Prasthanatrayi Swaminarayan Bhashyam (Study)
by Sadhu Gyanananddas | 2021 | 123,778 words
This page relates ‘The Body of a Mukta in Aksharadhama� of the study on the Prasthanatrayi Swaminarayan Bhashyam in Light of Swaminarayan Vachanamrut (Vacanamrita). His 18th-century teachings belong to Vedanta philosophy and were compiled as the Vacanamrita, revolving around the five ontological entities of Jiva, Ishvara, Maya, Aksharabrahman, and Parabrahman. Roughly 200 years later, Bhadreshdas composed a commentary (Bhasya) correlating the principles of Vachanamrut.
Go directly to: Footnotes.
7.3. The Body of a Mukta in Akṣara峾
However, upon death, having shed its material body, the self does not forever remain formless in Akṣara峾. Sminārāyaṇa explains in ղ峾ṛt Gadhadā III/7 that like Parabrahman, who possesses a definite form there, the liberated devotees in his service also possess a form. What is this form of the liberated self in Akṣara峾?
This is the question posed to Sminārāyaṇa in ղ峾ṛt Gadhadā II/66. He replies:
“When the ī’s ignorance is dispelled, its association with the three ⾱ bodies is broken. Thereafter, the ī remains as pure consciousness and existence. Then, by Parabrahman's will, the ī receives a body composed of sentiency (caitanya ṛt), which is distinct from the eight inert elements (jada ṛt) of Parabrahman, i.e. earth, water, etc. With that body, then, it resides in Parabrahman's Akṣara峾.�
In answer to a similar question in ղ峾ṛt Gadhadā I/1�
“What type of body does a devotee of Parabrahman attain when he leaves his physical body, which is composed of the five material elements and goes to the abode of Parabrahman?�
Sminārāyaṇa replies that such a devotee receives, ‘by the will of Parabrahman', a body, what he calls here a � tanu�.
Bhadreśadāsa corroborates:
ⲹ Բ� ٲԳ� ī� 貹ٳ''kārasaṃnibhām |
nityadvibhujapādādidivyakaraṇasaṃyutām || Sminārāyaṇa Siddhāntasudhā 438 ||videhamukti, the released self resides in Akṣara峾, having attained a new body that is made of brahmatattva. This new body looks just like that of ʲٳ, meaning that it eternally possesses two arms, feet other divine instruments of action.�
The ūٰ brings forth a critical argument regarding whether the mukta attains a new divine body in the abode of Parabrahman or not?
The ṣy gives a fine solution by applying ūٰ’s own words:
sampadyāvirbhāva� svena śabdāt ||BC 4/4/1 ||
“Through the words of the ԻDzⲹ-ܱ貹Ծṣa XII, it is proved that there is an emergence of a divine body to the ī in the abode of Parabrahman.�
The ṣy comments:
�ū貹sya paropākasya videhamuktau ܰṣaṇa� Բٲ� 徱ⲹū貹Ծṣpⲹٱ� (Brahmaūٰ 4/4/1, p.416)
“One who is ū貹 and offers ܱ to Parabrahman attains new divine 첹 body in the videhamukti ٲٱ.�
In this way, a seeker attains this body. Now we will analyze the form of this body. Well, there is no possibility, nor any need for any other kind of body-form other than similar to Parabrahman in the state of liberation. Every mukta is given the body composed of divine material of the substance of consciousness-bliss and this body is exactly analogous to teen-aged form (-쾱śǰ-murti-ū貹) of Parabrahman because this is the original form of Parabrahman and the Śܳپ says 'Svena rupeṇa' abhiniṣpadyate'[1] and 'mama bhavamāgatā.[2] So, whatever original (ū) form (ū貹) of Parabrahman is there, the similar equally divine, glorious form every mukta gets through His grace. Parabrahman Himself comes to receive the liberated self to His abode, and en-route Akṣara峾. He invests the freed self with a divine-effulgent body of brahma tattva (the stuff of consciousness-bliss).
