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The geographical data of the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 is mostly described in their first two 鈥�尝补办峁�a峁嘺蝉 鈥� which deal with cosmogony, cosmology, and cosmography. They include, among other related matters, the origin of the universe and the earth, the oceans and the continents, mountain systems of the world, regions and their people and astronomical geography. Incidental references to the geography of different lands, particularly those of 叠丑腻谤补迟补 , occur throughout the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 in the historical accounts contained in them. One has to put all the isolated facts together to get a picture of the lands and their people to which they refer or which they intended to describe. The geography of the world is found in most of the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 . All of them agree in describing the earth as comprised of seven concentric island continents (厂补辫迟补诲惫墨辫腻 惫补蝉耻尘补迟墨 ) [痴腻测耻 , I, 1.80, 6.48, 8.15, 33.4, 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 I, 4.49, 22.15, 叠谤补丑尘腻峁囜笉补, 37.13, ef. 惭补丑腻产丑腻峁�y补 (Keilhorn鈥檚 edition), Vol. I, P. 9. The number is sometimes raised to nine (Padma, Svargakha峁囜笉a , VII 26) and sometimes to eighteen (痴腻测耻 I. 24.23)] separated by encircling seas which increase by becoming double compared with each preceding one (H.C. Raychaudhuri, Studies in Indian Antiquities, Second Edition, 1958, P. 66), and on divisions of 闯补尘产耻诲惫墨辫补 , the situation and extent of 闯补尘产耻诲惫墨辫补 , the situation and extent of Meru and the subdivisions of 叠丑腻谤补迟补var峁�a (Wilson, 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 , P. 135, n.1).

The seven 诲惫墨辫补蝉 of the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 were:

1. Jambu,
2. 笔濒补办峁�a,
3. 艢腻濒尘补濒颈,
4. 碍耻艣补,
5. 碍谤补耻帽肠丑补,
6. 艢补办补 and
7. 笔耻峁�k补谤补

Surrounded by oceans of:

1. salt water (尝补惫补峁嘺),
2. sugarcane juice (滨办峁�u),
3. wine (厂耻谤腻),
4. ghee (Sarpi),
5. curd (Dadhi),
6. milk (碍峁�i谤补) and
7. water (Jala) respectively

(Agni 108. 1-2, Garuda 54. 4-5; 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 II, 2. 5-7; 惭腻谤办补峁囜笉别测补 56. 5-7. The Matsya 121-22 and 笔补诲尘补-厂惫补谤驳补办丑峁囜笉补 , IV, mention them in different order).

The names of the 诲惫墨辫补蝉 preferably in the order of Matsya are also given by Alberuni (A.I., I, P. 235 Cf. Ain-in-Akbari, translated by colonel H.S. Jarret, Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1891, Vol. III. P. 33 ff.).

Taken literally, the six outer continents may not be identified in the real world. The Matsya 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 wants to make us believe that the identification of the dvipas is a super human task (Matsya , 112, 4-6).

The 笔耻谤腻峁噄肠 account of the 诲惫墨辫补蝉 is mixed up with mythology, and it is not easy to sort out the actual from the imaginary鈥� (S.D. Giyani, Agni 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 , A Study, P. 151). But if we accept that the idea of the seven 诲惫墨辫补蝉 was somehow or remotely based on some real knowledge, tentative identifications for some of them may be proposed. As Indian History has been associated with the 艢补办补s from very early times, there is every possibility of truth in the speculation that the 诲惫墨辫补 was named after the 艢补办补s. Thus different regions associated with the 艢补办补s 鈥�厂补办补蝉迟丑腻苍补 (Seistan), (H.C. Roychaudhury, pp. 68-69, cf. ABOR, Vol XXXVI. PP. 358 ff.). Tartary including Turkestan in central Asia (N.L. Dey, Geographical Dictionary, P. 172), Sogdiana (J.A.S.B., 1902, Part I, P. 154), Oxus and Jaxartes Valleys (D.C. Sircar, Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Mediaeval India, P. 163), regions to the east, north and west of the Caspian sea (笔耻谤腻峁嘺 , III No. 2, PP. 253 ff.) have been identified with the 艢膩ka诲惫墨辫补 .

The 笔耻腻峁嘺蝉 mention the river Krumu as flowing in 笔濒补办峁�a诲惫墨辫补 and it may point to some region immediately to the west of the Indus as being called 笔濒补办峁�a诲惫墨辫补 (H.C. Raychoudhuri, P.69).

