Apasmara, 础辫补蝉尘腻谤补: 33 definitions

Introduction
In Hinduism
In Buddhism
1. Tibetan Buddhism
India history
Languages
1. Pali
2. Marathi
3. Sanskrit
4. Hindi
5. Kannada
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Introduction:

Apasmara means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.

Alternative spellings of this word include Apasmar.

In Hinduism

Ayurveda (science of life)

Kalpa (Formulas, Drug prescriptions and other Medicinal preparations)

: Shodhganga: Edition translation and critical study of yogasarasamgraha

础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�) refers to 鈥渆pilepsy鈥� and is one of the various diseases mentioned in the 15th-century Yogas膩rasa峁単raha (Yogasara-sa峁単raha) by V膩sudeva: an unpublished Keralite work representing an Ayurvedic compendium of medicinal recipes. The Yogas膩rasa峁僩raha [mentioning 补辫补蝉尘腻谤补] deals with entire recipes in the route of administration, and thus deals with the knowledge of pharmacy (产丑补颈峁箩测补-办补濒辫补苍腻) which is a branch of pharmacology (诲谤补惫测补驳耻峁嘺).

: Notices of Sanskrit Manuscripts: Volume 12 (1898) (ay)

1) 础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�) or Apasm膩r膩dhik膩ra refers to one of the topics discussed in the 搁补蝉补办补耻尘耻诲墨, a Sanskrit manuscript collected in volume 1 of the catalogue 鈥淣otices of Sanskrit Manuscripts (first series)鈥� by Rajendralal Mitra (1822鈥�1891), who was one of the first English-writing historians dealing with Indian culture and heritage.鈥擳he 搁补蝉补办补耻尘耻诲墨 by M膩dhavakara represents a treatise on practice of medicine and therapeutics. It is a leading work on Hindu medicine, very largely studied in Bengal containing causes and symptoms of diseases. It contains 3,092 艣濒辞办补蝉.鈥擳he catalogue includes the term鈥敶”璨共醭灸灏�-adhik膩ra in its 鈥榮ubject-matter list鈥� or Vi峁ya (which lists topics, chapters and technical terms). The complete entry reads: 补辫补蝉尘腻谤腻诲丑颈办腻谤别,鈥攃补峁囜笉补产丑补颈谤补惫补肠奴谤峁嘺峁�.

2) 础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�) also refers to one of the topics discussed in the 驰辞驳腻尘峁泃补, a large Ayurvedic compilation dealing with the practice of medicine and therapeutics authored by Gop膩la Sena, Kavir膩ja, of Dv膩randh膩. It is dated to the 18th century and contains 11,700 艣濒辞办补蝉.鈥擳he complete entry reads: (1) 补辫补蝉尘腻谤腻诲丑颈办腻谤别,鈥拢腻苍腻测辞驳腻岣� (2) 补辫补蝉尘腻谤补vin膩艣in墨va峁璱k膩 (3) 补辫补蝉尘腻谤腻谤颈惫补峁璱办腻 (4) 补辫补蝉尘腻谤补bha帽janataila峁� .

Rasashastra (Alchemy and Herbo-Mineral preparations)

Source: Wisdom Library: Rasa-艣膩stra

础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�) refers to 鈥渆pilepsy鈥� according to the fifth volume of the Rasajalanidhi (chapter 24). Accordingly, 鈥渙wing to an excess of worry, grief, etc, the three doshas get vitiated and attack the heart, and thus destroy memory, resulting in what is called apasmara (epilepsy). This disease is to be diagnosed by the following symptoms;鈥�(1) gradual loss of consciousness, (2) violent and automatic movements of the arms, feet, etc, and (3) loss of memory due to an excess of the three doshas. This disease is of four different kinds, (according as it is due to (a) vayu, (b) pitta, (c) kapha, and (d) a combination of the three.) An epileptic fit is generally preceded by palpitation of the heart, feeling of emptiness on all sides, perspiration, exceeding thoughtfulness, swoon, distraction, and insomnia鈥�.

