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1 Prast膩ra (础产丑颈苍补惫补产丑腻谤补迟墨)

啶むい啷嵿ぐ 啶� 啶むぞ啶侧さ啶苦ぇ啶苦ぎ啶距す鈥�
啶椸�佮ぐ啷嵿さ啶距う啶苦ぐ啶� 啶侧�樴�嵿さ啶距う啶苦ぐ啷嵿く啷佮�椸�嵿ぎ啶� 啶膏ぐ啷嵿さ啶侧�樴�佮じ啷嵿い啶ムぞ 啷� (啶ㄠ�嵿じ啷� 啷┼エ.啷ㄠオ啷�)
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啶曕�嬥す啶侧ぞ啶︵た啶�啷嵿ぐ啶︵ぐ啷嵿ざ啶苦い啶�啶苦い啶� 啶�啶掂い啶� 啷�

tatra ca 迟腻濒补vidhim膩ha鈥�
gurv腻诲颈ratha laghv腻诲颈ryugma岣� sarvalaghustath膩 | (NS 32.243)
iti 艣墨r峁�ak膩峁嚹乵uttamavi峁�aye viniyoga iti yugma eva 肠补帽肠补迟辫耻峁璦岣� |
catura峁ａ弓a峁�o岣峚峁Ｄ乼makabhed膩straya岣� | tatheti | tena 惫峁泃迟补prak膩re峁嘺 yojyam | anyena 肠补帽肠补迟辫耻峁璦sya 办补濒腻p膩davaicitrye ye prabhed膩 bhavanti te峁�u dig dar艣it膩 | tad膩ha | gurv腻诲颈riti | prathama辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补bheda岣� | tath膩 laghv腻诲颈岣� | prast膩r膩ntaraprak膩ra岣� | sarvalaghuriti | sarv膩ntyabhedena 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补sam膩ptiriti pi艣unatay膩..........
办辞丑补濒腻诲颈辫谤补诲补谤艣颈迟补尘颈迟颈 bhavati |

(础产颈苍补惫补产丑腻谤补迟墨, Commentary on 32.243, GOS Vol. IV, p.345) 

The above commentary of Abhinavagupta occurs in the context of 艣墨谤峁�a办补 in the chapter on 诲丑谤耻惫腻 compositions. 艢墨谤峁�a办补, literally meaning -the 鈥�crown鈥� indicates the end of the main section of a 驳墨迟补办补. 

N. Ramanathan says鈥�

鈥�艢墨谤峁�a办补 is normally a small section and is invariably in ekakala uttara 迟腻濒补鈥斉欼SSI艢. In some 驳墨迟补办补s 艣墨谤峁�a办补 of the dvikala and 肠补迟耻峁�k补濒补 forms also occurs. The 艣墨谤峁�a办补 is an optional 补峁単补 in the 辞惫别峁嘺办补 驳墨迟补办补, but has to be present in madraka, 补辫补谤腻苍迟补办补, rovindaka and uttara鈥�^[1]. 

Bharata prescribes the 尘腻迟谤腻蝉 and 驳补峁嘺蝉 to be used in a 艣墨谤峁�a办补. 

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啶呧�曕�嵿し啶班ぞ啶｀ぞ啶� 啶�啶掂�囙い啷� 啶�啶苦ぃ啷嵿ぁ啶� 啶�啶距う啷� 啶灌�嵿く啷囙�曕い啷嵿ぐ 啶ㄠた啶多�嵿�氞く啶距い啷� 啷�
啶�啷佮�椸�嵿ぎ啶� 啶撪�溹�� 啶�啶苦ざ啷嵿ぐ啶� 啶掂ぞ啶︵�� 啶曕ぞ啶班�嵿く啶� 啶椸ぃ啶距じ啷嵿い啷� 啶氞い啷嵿さ啶距ぐ啶� 啷�
啶ㄠた啶�啶む�� 啶多��啶班�嵿し啶掂た啶оぞ啶ㄠ�囙お啶多�嵿�氞ぞ啶侧�嵿げ啶樴�佮じ啶傕�氞く啶� 啶曕ぞ啶班�嵿く啶� 啷� 啷┼エ. 啷ㄠオ啷� 啷�

