Kayotsarga, 碍腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补, Kaya-utsarga: 15 definitions
Introduction:
Kayotsarga means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
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In Hinduism
Shilpashastra (iconography)
: Shodhganga: The significance of the m奴la-beras (艣颈濒辫补)Kayotsarga (啶曕く啷嬥い啷嵿じ啶班啶�) or Kayotsargasth膩naka refers to the 鈥渆rect posture鈥�, and represents one of the two types of Sth膩naka (standing poses), according to Ganapati Sthapati in his text Ci峁焢a Cenn奴l, as defined according to texts dealing with 艣颈濒辫补 (arts and crafs), known as 艣颈濒辫补艣膩stras.鈥擨苍 kayotsarga posture, the feet are placed together with the body erect and the arms hanging close to the body. The Gomate艣var image in the Jain tradition is a good example for this stance. The Hindu deities are not often found in this stance.
The kayotsarga posture (the feet are placed together, with the body held erect, the gaze direct, the arms hanging close to the body, fingers placed gracefully, and palms held close to the thigh) that is seen in iconography is not found in Bharatanatyam with a separate term but the same action is sometimes depicted while portraying the Gomate艣vara icon.
Shilpashastra (啶多た啶侧啶ざ啶距じ啷嵿い啷嵿ぐ, 艣颈濒辫补艣膩stra) represents the ancient Indian science (shastra) of creative arts (shilpa) such as sculpture, iconography and painting. Closely related to Vastushastra (architecture), they often share the same literature.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
Source: Wisdom Library: Jainism碍腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 (啶曕ぞ啶啶む啶膏ぐ啷嵿) or 碍腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补辫谤补迟颈尘腻 represents the sixth of eleven 辫谤补迟颈尘腻 (stages) laid down for Jain laymen. 碍腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补-辫谤补迟颈尘腻 refers to 鈥渁bstaining from food after sunset鈥� according to J. L. Jaini in his 鈥渙utlines of Jainism鈥� (pp. 67-70). It is also known as R膩tribhuktaty膩ga-辫谤补迟颈尘腻.
These 辫谤补迟颈尘腻s (e.g., 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补) form a series of duties and performances, the standard and duration of which rises periodically and which finally culminates in an attitude resembling monkhood. Thus the 辫谤补迟颈尘腻s rise by degrees and every stage includes all the virtues practised in those preceeding it. The conception of eleven 辫谤补迟颈尘腻s appears to be the best way of exhibiting the rules of conduct prescribved for the Jaina laymen.
: archive.org: The Jaina Iconography碍腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 (啶曕ぞ啶啶む啶膏ぐ啷嵿) or K膩yotsarg膩sana refers to one of the various 腻蝉补苍补蝉 (postures) commonly depcited in Jain iconography.鈥擨t is well-known that the Indian Yog墨s practise the various 膧sanas to gain some control of the body, proceeding as they do, towards the R膩ja-yoga or higher mental culture.鈥擟f. 闯颈苍补尘耻诲谤腻.鈥擳he position, so called, when the ascetic stands in 碍腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 keeping the feet at four fingers breadth between the toes and lesser width between the heels. 碍腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 literally means 鈥渓etting loose the body鈥�.
: archive.org: Trisastisalakapurusacaritra碍腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 (啶曕ぞ啶啶む啶膏ぐ啷嵿) or K膩yotsarg膩sana refers to 鈥渋ndifference to the body by one standing or sitting, with the arms hanging down鈥�, according to chapter 1.1 [腻诲墨艣惫补谤补-肠补谤颈迟谤补] of Hemacandra鈥檚 11th century Tri峁峁ａ弓i艣al膩k膩puru峁caritra: an ancient Sanskrit epic poem narrating the history and legends of sixty-three illustrious persons in Jainism. Accordingly, 鈥淸...] [Dhana] saw Munis there, some engaged in meditation, some absorbed in silence, some engaged in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补; some were reading aloud the scriptures, some were teaching, some sweeping the ground, some paying homage to their gurus, some discoursing on dharma, some expounding texts, some giving their approval (of the exposition), and some reciting the tattvas (supreme principles)鈥�.鈥�(cf. Yoga艣膩stra 4.133).