The 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 refers to the Damin Brahmanas of 碍耻艣补诲惫墨辫补 (痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 II, 4. 38-39) who have been identified with the Damnai mentioned by Ptolemy (JASB, Part I, P. 151). 碍耻艣补诲惫墨辫补 was situated in north-eastern Africa beyond Mudraya or Egypt (D.C. Sircar, P. 164). The Hamadan inscription of Darius mentions 碍耻艣补 as one of the border countries of his empire (S.I., P. 8-9). There are no definite clues for the identification of 艢腻濒尘补濒颈 , 碍谤补耻帽肠补 and 笔耻峁�k补谤补 (Col. Gerine, Researches on Ptolemy鈥檚 Geography of Eastern Asia, 1990, P. 275).

Almost all Puranas have enriched themselves by some geographic information. However, in some of the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 , there is a small number of information and more information is available in the other 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 . Whatever happens, all the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 play an important role in collecting geographical information of past India. Now let鈥檚 see what the geographical information contain in the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 .

Agni 笔耻谤腻峁嘺:

Among the 18 惭补丑补辫耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 the Agni 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 is one of the most important but it does not have the abundance of geographic information. All the geographical information that we get from the Agni 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 are the same as in the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 . The early chapters of the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 describe about the 础惫补迟腻谤补蝉 . Then following the 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 and the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 it describes about the 搁腻尘补 and 碍峁涐梗峁嘺 respectively. Although this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 follows the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 in the field of geographic data analysis, yet the 惭腻丑腻迟尘测补蝉 description of holy place 骋补测腻 is a unique subject of this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 (Ch. 116). There are also descriptions about the 鈥�叠丑耻惫补苍补办辞峁�a 鈥� in the chapter 108, 闯补尘产耻诲惫墨辫补 in the chapter 118, glory of 碍腻艣颈 in the chapter 112, glory of Narmada in the chapter 113 and about universe in the chapter 120 etc.

Brahma 笔耻谤腻峁嘺:

The first sections of this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 give us the description of the creation, Manvantaras and the history of the 碍峁涐梗峁嘺鈥檚 contemporary dynasties. The main aim of this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 is to proclaim lord 碍峁涐梗峁嘺鈥檚 worship as lord Jagann膩峁囜弓ha. The most notable geographical date of this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 is the description of the Orissa which was known as the 鈥�Puru峁�ottama 碍峁�e迟谤补 鈥�. About one third part of this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 represent the account of Orissa and its temples dedicated to the Lord Sun, 艢颈惫补 and 闯补驳补苍苍腻迟丑补. (Chapter 32, 68). Also we get the description about 闯补尘产耻诲惫墨辫补 (Ch.-10), other six 诲惫墨辫补 (Ch.-11), 叠丑腻谤补迟补var峁�a (Ch.-15) and many pilgrimages like Il膩迟墨谤迟丑补, Garuda迟墨谤迟丑补 , 厂惫别迟补迟墨谤迟丑补,滨苍诲谤补迟墨谤迟丑补 and others in the several chapters (Ch.-14, 42鈥�67).

Brahma Vaivarta 笔耻谤腻峁嘺:

In order to provide geographical information, this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 has followed the 脕gni 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 鈥� and the 鈥�痴颈峁ａ箛耻笔耻谤腻峁嘺 鈥�. This 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 is basically divided into 4 categories鈥搕he Brahma, the Prakriti, the 骋补峁噀艣补 and the 艢r墨k峁涐梗峁嘺janma 碍丑补峁囜笉补蝉. The most important part of Brahma Vaivarta 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 is that it contains the lengthy descriptions of 痴峁沶诲腻惫补苍补 and Gokula (Ch.-72) in the 艢r墨k峁涐梗峁嘺janma Khanda.

Bhavi峁�ya 笔耻谤腻峁嘺:

Generally this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 is renowned for its descriptions of Kali age. Later the many other 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 collected information about the Kali age from this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 . Like other 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 , this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 also deals with the descriptions of creation, at its first section (Brahmaparva Ch. 2). There are descriptions about the creation of universe in the Madhyaparva (Ch.-2). In spite of these there are also many information about 叠丑腻谤补迟补 Khanda in the Pratisargaparva (Ch.-20).

叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补 笔耻谤腻峁嘺:

Among the 18 惭补丑腻辫耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 the 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补 笔耻谤腻峁� is one of the supreme 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 . This 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 is unque in itself. Basically 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 is more crowned by the 痴补颈峁ａ箛补惫补蝉 . The fifth Skandha (Part) is more important as the evidence of geographic information and the section is divided into some chapters. From the chapters 1-15 we find the information about the Priyavrata, Agnidhara and 峁氠梗补产丑补. Then we get analysis of The 叠丑耻惫补苍补办辞峁�a from the chapter 16. Chapter 17 gives us an important note about the 骋补苍驳腻 . The chapter 18 and 19 deal with the Mysteries of the 痴补谤峁�a蝉 in the 5th Skandha . Then we find the description of the 顿惫墨辫补 in the chapter 20. And lastly there are the information about the Svah and Bhuvah , the Sun, the Planets and Stars, the 笔腻迟腻濒补蝉 , the Narakas in the Chapter 21 to 26. According to the 笔补诲尘腻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 originally this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 is the essence of the remaining 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 .

Garuda 笔耻谤腻峁嘺:

Though the Garuda 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 has shown enough freedom in its geographical part, but a greater portion of this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 is occupied with the descriptions of Vratas or religious customs, of holy days, of holy places and of the lord Sun etc. There is an analysis of the theory of the creation (Ch. 4 of 膧肠腻谤补办腻苍诲补 ). There are also the descriptions of the 鈥�叠丑耻惫补苍补办辞峁�a 鈥� in the 膧肠腻谤办腻苍诲补 (Ch.-37), 叠丑腻谤补迟惫补谤峁�a (Ch.-38), 笔濒补办峁�a and 笔耻峁�k补谤补 and other 诲惫墨辫补蝉 (Ch-39) etc. we get s 鈥榞eographical information from the 膧肠腻谤补办腻苍诲补 about pilgrimage of 骋补测腻 (Ch-64-67). The Garuda 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 basically describes about many Ayurvedic medicines.

碍奴谤尘补 笔耻谤腻峁嘺:

Although it is a small one, it has a collection of geographic information. There are many descriptions about Janapadas in this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 but the information of Janapadas is followed to the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 . It also contains a huge description and fuller list of rivers after 痴腻测耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 . This 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 analyzes about creation at first in the 笔奴谤惫补惫腻驳补 (Ch.鈥�4). Then we get the description of the many Island and mountain (Ch.-44), 贬别尘补办奴迟补 (Ch.-47), 笔濒补办峁�a and others 诲惫墨辫补蝉 (Ch.-48), 笔耻峁�k补谤补诲惫墨辫补 (Ch.-49) etc. from the 笔奴谤惫补惫腻驳补 . We also find the description of 叠丑耻惫补苍办辞峁�a in the Ch. 39 of this part. 鲍辫补谤颈惫腻驳补 of this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 describes about many glory of pilgrimages like Rudrakoti (Ch.-35), 狈补谤尘补诲腻 and 叠丑补诲谤别艣惫补谤补 (Ch.-39), 狈补颈尘颈峁�a and 闯腻辫辞艣惫补谤补 (Ch.-41) etc.

惭腻谤办补峁囜笉别测补 笔耻谤腻峁嘺:

According to Wilson this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 is in the time of 9th or 10th century A.D. This is the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 in where there are mentioned abut he celestial birds 鈥槻涯灏�办补峁囜笉别测补鈥� who were born on the field of 碍耻谤耻办峁�e迟谤补 and lived in the Vindhya Mountains. As usual like the other 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 there is the description of creation and the earth in this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 . The Nava khanda of this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 contains the geographical information and the description of creation which are also in the other major 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 . But the chapter 58, called 碍奴谤尘补 Vibhaga or 碍奴谤尘补-苍颈惫腻蝉补 of this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 has been mentioned about some countries and peoples of 叠丑腻谤补迟补 arranged according to the position of the country conceived as a tortoise (碍奴谤尘补 ) resting on water and looking eastward. This arrangement has been developed based on previous astronomical works like those of 笔补谤腻艣补谤补 and 痴补谤腻丑补尘颈丑颈谤补. Although many of the descriptions of these countries and peoples has been mentioned in the 狈补惫补-碍丑补峁囜笉补 (Ch. 57) section but there are valuable topographical information in the 碍奴谤尘补 Vibhaga and those topographic information are not in the other 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 . The geographical information which we get from this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 are as follows鈥�(1) creation of Universe (Ch.-45), (2) description of 闯补尘产耻诲惫墨辫补 and mountains (Ch.-54, 55), (3) about the Ganges (Ch.-5-6), (4) 叠丑腻谤补迟补var峁�a (Ch.-57), (5) 叠丑补诲谤补艣惫补 and other 痴补谤峁�a蝉 (Ch.-59), (6) 碍颈尘辫耻谤耻峁�a Var峁�a (Ch.-60) etc.