艣墨r峁�ak膩峁嚹乵aniyamo bhavet p膩davidh膩nata岣� || 32.242 cd ||
苍腻苍腻惫峁泃迟补蝉amutpanna峁� kury膩dvai 艣墨谤峁�a办补峁� budha岣� |
gurv腻诲颈ratha laghv腻诲颈ryugma岣� sarvalaghustath膩 || 32.243 ||
caturm膩tro ga峁噊 j帽eya岣� p奴rvacchando vikalpita岣� |
ardh膩峁ａ弓amaga峁嚹佱弗 p膩d膩岣� 艣墨谤峁�a办补sya bhavanti vai || 32.244 ||
caturm膩tr膩 ca vij帽ey膩 yugmauj膩k峁�arakai岣� padai岣� |
艣墨谤峁�a办补syaikavi峁兣沘tya 峁�a岣峷i峁兣沘tiparastath膩 || 32.245 ||
ak峁�ar膩峁嚹佱箖 bhavet 辫颈峁囜笉补岣� p膩de hyekatra ni艣cay膩t |
yugm膩 oj膩 mi艣r膩 v膩dau k膩ry膩 ga峁嚹乻tu catv膩ra岣� |
niyata峁� 艣墨r峁�avidh膩nepa艣c膩llaghusa峁僣aya岣� k膩rya岣� || 32. 246 || 

鈥�狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 of Bharatamuni: 2006: GOS Vol. IV: pp.345-347

At this point, Abhinava, with a view to further explain what Bharata has said, makes the interpretation seen in the above extract.

Abhinava cites the Bharata鈥檚 words鈥�

啶椸�佮ぐ啷嵿さ啶距う啶苦ぐ啶� 啶侧�樴�嵿さ啶距う啶苦ぐ啷嵿く啷佮�椸�嵿ぎ啶� 啶膏ぐ啷嵿さ啶侧�樴�佮じ啷嵿い啶ムぞ 啷� 啷┼エ.啷ㄠオ啷� 啷�

gurv腻诲颈ratha laghv腻诲颈ryugma岣� sarvalaghustath膩 || 32.243 || 

And begins his discussion with 肠补帽肠补迟辫耻峁璦 迟腻濒补 which is ayugma. This 肠补帽肠补迟辫耻峁璦 迟腻濒补 has three varieites鈥�

1. ekakala which has four 尘腻迟谤补蝉 (厂厂滨艢-1+1+陆+1陆=4),
2. dvikala which has 8 尘腻迟谤补蝉, and
3. 肠补迟耻峁�k补濒补 which has 16 尘腻迟谤补蝉. 

These are to be applied in the different types of 惫峁泃迟补蝉 (which are explained in the immediately preceeding section of the 狈腻峁瓂补艣补蝉迟谤补-Ch. 32). The different varieties that can be obtained by the breaking-down of the 办补濒腻蝉 of 肠补帽肠补迟辫耻峁璦 迟腻濒补 have been indicated^[2].

The word 鈥�驳耻谤惫腻诲颈岣�鈥� he says, is indicative of the first step of 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补. The 肠补帽肠补迟辫耻峁璦 迟腻濒补 by default begins with a guru. So, if the normal procedure of keeping the rightmost 补峁単补 intact and proceeding with the 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补 beginning from the left is followed, then a guru cannot be in the 鈥�腻诲颈鈥欌�攊nitial position. It is possible that Abhinava reckons these 补峁単补-s from the right hand side (instead of reading left to right) and is talking about performing 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补 on the pluta of 肠补帽肠补迟辫耻峁璦 which would yield guru in the initial position (when reckoned from the right hand side). The second stage of 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补 will involve having laghu in the 鈥�腻诲颈鈥� position (again reckoned from the right hand side), because when a guru is broken down it will yield laghus. The very final stage of the 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补 involves all 补峁単补s becoming laghus. Abhinava says that this method has been shown by Kohala and others. 

It is interesting that Bharata and Abhinava speak only of guru and laghu. The pluta is automatically included as it is an innate 补峁単补 of the 肠补帽肠补迟辫耻峁璦 迟腻濒补 which is being described here. The other 补峁単补s like druta and 惫颈谤腻尘补 have not been touched upon in this context. But at a later point, Abhinava does speak of druta and 惫颈谤腻尘补 in connection with 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补. Also, Bharata here, seems to be speaking only about metrical aspects. It is Abhinava who brings up a link with 迟腻濒补 (in this case鈥敵Σ姑背Σ钩俦璩茚弓a 迟腻濒补) and interprets this verse to indicate the 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补 of 肠补帽肠补迟辫耻峁璦 迟腻濒补. 