: Encyclopedia of Jainism: Tattvartha Sutra 3: The Lower and middle worlds碍腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 (啶曕ぞ啶啶む啶膏ぐ啷嵿) or 碍腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补riddhi refers to the 鈥減owers to walk over flames of fire鈥� and, classified under 腻办腻艣补驳腻尘颈苍颈-峁沝诲丑颈 (sky-faring powers), represents sub-type of extraordinary activity (办谤颈测腻-峁沝诲丑颈), which itself is a subclass of the eight 峁沝诲丑颈蝉 (extraordinary powers). These powers can be obtained by the 膧rya (civilized people) in order to produce worldly miracles. The 膧ryas represent one of the two classes of human beings according to the 2nd-century Tattv膩rthas奴tra 3.46, the other being Mleccha (barbarians).
What is meant by extraordinary power to move in the sky while meditating in relaxation posture (办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补-riddhi)? It is the extraordinary power by which its owner moves in the space even though he is meditating in a relaxed standing posture.
碍腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 (啶曕ぞ啶啶む啶膏ぐ啷嵿) refers to 鈥渁bandonment of the body鈥� (i.e., a position of meditation), and represents a Jaina technical term mentioned in the 痴颈惫颈诲丑补迟墨谤迟丑补办补濒辫补 by Jinaprabhas奴ri (13th century A.D.): an ancient text devoted to various Jaina holy places (迟墨谤迟丑补蝉).鈥擭ote: in 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤补驳补, the monk is seated with his legs crossed and his arms falling to the sides of the body (Glasenapp 1925 p. 372).
: HereNow4u: Jain Dharma ka Maulika Itihasa (2)碍腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 (啶曕ぞ啶啶む啶膏ぐ啷嵿) refers to 鈥渞elaxation鈥� and is one of the topics treated in the 膧c膩r膩峁単a (膧c膩r膩峁僩a), one of the Dv膩da艣膩峁単墨 (twelve A峁単as) of Jainism.鈥擨苍 a sequential point of view, 膧c膩r膩峁僩astands first in A峁僩as. It is called as Prathama A峁僩a as it is the vital 膧c膩ra (conduct) of 艢ruta puru峁 (Monk / Saints). It is said that 膧c膩r膩峁僩a has 2 divisions (艢ruta ska峁嘾has), 25 chapters (adhyayanas), 85 topics (耻诲诲别艣补苍补办腻濒补) and 85 sub topics (sam耻诲诲别艣补苍补办腻濒补s). 膧c膩r膩峁僩a consists of 18000 verses. Topics include 碍腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 (relaxation).
: The University of Sydney: A study of the Twelve Reflections碍腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 (啶曕ぞ啶啶む啶膏ぐ啷嵿) refers to 鈥渁bandonment of the body鈥�, according to the 11th century J帽膩n膩r峁嘺va, a treatise on Jain Yoga in roughly 2200 Sanskrit verses composed by 艢ubhacandra.鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淥n a flat piece of wood or stone, on the ground or on sandy soil, the wise [person] should adopt a stable posture for the accomplishment of absorption. Thus, sitting cross-legged, sitting half cross-legged, thunderbolt, hero posture and the previously mentioned pleasant and lotus [postures] as well as abandonment of the body (办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补) is highly thought of. [...]鈥�.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, 鈥榮elf-reliance鈥�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
India history and geography
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Indian Epigraphical GlossaryK膩y-otsarga.鈥�(EI 3), a kind of obeisance. Cf. Pr膩krit k膩-ussagga (HA), a posture of meditation in which one stands erect with arms hanging and the soles of feet kept four inches apart. Cf. k膩usaggiy膩. Note: 办腻测-辞迟蝉补谤驳补 is defined in the 鈥淚ndian epigraphical glossary鈥� as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Languages of India and abroad
Sanskrit dictionary
: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary碍腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 (啶曕ぞ啶啶む啶膏ぐ啷嵿).鈥攁 kind of religious austerity in Jainas.
Derivable forms: 办腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补岣� (啶曕ぞ啶啶む啶膏ぐ啷嵿啶�).
