Merkitys: Rakshasa
Englanniksi: Rakshasa
Vaihtoehtoinen kirjoitusasu: Rakshasas, Rakshasan
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Buddhalainen käsite 'Rakshasa'
Rakshasa in Mahayana are demonic figures inflicting suffering [1]. These beings are guardians within the hells. They represent vengeance and cruelty and are linked to the torment of the damned.
Rakshasa are also evil entities against whom protective magical phrases are used [2].
Hindu käsite 'Rakshasa'
In Hinduism, the term "Rakshasa" refers to mythical beings often associated with malevolence and chaos. These beings appear in various contexts, including threats to sacrifices and obstacles for devotees seeking divine protection [3]. In the Arthashastra, Rakshasas are portrayed as demons involved in battles, countered by figures like Rama . Vaishnavism describes them as demons attempting to break promises and deviating from sacred duties [4] [5]. These beings are often depicted as fierce and powerful, symbolizing chaos and disorder that the Lord seeks to control [6] [7] [8]. They are often the target of divine power, with the Lord expressing the ability to defeat them instantly [9]. They are also considered a threat to sages and devotees, representing adversities faced in devotion [10] [11].
In the Puranas, Rakshasas are known for their malevolence, cruelty, and association with harsh speech [12]. They pose threats to travelers and often oppose the Pandavas in battles [13] [14]. Some Rakshasas are described as transforming into other forms, such as boars [15]. They are also present in stories as powerful guardians or antagonists [16] [17]. The narrative often presents them as the cause of fear and the loss of possessions [18]. They are also seen as part of the chaos of battle [19] [20]. In the context of a story, they were kept at bay with specific articles [21]. They are often depicted as antagonistic spirits or demons, representing evil [22] [23]. Holy ashes can be used to suppress these demonic beings [24]. They can also be involved in conflicts and destruction [25] [26]. They also accompany the sun and possess supernatural powers [27] [28].
In the Puranas, they are often formed from Brahma's displeasure, representing a fierce aspect of creation [29]. Some are associated with challenging divine figures and causing curses [30]. These beings can be deceitful and powerful, disturbing sacrifices [31]. Ravana and his forces are often portrayed as representing darkness and evil, with Rakshasas being the demons opposing Rama [32] [33]. They can also be involved in attacking and destroying cities . They are also depicted as powerful beings that seek to devour Brahma [34]. Dhundhu is a terrible demon that threatens the world . Some are characterized by great power and a desire for destruction . In the Puranas, they are associated with chaos and evil . Kalmashapada is considered a Rakshasa due to his violent actions . They can also create obstacles during penances . They are often associated with darkness and evil spirits .
They can also be responsible for deceitful and malicious actions . Some are associated with the actions of the king . In the Puranas, Rakshasas are a class of demons and Ravana is the leader of these demons [35] [36]. They are also depicted as threatening beings preying on animals [37]. They can also represent evil and opposition in the narrative [38]. They are skilled in magic and battle [39]. Some Rakshasas have a role in guarding and hindering divine actions . They also inhabited Kushasthali [40]. They are often depicted as persecutors of the virtuous [41]. Rakshasas are mentioned in the context of the application of astragramahridayavidya . They are also associated with night and darkness .
In the Natyashastra, Rakshasa is depicted as a character associated with malevolence . Rakshasa is also a pivotal character in the Mudrarakshasa play . They are often adversaries that Rama helps people against . Rakshasas are also depicted as obstacles in dramas . They are also a central character in Mudrarakshasa . Rakshasa can represent treachery and betrayal . They also represent the former minister to the Nandas . Rakshasa is depicted as a cunning minister playing a significant role in intrigues . In Kavya, Rakshasas are described as malevolent spirits or demons, representing external obstacles and conflicts faced by the protagonists [42]. They can also represent danger and chaos [43]. They are also a demon-like figure that poses a threat [44]. In Jyotisha, Rakshasas are mythical creatures that suffer alongside celestial phenomena [45]. In Vyakarana, the term is related to a giant or ghost . In Vedanta, Rakshasas arose from apana in the account of creation [46].
In Shaktism, they are often depicted as cannibalistic demons [47]. In Dharmashastra, Rakshasas are included as one of the eight forms of marriage [48]. They are associated with disorder and negative influences [49]. They are often considered cruel and associated with darkness [50]. Rakshasas are characterized as powerful but lacking virtues [51]. They can also disrupt rituals [52]. In Pancaratra, they are believed to inhabit places where proper rituals are not followed [53].
Jainisti käsite 'Rakshasa'
In Jainism, Rakshasas are often depicted as adversaries, like Khara and Sunda, representing forces opposing Rama and Lakshmana [54]. They embody evil, as seen in figures like Ravana and Kumbhakarna, who oppose the Vanaras [55]. These beings also represent challenges faced by spiritual practitioners [56].