Here a question may arise as to why 迟腻濒补 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补 has been brought in while enumerating metrical forms of 诲丑谤耻惫腻 compositions. Unlike present day musical compositions, those of the ancient times were all metrical in nature. Though the 诲丑谤耻惫腻 compositions strictly followed rules of 惫峁泃迟补, they were also performed with 迟腻濒补. Now, when singing a piece in 肠补帽肠补迟辫耻峁璦 迟腻濒补, usually the citra 尘腻谤驳补 is used wherein a guru will comprise of four units. In this case the 肠补帽肠补迟辫耻峁璦 tala will have (SSI艢=4+4+2+6) 16 units in all. At the same time, when rendering a 诲丑谤耻惫腻 the guru of 肠补帽肠补迟辫耻峁璦 becomes almost the same duration of a 诲墨谤驳丑补 metrical syllable (guru). By the process of 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补, the forms obtained might match with some of the 惫峁泃迟补蝉 of 诲丑谤耻惫腻 驳腻苍补. This could probably be the reason for performing 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补. And this is also perhaps the reason Abhinava introduces the concept of 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补, though Bharata himself does not mention 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补 at all in this context. 

Bharata speaks about 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补, while describing chandas in the 辫腻峁环测补惫颈诲丑腻苍补. But even there, the 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补 is not related to 迟腻濒补. Abhinava says that Kohala and others have shown this method. Dattila speaks of svara 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补. Therefore, from the perspective of Kohala it is an important point that this process of 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补 of the 补峁単补s of 迟腻濒补 in relation to the performance of 诲丑谤耻惫腻 compositions has been demonstrated by him even when Bharata is silent on the issue. This also consequently leads to an important inference that Kohala did speak on subjects of 尘腻谤驳补 contrary to opinions of scholars that Kohala belonged to the 诲别艣墨 tradition. It appears likely that Kohala was as much an authority in 尘腻谤驳补.

2 Prast膩ra (础产丑颈苍补惫补产丑腻谤补迟墨)

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苍补苍惫补谤诲丑补办补濒颈办腻 办补濒颈办腻 ca gatirukteti t膩vatyapi 蝉测腻诲 dhruveti 产丑谤补尘补峁� 惫腻谤补测补迟颈 | na hyeka办补濒腻 诲惫颈办补濒腻 诲丑谤耻惫腻vir膩m膩 iti | 办补濒腻测腻峁� 苍颈峁�i诲诲丑补......尘腻谤驳补svar奴panir奴pa峁嚹�.......
pa帽calaghvak峁�araparim膩峁嘺峁� laghvak峁�aramiti | ittha峁� dhruvasya pratip腻诲颈ta峁� tena pluto gurureva | gurustadapek峁�ay膩 濒补驳丑耻岣� | laghvapek峁�ay膩 laghureveti prast膩re 惫颈产丑腻驳补岣� | tatra 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补vidhirucyate鈥�

膩dyagurorlopa岣� sy膩t para(da)mupari pad腻诲颈to 驳耻谤耻岣� p奴r峁噀 |
laghu苍腻 p奴ra峁嘺matra ca y膩vadgati gurulaghut惫补峁� sy膩t ||

tena plutastadbha峁単e'峁ａ弓膩da艣abhed膩stena saha 峁�a岣峛heda岣� | 濒补驳丑奴 dvau | tadyath膩 | ete峁Ｄ佱箖 辫谤补迟测别办补峁� 惫颈谤腻尘补bhedatulyo dvigu峁嘺strigu峁嘺艣caturgu峁嘺 iti 辫补帽肠补诲丑腻 惫颈谤腻尘补bheda岣� 峁�a峁ａ弓ha办补濒腻y膩岣� 办补濒腻rdhasya s膩rdha办补濒腻测腻峁� v膩 ata eva ca vir膩mo madhyavir膩mo 尘奴濒补峁� bhavatyeva | 膩dye sandh膩n腻诲颈ti hi kohal膩c膩rya岣� | tena plutabhed膩艣caturda艣腻诲颈ka峁� 艣atam (114) | gurubhed膩岣� 峁�a峁璽谤颈峁兣沘迟 | laghu bhed膩  诲惫腻诲补艣补 | tena 肠补帽肠补迟辫耻峁璦sya t膩vat膩 驳耻峁嘺苍别 (5377) tasya 诲惫腻诲补艣补bhir驳耻峁嘺苍别 tasy膩峁卥asya caturda艣ottare峁嘺 艣atena (驳耻峁嘺苍别 7755736) | ete gu峁嘺k峁泃膩 bhed膩岣� | av膩ntarabhed膩苍腻峁� tu nissa峁僰hyatvameva | 肠补帽肠补迟辫耻峁璦vat c膩capu峁�腻诲颈bhedena bhed膩ntar膩峁噛api dar艣an墨y膩ni | yathokta峁� |