碍腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 is a Sanskrit compound consisting of the terms 办腻测补 and utsarga (啶夃い啷嵿じ啶班啶�).
: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary碍腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 (啶曕ぞ啶啶む啶膏ぐ啷嵿):鈥擺from 办腻测补] m. a kind of religious austerity, [Jaina literature]
: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)碍腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 (啶曕ぞ啶啶む啶膏ぐ啷嵿) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: 碍腻耻蝉补驳驳补, 碍腻耻蝉蝉补驳驳补.
[Sanskrit to German]
Sanskrit, also spelled 啶膏啶膏啶曕啶むぎ啷� (蝉补峁僺办峁泃补尘), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Kannada-English dictionary
: Alar: Kannada-English corpusK膩y艒tsarga (嗖曕簿嗖硧嗖む硩嗖膏舶喑嵿矖):鈥擺noun] (Jain.) a standing erect with hands hanging down freely, and not moving, as in meditation.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Partial matches: Kay, Utsarga, Kaya.
Starts with: Kayotsargaasana, Kayotsargapratima, Kayotsargasthanaka.
Full-text (+58): Kayotsargaasana, Kayotsargapratima, Avashyaka, Utsarga, Ka-usaggiya, Sthanaka, Pratima, Ka-ussagga, Kayotsargasthanaka, Kausagga, Kaussagga, Jinamudra, Bhavana, Kulabhushana, Deshabhushana, Kayangala, Katimekhala, Meghamalin, Bahubalisajjahaya, Mangitungi.
Relevant text
Search found 22 books and stories containing Kayotsarga, 碍腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补, Kaya-utsarga, K膩ya-utsarga, Kay-otsarga, K膩y-otsarga, K膩y艒tsarga; (plurals include: Kayotsargas, 碍腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补s, utsargas, otsargas, K膩y艒tsargas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Preksha meditation: History and Methods (by Samani Pratibha Pragya)
6. Ritualistic 碍腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 < [Chapter 2 - Pre-Modern History of Meditation in Jainism]
2.4. The Practice of Hemar膩ja鈥檚 碍腻测辞迟蝉补谤驳补 < [Chapter 3 - The History of Meditation in Ter膩panth]
6. Literature Review < [Chapter 1 - Introduction]
Jain Remains of Ancient Bengal (by Shubha Majumder)
Jain Caumukha/Caumukhi or Caturmukhas < [Chapter 6 - Iconographic Study of Jaina Sculptural Remains]
Pa帽ca-t墨rthika type of P膩r艣van膩tha sculptures < [Chapter 6 - Iconographic Study of Jaina Sculptural Remains]
Caubisi type of P膩r艣van膩tha Sculptures < [Chapter 6 - Iconographic Study of Jaina Sculptural Remains]
Jainism in Odisha (Orissa) (by Ashis Ranjan Sahoo)
Khiching Museum, Khiching < [Chapter 3: Survey of Jaina Antiquities in Odisha]
Adinatha Temple, recently built (Khordha) < [Chapter 3: Survey of Jaina Antiquities in Odisha]
The Jaina Temple of Choudhury Bazar, Cuttack City < [Chapter 3: Survey of Jaina Antiquities in Odisha]
Uttaradhyayana Sutra (by Hermann Jacobi)
Jainism and Patanjali Yoga (Comparative Study) (by Deepak bagadia)
Six Avasyakas (essentials) < [Chapter 3 - Jain Philosophy and Practice]
Six Essential observances < [Chapter 3 - Jain Philosophy and Practice]
The twelve steps of Preksa-dhyana < [Chapter 4 - A Comparative Study]
Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra (by Helen M. Johnson)
Part 19: Future of Go艣膩la < [Chapter VIII - Initiation of 峁涐梗abhadatta and dev膩nand膩]
Part 2: Previous births of Sanatkum膩ra as Jinadharma and of Asit膩k峁 as Agni艣arman < [Chapter VII - Sanatkum膩racakricaritra]
Part 4: Mah膩v墨ra鈥檚 five resolutions < [Chapter III - Mah膩v墨ra鈥檚 first six years as an ascetic]