They are associated with Lanka, symbolizing conflicts Rama endures [57]. They are mythical beings often found in the underworld, subject to rebirth [58]. Rakshasas are seen as demons, opposing the muni [59]. Pavananjaya compares himself to one in anger [60]. They are used to describe those who perform animal sacrifices, condemned in Jain moral arguments [61]. The Rakshasa attacked Vasudeva [62]. A Rakshasa let the flower-gatherer go after hearing her story [63]. Rakshasa is represented by the lords Bhima and Mahabhima [64]. This demonic figure is often an antagonist in the Ramayana [65].
Rakshasa käsite paikallisissa ja alueellisissa lähteissä
The Finnish concept of "Rakshasa" in history, originating from South Asia, appears as a threatening entity with cannibalistic tendencies, seeking to consume humans [66]. This demon frequently menaces various characters in stories, including princesses and princes, often playing a crucial role in their fates [67]. Rakshasas are depicted as formidable creatures, creating obstacles and preying on other beings [68]. They also appear in tales of deception, attempting to lure individuals with false promises, and they may take away loved ones [69].
They are often associated with evil and are frequently adversaries of heroes [70]. The Rakshasa are a part of the story, sometimes portrayed as demonic creatures associated with Rakshasi women [71]. In Indian history, these beings are often depicted as opponents of the gods [72], and they may be cruel, opposing the protagonists' values [73]. They are also linked to specific locations and situations, like guarding trees or associated with a particular drink [74] [75]. Rakshasas are also considered as the spirits that Lord Shiva created , demonstrating their power and historical context [76]. Rakshasas are described as a threat to the boars in the jungle [77]. They are also described as a demon in the story [78].
Lähteet ja viitteet lisälukemista varten
Yllä oleva luettelo perustuu useisiin (englanninkielisiin) artikkeleihin buddhalaisuudesta, hindulaisuudesta, jainismista, historiasta ja muista henkisistä perinteistä. Käytetyt lähteet ja lisätietoja siitä, mitä “Rakshasa� symboloi, löytyy alta:
-) Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra door Gelongma Karma Migme Chödrön: ^(1)
-) Lankavatara Sutra door Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki: ^(2)
-) Satapatha-brahmana door Julius Eggeling: ^(3)
-) Bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu door Śrīla Rūpa Gosvāmī: ^(4)
-) Chaitanya Bhagavata door Bhumipati Dāsa: ^(5), ^(6)
-) Garga Samhita (English) door Danavir Goswami: ^(7)
-) Tiruvaymoli (Thiruvaimozhi): English translation door S. Satyamurthi Ayyangar: ^(8), ^(9), ^(10), ^(11)
-) Mahabharata (English) door Kisari Mohan Ganguli: ^(12), ^(13), ^(14), ^(15), ^(16), ^(17), ^(18), ^(19), ^(20), ^(21), ^(22), ^(23)
-) Devi Bhagavata Purana door Swami Vijñanananda: ^(24), ^(25), ^(26)
-) Vishnu Purana door Horace Hayman Wilson: ^(27), ^(28)
-) Markandeya Purana door Frederick Eden Pargiter: ^(29), ^(30)
-) Yoga Vasistha [English], Volume 1-4 door Vihari-Lala Mitra: ^(31)
-) Garuda Purana door Manmatha Nath Dutt: ^(32), ^(33)
-) Gautami Mahatmya door G. P. Bhatt: ^(34), ^(38)
-) Ramayana of Valmiki (Shastri) door Hari Prasad Shastri: ^(35), ^(36), ^(37), ^(39)
-) Harivamsha Purana door Manmatha Nath Dutt: ^(40), ^(41)
-) Kathasaritsagara (the Ocean of Story) door Somadeva: ^(42), ^(43), ^(44)
-) Brihat Samhita door N. Chidambaram Iyer: ^(45)
-) Thirty minor Upanishads door K. Narayanasvami Aiyar: ^(46)
-) Shakti and Shakta door John Woodroffe: ^(47)
-) Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi door Ganganatha Jha: ^(48), ^(49), ^(50), ^(51), ^(52)
-) Parama Samhita (English translation) door Krishnaswami Aiyangar: ^(53)
-) Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra door Helen M. Johnson: ^(54), ^(55), ^(56), ^(57), ^(59), ^(60), ^(61), ^(62), ^(63), ^(65)
-) Sutrakritanga (English translation) door Hermann Jacobi: ^(58)
-) Tattvartha Sutra (with commentary) door Vijay K. Jain: ^(64)
-) Village Folk-tales of Ceylon (Sri Lanka), vol. 1-3 door Henry Parker: ^(66), ^(67), ^(68), ^(69), ^(77), ^(78)
-) Triveni Journal: ^(70), ^(72), ^(73)
-) Buddhist records of the Western world (Xuanzang) door Samuel Beal: ^(71)
-) Folklore of the Santal Parganas: ^(74)
-) History of Science in South Asia: ^(75)
-) The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda door Srila Narayana Maharaja: ^(76)