asa峁僰hy膩ni sahasr膩峁噄 ko峁�墨苍腻mayut膩ni ca |
迟腻濒补dvayaprabhedena pur膩 prokt膩ni 艣ambhu苍腻 ||

iti e惫补峁� mi艣rabhedo'pyanusartavya岣� | ata eva trya艣racatura艣rami艣r膩峁嚹佱箖 峁�a峁璸it膩putrakasya ca m奴laprak峁泃itay膩 诲丑谤耻惫腻艣abdav膩cy膩苍腻峁� bha帽ji苍腻峁瓂e plutagurulaghudrutamay膩st膩l膩 惫颈谤腻尘补bhed膩 惫颈肠颈迟谤腻岣� | tath膩 bh补峁単补vyapade艣ena yad膩hu岣� | 诲丑谤耻惫腻峁嚹佱箖 bha帽ja苍腻dbha峁単膩 iti | e惫补峁� tricatu峁ａ梗a峁ａ弓aka诲丑谤耻惫腻迟腻濒补产丑补帽箩补苍补峁� bha峁単膩苍腻峁� r奴pasya | upabha峁単膩stu sa峁卥墨r峁嘺svar奴pebhya岣� 办补濒腻岣� 辫补帽肠别 (bha. 苍腻 31.24)tyadinoktasya bha帽ja苍腻dapi bhavanti | tath膩'bhinayanak膩le trya艣r膩 | tryayagatryadvaigu峁噛膩 | mi艣r膩 ca da艣a办补濒腻catu峁�ka峁� valayamatha gatrayamityeva (惫补峁�)谤奴辫墨(辫颈峁嚹�) | yatra tu dvividhatv膩d guruladhuplutadrutavir膩m腻诲颈r奴pe峁嘺 产丑补帽箩补苍补峁� te'pi 产丑补峁単腻岣� | layabhedena tu yatra 惫补颈肠颈迟谤测补峁� tadyath膩 dvividh膩苍腻峁� citrapad膩苍腻峁� gurur奴pa辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补s膩mye'pi layak峁泃avibheda岣� | e惫补峁� bha峁単opabh补峁単补vibh补峁単补layar奴p膩 t膩vaccaturdh膩 迟腻濒补j膩tirgobal墨vardav峁泃ty膩 lak峁�yate | tadvyapade艣膩dvibhakt膩岣� sa峁僾yavah膩rasiddhaye kohal膩c膩ryaprabh峁泃ibhi岣� | bha峁�峁璦gop膩labha峁�峁璦lolla峁璦prabh峁泃ibhistu tath膩vibh膩ga峁� viniyoga艣e峁�a峁� ca d奴峁�itam | 

鈥�(础产丑颈苍补惫补产丑腻谤补迟墨, Commentary on 32.409, GOS Vol. IV, pp.391-392) 

The above discussion of Abhinava is on the subject of bh补峁単补 or 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补. In the 尘腻谤驳补 system, 办补濒腻 referred to a basic unit of time. For instance in the 肠补帽肠补迟辫耻峁璦 迟腻濒补, the ekakala form would have鈥擲SI艢鈥攚hich is four 办补濒腻蝉. However, if another 尘腻谤驳补 called dhruva is used, then ardha办补濒颈办腻 or half a 办补濒腻 would have to be taken as the basic unit. This would mean that we are descending lower than the citra 尘腻谤驳补.Having said this, Abhinava removes the confusion that it is dhruva. He then quotes a verse of some other author describing the process of 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补.