Padma 笔耻谤腻峁嘺:

Padma 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 is a massive 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 . This 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 is divided into five books or 碍丑补峁囜笉补蝉. Padma 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 has discussed about creation and the earth respectively in its first two 碍丑补峁囜笉补蝉 , Padma 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 has discussed about creation and the earth respectively in its first two 碍丑补峁囜笉补蝉 , 厂峁涐梗峁璱 碍丑补峁囜笉补 and 叠丑奴尘颈 碍丑补峁囜笉补 . The first sections of the 厂峁涐梗峁璱 碍丑补峁囜笉补 elucidate about cosmogony which is the same style and almost the same words as the 痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 . As a geographical information we get from this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 the virtues of the 笔耻峁�k补谤补 lake (near Ajmer), a place of pilgrimage. The other side, the 叠丑奴尘颈 碍丑补峁囜笉补 has also described about the earth and some character of 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 in the Chapter 127. The best part of this chapter is the illustration of the 迟墨谤迟丑补蝉 or essential places of pilgrimage. The geographical data which we get from the Svarga Khanda of the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 are鈥揷reation of universe (Ch.-1), Islands, rivers, mountains etc. (Ch.-2), 叠丑腻谤补迟补var峁�a (Ch.-3), about the earth (Ch.-4) etc. Also we find about the glory of many pilgrimages like 碍腻惫别谤墨 and 狈补谤尘补诲腻 迟墨谤迟丑补 (Ch.-8, 9), 碍耻谤耻办峁�e迟谤补 (Ch.-12), 驰补尘耻苍腻 (Ch.-14, 15), 痴腻谤腻苍补蝉墨 (Ch.-17), 骋补测腻 (Ch.-19), 笔谤补测腻驳补 (Ch.-21) etc.

痴腻尘补苍补 笔耻谤腻峁嘺:

Like other 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 痴腻尘补苍补 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 gives the usual descriptions of creation of the Universe. Beside this the 痴腻尘补苍补 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 also explains the modesty definite regions especially the 碍别诲腻谤别艣惫补谤补 and 叠补诲补谤颈办腻艣惫谤补谤补 in the 贬颈尘腻濒补测腻蝉 and the purity of Sth膩峁噓迟墨谤迟丑补 i.e. pools at Th膩ne艣vara and 碍耻谤耻办峁�e迟谤补 between the 驰补尘耻苍腻 and the Sutlej. This 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 follows the same pattern of the Matsya, 痴腻测耻, 惭腻谤办补峁囜笉别测补 and 叠谤补丑尘腻峁囜笉补 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 in its geographical portion to analyze the janapadas . This 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 also provided itself with the information of 膧苍诲丑谤补蝉 and 罢耻谤耻峁�k补蝉 , which is not found in any other except the Garuda 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 . There is information of about 峁囜弓he 笔耻峁�k补谤补诲惫墨辫补 (Ch.-11), 叠丑耻惫补苍办辞峁�a (Ch.-13), glory of many pilgrimages (Ch.-34, 35, 36) etc. in this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 .

Var膩ha 笔耻谤腻峁嘺:

Mainly the Var膩ha 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 describes about the various types of 痴补颈峁ａ箛补惫补 迟墨谤迟丑补蝉 . But the most notable aspects of this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 is the description of 惭补迟丑耻谤腻 . The geographical information which we get from the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 are as follows鈥揳bout earth (Ch.-74), about 闯补尘产耻诲惫墨辫补 (Ch.-75), 础尘补谤腻惫补迟墨 (Ch.-76), Meru (Ch.-77), Mountain of the south direction (Ch.-80), about river (Ch.-82), about mountain in the west of 狈颈峁�a诲丑腻肠补濒补 (Ch.-83) etc.

痴腻测耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺:

痴腻测耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 is one of the incomparable among the 18 尘补丑补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 . It is divided into four 笔腻诲补蝉 or sections viz. -笔谤补办谤颈测腻 , 鲍辫辞诲驳丑腻迟补 , 础苍耻峁Ｄ乶驳补 and 鲍辫补蝉补峁僪腻谤补 . Some parts of the chapters of the 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 and 搁腻尘腻测补峁嘺 are the special topics of this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 which make the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 unique. There are a few chapters only in the Prakriya portion and treats chiefly of elemental creation. The portion, 鲍辫辞诲驳腻迟丑补 contains the subject of creation and describes the various Kalpas or periods during which the world has existed. The geographical parts of this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 are more perfect, clear and elaborate than that found in any other 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 .