This he, (a mukta) gets from Parabrahman on the perish of the subtle physical body only after acquiring brahmanhood. Of course, in the highest abode of Parabrahman (parama 峾/ Akṣara峾) there is no scope for any other form (or any other type of body), because it alone exists eternally also after final destruction (ⲹ / ٲⲹԳپ첹ⲹ); and in ⲹ (final dissolution) all other names and forms except that of Parabrahman, Akṣarabrahman, and muktas are doomed through destruction.[3] This makes one more thing clear logically and spiritually that only divine form-personality (Brahman-Parabrahman) alone is beyond the limitations of space and time (ṛt-names and forms); and as the muktas are dowered with Parabrahman-like divine body-form, they exist imperishably.
Although the muktas are similar to Parabrahman in possession of body-form and characteristics, there is an important difference. The unique differentia of Parabrahman is-He is the inner ruler of all, He is the controller, creator-sustainer-destroyer of an infinite number of universes, He alone is exclusively independent, and supreme controller and supporter of all. His perfection, divinity, glory, and power are infinite, unconditional, independent, and causa Sui. This is not the case with muktas, because theirs is everything conditional, dependent and derived from Parabrahman. This retains the master-servant, worshipped-worshipper relationship intact between Parabrahman and muktas. This further implies that the shine, luster, and effulgence of Parabrahman are exceedingly superior and marvelous to that of the muktas.[4] Consequently, the transcendence and the supreme majesty of Parabrahman remains unmatched and unexcelled.
Bhadreśadāsa expresses this view in the ūٰ by quoting the ūٰ: ata� eva ca ananyādhipati�[5] It reads that there is the only controller of mukta is Parabrahman. Thus muktas become free from , , and but remain independent to Parabrahman forever. The oft-emphasized illustration says that a worm is converted into a honey-bee by a bee, which implies that the ٰñ īٳ remains the same while the body of the honey-bee is acquired. On the same analogy, the atomic ٳ remains the same while discarding the -born material body; it acquires a new divine body composed of 貹-ṛt, i.e. effulgent ṛt ubstance of the nature of consciousness-bliss.
It cannot be held that in the state of ǰṣa īٳ undergoes transformation and gets into the shape of a divine body, because when the īٳ did not undergo any change or transformation in the state of bondage, how can it ever undergo change and become body shaped with parts and limbs in the state of liberation? Therefore, on this issue, Sminārāyaṇa says: “After leaving this physical body, when ٳ goes to the abode of Parabrahman on achieving ǰṣa, it acquires a new body of the nature of brahman (consciousness-light) by the will and grace of Parabrahman.[6] At the loss of the physical body, an emancipated īٳ with the body composed of effulgent-consciousness attains the service of Parabrahman in His abode. Moreover, the words 'caitanya-ni-murti'[7] is interpreted in the commentary as the body of the nature of Brahman. It is the extremely effulgent being-consciousness bliss (sat--ԲԻ岹 tattva/ dravyam). It is called �sat-cit-ԲԻ岹� also because the word �sat� here means eternal-indestructible (nitya) �cit� means of the nature of effulgence (jyotirupa) and ananda because the body is pleasantly agreeable.