Abhinava says that the pluta, in its bh补峁単补 (辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补) has eighteen varieties. But this is possible only if the 补峁単补 druta is also included. And even in that case it would sum up to a total of nineteen including the original pluta. Guru has six varieties and a laghu has two. Abhinava says that if the 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补 is done for a 迟腻濒补 such as 肠补帽肠补迟辫耻峁璦, then the pluta will have 114 (i.e. 18x6) varieites, guru 36 (6x6), and laghu 12 (2x6). And the entire 迟腻濒补 would have (SxSxIx艢=36x36x12x114) 5377 possible varieties. Abhinava says that there are also other innumerable varieites. 

Abhinava mentions that this process of bh补峁単补 on the 诲丑谤耻惫腻 迟腻濒补s has come from Kohala. Bharata himself speaks of 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补, but only in the context of metrical aspects. Abhinava says that it is Kohala who has spoken of this method of performing bh补峁単补 on 迟腻濒补s. Even in chapter 12 of 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补, Abhinava mentions several bh补峁単补 迟腻濒补s which are to be used in gati-parikramas of characters and he ascribes them to Kohala. As seen earlier in this chapter, M. R. Kavi has also provided many of Kohala鈥檚 definitions of these bh补峁単补 迟腻濒补s. Sa峁単墨tarat苍腻kara has also spoken of 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补 in detail. But his enumeration belongs to the 诲别艣墨 tradition. Kohala鈥檚 method of performing 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补 was different. Abhinava鈥檚 statements on Kohala and his style of bh补峁単补 perhaps is indicative that the process of 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补 was very much a part of the 驳腻苍诲丑补谤惫补 tradition also.

Abhinava also mentions that by changing the laya (layabhedena) further varieties can be obtained. On a similar note, Kalli苍腻tha discusses two 迟腻濒补s which have the same 补峁単补s and raises a question as to whether or not they are one and the same^[3]. He says that the 办腻濒补辫谤补尘腻峁嘺 of the 补峁単补s are different and therefore, the two 迟腻濒补s themselves are different entities.

It is noteworthy that in 诲丑谤耻惫腻, the cyclic, 腻惫补谤迟补 -type of 迟腻濒补 rendition can be seen. And these too are done using the bh补峁単补 迟腻濒补s. And these bh补峁単补, vibh补峁単补 and upabh补峁単补 迟腻濒补s which have been obtained by the process of 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补 (bh补峁単补) have been spoken of by Kohala. This 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补 is not connected to the 诲别艣墨 system of 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补 as seen in Sa峁単墨tarat苍腻kara and later works. 

Though Bharata is considered the foremost authority on all subjects related to the 尘腻谤驳补 tradition, he does not speak of Bh补峁単补 迟腻濒补s in his work, 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补. Neither have these been included in any of the 诲别艣墨 works such as Sa峁単墨tarat苍腻kara and others. Then under what system do these 迟腻濒补s fall? Bh补峁単补, Upabh补峁単补 and Vibh补峁単补 迟腻濒补s are very much a part of the 尘腻谤驳补 tradition because of their use in 驳腻苍诲丑补谤惫补 and 驳腻苍补. Also, by the time of Abhinavagupta, the 诲别艣墨 迟腻濒补s were already well established. Even then, he talks of Kohala only in relation to 尘腻谤驳补 迟腻濒补s. In that case it appears strange that Bharata has not spoken of them. This could be an indication that there existed aspects of 尘腻谤驳补 outside the ambit of the 狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 and perhaps Kohala and others belonged to this 蝉补尘辫谤补诲腻测补. 

From the above extract of Abhinava, it is clear that this represents the bh补峁単补 迟腻濒补s which were earlier spoken of by him in the 12th chapter of 狈补峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补. Further, there has been a system of 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补 in the case of 诲丑谤耻惫腻 迟腻濒补s also. And Kohala has established/ propagated this system.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

Musical Forms in Sa峁単墨tarat苍腻kara: 1999: p.143

[2]:

Here, N. Ramanathan says that in the reading鈥斺��anena 肠补帽肠补迟辫耻峁璦sya 办补濒腻bha峁単腻诲颈vaicitrye ye prabhaid膩 bhavanti te峁�u dige dar艣it膩鈥�, the word 鈥�Kal膩bh补峁単补鈥� would bring out the aspect of 辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补. (Bh补峁単补=辫谤补蝉迟腻谤补)

[3]:

Sa峁単墨tarat苍腻kara of 艢asr峁単adeva: 1951: Vol. III: pp. 139-141