It includes:

Chapters 34鈥�35 Jambu顿惫墨辫补 (1鈥�96), (1鈥�47).
Chapter 36 Mountains and lakes, east, south, west and north of Meru (1鈥�33)
Chapter 37 Valleys between mountains, east of Meru (1鈥�30)
Chapter 38 Valleys between mountains, south of Meru (1鈥�36)
Chapter 38 Valleys between mountains, west of Meru (37鈥�80).
Chapter 38 Valleys between mountains, north of Meru (37鈥�80).
Chapter 39 Settlements (dwelling places) in the mountains (1鈥�64).
Chapter 40 Devakuta Mountain (1鈥�26).
Chapter 41 碍补颈濒腻蝉补 Mountain (1-82); 贬颈尘补惫腻苍 Mountain; 狈颈峁�a诲丑补 Mountain; 笔腻谤颈箩腻迟补 Mountain; Jurudhi Mountain (43鈥�89) 
Chapter 42 Rivers from Meru (1鈥�80)
Chapter 43鈥�44 碍别迟耻尘腻濒补 and 叠丑补诲谤腻艣惫补 (1鈥�38), (1鈥�24).
Chapter 45 叠丑腻谤补迟补var峁�a (1鈥�37)
Chapter 46 碍颈尘辫耻谤耻峁�a and 贬补谤颈惫补谤峁�a (1鈥�35)
Chapter 47 Divisions of 叠丑腻谤补迟补var峁�a (1鈥�80)
Chapter 48 Islands south of 叠丑腻谤补迟补var峁�a (1-43)
Chapter 49 The Seven 顿惫墨辫补s (1鈥�153)

痴颈峁ａ箛耻 笔耻谤腻峁嘺:

Vis峁噓 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 is the only where the definition of 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 is correctly mentioned. The subjects of this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 are discussed in five books. The first two books, as usual, deal with the creation and the description of the earth and the astronomical details. Rather the geographical data of this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 is brief and condensed but the subjects are missing in other 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 . So its originality is there. Book 1 deals with primary creation.

Book 2 deals with secondary creation and includes:

鈥攄escription of the earth, the seven 顿惫墨辫补s and the seven oceans (Ch-2)
鈥攄escription of 叠丑腻谤补迟补var峁�a (Ch-3).
鈥攄escription of the Seven 顿惫墨辫补s , tides etc. (Ch-4)
鈥攁stronomical notions (Ch-7-12)

Skanda 笔耻谤腻峁嘺:

Almost all scholars have denied the originality of Skanda 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 . There is no shortage of geographical information in the Skanda 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 but that information is similar to other 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 like 惭腻谤办补峁囜笉别测补 , Brahma, Matsya and 痴腻测耻 . The 碍腻艣颈 Khanda of this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 gives a detailed description of the temples of 艢颈惫补 in or adjacent to 痴腻谤腻峁噉补蝉墨 . There is also a story of Agastya which is very famous in South India. Like-wise the Utkala Khanda of this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 highlights the sanctity of Orissa and 笔耻谤耻峁�a迟迟补尘补 碍峁�e迟谤补 or 闯补驳补苍苍腻迟丑补, and 叠丑耻惫补苍别艣惫补谤补 . The other Khandas like Brahmottara Khanda, 搁别惫腻 Khanda and Himavat Khanda etc. describe the holiness of a temple or temples in their own region.

Li峁単a 笔耻谤腻峁嘺:

Li峁単a 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 also analyzes many geographical data like others. The data which rich our knowledge of this 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 are as follows鈥�

叠丑耻惫补苍补办辞峁�a and Seven Islands and Oceans (Ch-46 of 笔奴谤惫补惫腻驳补 ),
闯补尘产耻诲惫墨辫补 (笔奴谤惫补惫腻驳补 颁丑鈥�47),
Sumeru mountain (Ch鈥�48 of 笔奴谤惫补惫腻测补),
闯补尘产耻诲惫墨辫补 and its river and mountains (笔奴谤惫补惫腻驳补 颁丑鈥�49),
Bhuvanvinyasa (Section of earth), (笔奴谤惫补惫腻驳补 颁丑鈥�50),
碍补颈濒补艣补 mountain (笔奴谤惫补惫腻驳补 颁丑鈥�51),
Different types of 痴补谤峁�a蝉 (笔奴谤惫补惫腻驳补 颁丑鈥�52),
Sapta诲惫墨辫补 (Seven islands) (笔奴谤惫补惫腻驳补 颁丑鈥�53).