As explicated in the ղ峾ṛt that when the ī, becomes brahmrupa and departs from this worldly body, by the will and resolve of Parabrahman, it acquires Brahman-like celestial divine body through the 貹 ṛt. On this issue, ղ峾ṛt explicitly says that when the ī gets rid of its attachment with threefold (gross, subtle, causal) bodies, and the ٳ exists as conscious principle per se, it is invested with a body composed of Brahman distinct from the material ṛt of 24 elements. Through the immense grace of Parabrahman, the ī acquires this brahmic body and enjoys the bliss of Parabrahman.[8] Bhadreśadāsa also confirms while commenting on the -ī
The verse reads:
貹ⲹٲٱԲ� ṛt� viddhi me 貹m |
ībhūtā� yayeda� dhāryate jagat || Bhagavad-ī 7/5 ||“My other higher entity is the Para ʰṛt, which is different from the insentient ṛt and by which this entire universe is sustained, O Arjuna.�
The ṣy provides the explicit reason that:
�eva� videhamuktāvakṣarabrahmākhyaparaprakṛtereva muktānā� divyadehasya nirmāṇatt� (-ī 7/5, p.158)
�Aparaprakriti here implies Akṣarabrahman because, in videhmukti, only Akṣarabrahman can compose the body for muktas.�
Here, the meaning of ' 貹 ṛt' is explained as �akṣarabrahmātmaka-貹ṛt� and the meaning of the word �deha� is given as � ٲh�, and the meaning of �samyujyate� is brought forward as ‘tadabhisamayukto bhavati�. This explication in the commentary makes one more point clear: the jivٳ (with ‘I-sense� of ahamartha) and the body ( tanu), it possesses, are two different things, so the body-self distinction of a different kind still prevails. So, the possessor-possessed relation remains between the two.
Caitanya ṛt is not ī ū貹 ṛt but it is 貹 ṛt known as aksarabrahmätka ṛt out of which the bodies of muktas are composed.
Vach. Sar.14 says:
“Casting the physical body on earth, when jivٳ becomes free from it. Parabrahman dowers him a new body called �岵پ-ٲ� with which the mukta-ī resides in the abode of Parabrahman. This once again spells out the ‘body-self� relation which persists at the level of parama 岹. When the mukta-ī acquires a divine body of the nature of light-consciousness, he then becomes capable to distinguish between himself, other muktas, Akṣarabrahman and Parabrahman.�
Thus, each mukta is a knower and enjoyer with uncontaminated pure ‘I-sense�, by his own divine body. The forms-personalities of Parabrahman, Akṣarabrahman, and the released selves (muktas i.e. ṣa岹) are true (real), divine, and extremely effulgent. All of them have a body form like that of �ʳܰṣa� (Parabrahman Himself) endowed with two hands.[9]
The ṣy elaborates:
�evameveṣa samprasādo dehātmavivekī prāguktāpahatapāpmatdiṇaviśiṣṭo ū貹� parabrahmopāsako muktātmā asmāccharīrāt prārabdhalabdhānnaśvarād dehāt samutthāya niṣkramyā'cirādidivyamārgeṇa 貹� dzپ� divyaprabhāsamānā'kṣara峾sthitaparamadivyatejasvina� paramātmānam upasampadya ⲹ svena rūpeṇ�'bhiniṣpadyate svena ṇa divyavigraharūpeṇa niṣpanno bhavati | tanuyukta� san sadaiva paramātmaparamadivyasukha� 徱'kṣaradhāmnyanubhavatītyartha� |� (ԻDzⲹ-ܱ貹Ծṣa XII 8/12/2, pp.386-387)
“A ū貹 devotee with the divine qualities who can discern between the body and the ٳ offers ܱ to Parabrahman. After leaving his physical mortal body, he trends on the divine 徱 path and attains Parabrahman in His abode. At this moment, this liberated self enriches with the divine 첹 body and continuously experiences the bliss of Parabrahman.�
A mukta worships and serves Parabrahman clothed in a divine body that has non-material, senses, mind, vital breath etc. It is the body composed of the substance of the nature of effulgent consciousness-bliss. ūٰ 4/4/10, (abhāvam bādarirõh hyevam) raises a doubt whether released selves acquire the vivid pleasures in the abode or not? But the ṣy strongly refutes this position, that there is any possibility of such pleasure items. In other words, the mukta becomes devoid of born prakrta material body (ś); and acquires free non-material (ٲ) body (śī). This is the view of 岹ⲹṇa in ūٰ 4/4/12. This divine body is eternal, (sarge'pi nopajāyante pralaye vyathanti ca), devoid of production and destruction even at every periodical creation and dissolution.[10]
