. The 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补 is devoid of any worldly attire, has elongated ear-lobes, and a simple 箩补峁�膩j耻峁璦 (coiled crown) with 办别艣补-惫补濒濒补谤墨 (flowing hair) falling down the sides of its head and over the shoulders. A circular 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补 with leafed edges adorns the head of the Saviour. Above the 艣颈谤补艣肠补办谤补, a tri-linear chatra is found near the curved top portion of the back-slab and the latter is flanked by two 惫颈诲测腻诲丑补谤补s holding long garlands and also the divine hands playing on the drum and cymbals. The Jina is flanked on both sides by stout male 肠补耻谤墨bearers. They are both wearing a three-tiered almost conical head-gear and long dhotilike lower garments finely incised. Their left hands rest on their thighs while the right hands hold fly-whisks. At the sides of the back slab and on a projected frame, miniature figures of twenty-four 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补s are arranged in six horizontal rows of two each on either side of the 尘奴濒补-苍腻测补办补. Like the principal image, they also stand in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 posture on double-petalled lotus-pedestals. The pedestal of the image is badly mutilated though the bull 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 of this 罢墨谤迟丑补峁卥补谤补 is visible. This 濒腻帽肠丑补苍补 is flanked by two devotees in 苍补尘补蝉办腻谤补-尘耻诲谤腻 and on the both ends of the pedestal there is the depiction of a crouching lion. This image may be ascribed to tentheleventh century CE.