There is one more way in which the problem of mukta� s divya-śī is viewed. When the jivٳ departs from its mortal-physical body, rises above, it receives a new divine body from Parabrahman. Thus, Parabrahman gives him a new divine body which is of the nature-&-stuff of lustrous-consciousness. Here, the words ‘gets� and ‘gives� are not used in the conventional sense of getting or giving a visible-tangible material object from one hand into another. Here, the words ‘gets� or ‘gives� is used to imply that a divine body comes forth (屹پ) from the personality of Parabrahman by His will. That is why, it is termed to suggest-‘just as the Guru gives knowledge (ñԲ) to a śṣy (i.e. unveils truth). Similarly, the bhāgavati ٲ is given. The Գٲ峾ī ʲٳ (may also), by His extraordinary divine power, can make bhāgavati tanu become manifest (屹) from inside for the mukta-ī. It is called �bhāgavati tanu�, because the body resembles the form (vigraha) of Brahman, and also because it is dowered (or endowed) by Parabrahman out of His sweet will graciously. (Bhagavat eva bhāgavati murti, -ܰپԲ-ܰپ, ⲹ-ٲ-ٲٲ-ܰپ.) In this way, for a jivٳ who now has become pure-consciousness, a permanent-unchanging (dhruva/ kutastha) divine body (divya-deha) is formulated (made manifest) by the will of Parabrahman.
The body of the nature of ʳܰṣoٳٲ manifests for jivٳ, having a form similar to Parabrahman, and it is everlasting and identical; and yet the knower and enjoyer of Lord and His bliss, it is a perfectly symmetrical beautiful body endowed with all abilities fully consummated. It is the body in which as if the knower, the known, and the knowledge are fused together like a single entity! The 첹ṣaṇa (Love-Attraction) of the ʳܰṣoٳٲ is supreme, infinite, and indescribable. In such a most lustrous satcidԲԻ岹 murti of Parabrahman, the jivٳ is attracted and lost totally in Him out of highest love and devotion for Him. As a response to his psychological (merger) union with Paramٳ, from Him out of overflowing grace and will, the jivٳ receives (has a manifestation of) the Parabrahman-like divine lustrous body. He makes him acquire it. As a mother confers a similar form to a baby, so does Parabrahman bestow on him a divine form (body) similar to His own.
It is a �ṇa-ⲹ-ٲԲⲹ-پ� i.e. a body of nature and effulgent consciousness. This ‘lustrous-consciousness� out of which the body is made, pervades perfectly within the confines of the body-shape wholly and does not flow out or exceed it, nor does it leave any point or portion of body unpervaded within it. Here, an illustration given as a pointer (and not for literal application) is -just as water turns into the shape of an ice-cube, and thus acquires the features-properties of ice. Similarly, all the characteristics and features of Parabrahman’s personality are acquired by the released self (with the exception of the qualities and powers of His supreme exclusive transcendence, as stated in Up. 6/16). In short, the mukta acquires a perfect-permanent body resembling Parabrahman Himself. 397
When the supreme ʳܰṣoٳٲ makes a divine body manifest (for a liberated jivٳ) out of Brahman, does it indicate any change () and loss or diminution (ṣaⲹ/) in His personality? The answer is no. Parabrahman's form-personality is of the nature of consciousness-bliss, which is eternal and unique. Uniform, unchanging, undiminishing, infinite, and perfect. So, despite the attainment of perfection from Him by innumerable released selves, His perfection remains unique, infinite, and undiminished. The devotee endowed with ܱ, self-knowledge, Parabrahman-knowledge, the strength of Parabrahman's divine nature and the state of likeness with Akṣarabrahman is blessed by a divine Parabrahman-like body (岵پ-ٲ) at the loss of his physical body and reaches the highest abode called 峾 (parama 峾).
Bhadreśadāsa draws upon this when commenting on the 貹Ծṣa. He explains that when the self leaves the body and reaches the supremely glorious form of Parabrahman in the divinely luminous Akṣara峾, it receives a divine, 첹 body { divyavigraha; tanu} in which it continuously experiences the divine bliss of Parabrahman.
This is analogously and even more explicitly stated in Brhadāraṇyaka-ܱ貹Ծṣa 4/4/4:[11]
tadyathā peśaskārī peśaso mātrāmapādāyānyanԲٲ� kalyāṇatara�
ū貹� tanuta evameyamātmeda� śī� Ծٲⲹ�
gamayit'nyanԲٲ� kalyāṇatara� ū貹� kurute 辱ٰⲹ�
Ի� 岹� 貹ٲⲹ� � 'nyeṣāṃ bhūtānām || (Brhadāraṇyaka-ܱ貹Ծṣa 4/4/4)“As a goldsmith takes a piece of gold and turns it into another, newer, more beautiful form, in the same way, this self, having discarded this body and dispelled its ignorance, receives another, newer, more beautiful... ڴǰ.�
Elaborating upon this new form in ղ峾ṛt Gadhadā III/38, Sminārāyaṇa speaks of it alongside Parabrahman's form in the following way:
“The form of Parabrahman in Akṣara峾 and the form of the muktas -the attendants of Parabrahman -are all real, divine, and extremely luminous. Also, the form of that Parabrahman and those muktas is two-armed like that of a human being, and it is characterized by eternal existence, consciousness, and bliss.� (ղ峾ṛt Gadhadā III/38)
Going even further in likening the muktas form with Parabrahman’s human-shaped form, Sminārāyaṇa calls theirs a ‘Parabrahmanly body�, or �bhāgavati tanu� (ղ峾ṛt Sārangpur 14). The climax of this similarity is found in ղ峾ṛt Kāriyānī 1, where Sminārāyaṇa states that the liberated selves, due to their knowledge of Parabrahman, assume a form like Parabrahman's form. That is, he explains, ‘they become divine'.
Being divine and composed solely of consciousness means that the liberated selves are without any of the distinctions of name and form possible only with ⾱ materiality. In other words, the forms in Akṣara峾 of Parabrahman, Akṣarabrahman, and all liberated selves are virtually identical, with the muktas themselves being visually indistinguishable from one another (even while retaining their ontological individuality). Another reason for this is that the forms of the muktas are genderless, just as the selves themselves are (ղ峾ṛt Gadhadā III/22).
In a sermon recorded in Smīnī Vāto 7/2, Sminārāyaṇa explains:
“The form of a mukta is different from the two genders of the world. It is neither female in shape nor male in shape. It has a wholly body, which is neither feminine nor masculine.�
This also helps explain that, even while having a human-shaped form -complete with senses, inner faculties, etc. -the fact that it is divine, 첹, and composed entirely of consciousness, the liberated selves are devoid of any human functions and urges. Having transcended , they are beyond hunger, thirst, fatigue, etc., and free of all forms of mundane passions.[12]
Footnotes and references:
[1]:
ԻDzⲹ-ܱ貹Ծṣa XII 8/12/2
[2]:
-ī 4/10
[4]:
ղ峾ṛt Gadhadā II/13; 3/31, 38
[5]:
ūٰ 4/4/9, with Parabrahman Aksharbrahman is also controller of muktas. Here is the context of Parabrahman.
[6]:
ղ峾ṛt Gadhadā I/1
[7]:
ղ峾ṛt Gadhadā I/37
[8]:
ղ峾ṛt Gadhadā II/66
[9]:
ղ峾ṛt Gadhadā III/38
[10]:
Brahmaūٰ 4/4/10-4/4/12, pp.422-424
[11]:
See Brhadāraṇyaka-ܱ貹Ծṣa-Sminārāyaṇa-ṣy 4.4.4, pp.268-269 for a fuller explanation of this verse, where it relates the ū貹 mukta receiving a sarira for enjoying Parabrahman in Akṣara峾, whereas other, less elevated selfs will receive other types of bodies as they enjoy the pleasures of lesser abodes. Despite these similarities, the liberated selfs remain ontologically distinct from Parabrahman and Akṣarabrahman.