Unclassified Ayurveda definitions

Source: Wisdom Library: 膧yurveda and botany

础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�) refers to 鈥渆pilepsy鈥�. It is used throughout Ayurvedic literature such as the Su艣ruta-sa峁僪it膩 and the Caraka-sa峁僪it膩. Eighteen types of epilepsy are listed in the 膧谤辞驳测补办补濒辫补诲谤耻尘补. Treatment of epilepsy involves normalizing and stabilizing the movements of v膩ta, by applying 驳丑峁泃补 (鈥榤edicated ghee鈥�) to the joints.

: archive.org: Vagbhata鈥檚 Ashtanga Hridaya Samhita (first 5 chapters)

础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�) refers to 鈥渆pilepsy鈥�, as mentioned in verse 5.40 of the 础峁ａ弓腻峁単补丑峁沝补测补蝉补峁僪颈迟腻 (S奴trasth膩na) by 痴腻驳产丑补峁璦.鈥擜ccordingly, 鈥淔renzy, epilepsy [viz., 补辫补蝉尘腻谤补], stupor, (and) diseases affecting the head, ears, eyes, and womb destroys old ghee [viz., pur膩峁嘺驳丑峁泃补]; it is purificatory and curative of wounds鈥�.

: archive.org: Science And Technology In Medievel India (Ayurveda)

础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�) refers to 鈥渆pilepsy鈥� and is one of the various diseases dealt with in the Dhanvantar墨ya辫补迟丑测腻辫补迟丑测补, as is mentioned in A. Rahman鈥檚 Science and Technology in Medievel India: A bibliography of source materials in Sanskrit, Arabic and Persian.鈥擜ncient and medieval India produced a wide range of scientific manuscripts and major contributions lie in the field of medicine, astronomy and mathematics, besides covering encyclopedic glossaries and technical dictionaries.鈥擳he Dhanvantar墨ya辫补迟丑测腻辫补迟丑测补 deals with the treatment of various diseases [e.g., 础辫补蝉尘腻谤补]. The word 辫补迟丑测腻辫补迟丑测补 classifies those elements as either beneficial or hurtful in disease.

: Research Gate: Internal applications of Vatsanabha (Aconitum ferox wall)

础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�) refers to 鈥渆pilepsy鈥� (seizure disorder). Vatsan膩bha (Aconitum ferox), although categorized as 蝉迟丑腻惫补谤补-惫颈峁 (vegetable poisons), has been extensively used in ayurvedic pharmacopoeia.

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膧yurveda (啶嗋く啷佮ぐ啷嵿さ啷囙う, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of 膧yurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.

Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)

Source: Wisdom Library: N膩峁瓂a-艣膩stra

础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�, 鈥渆pilepsy鈥�).鈥擮ne of the thirty-three 鈥榯ransitory states鈥� (惫测补产丑颈肠腻谤颈产丑腻惫补), according to the N膩峁瓂a艣膩stra chapter 7. These 鈥榯ransitory states鈥� accompany the 鈥榩ermanent state鈥� in co-operation. The term is used throughout 苍腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 literature. (Also see the Da艣ar奴pa 4.8-9)

: archive.org: Natya Shastra

础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�, 鈥渆pilepsy鈥�) is caused by determinants (惫颈产丑腻惫补) such as being possessed by a god, a N膩ga, a Yak峁, a R膩k峁, a Pi艣膩ca and the like, and a memory of such beings, eating food left after somebody鈥檚 partaking of it, staying in a deserted house, non-observation of proper interval of time [in taking food, in sleeping etc.], derangement of humours (诲丑腻迟耻) and the like. It is to be represented on the stage by consequents (补苍耻产丑腻惫补) such as throbbing, trembling, running, falling down, perspiration, foaming in the mouth, hiccup, licking [the lips] with the tongue, and the like.

context information

Natyashastra (啶ㄠぞ啶熰啶ざ啶距じ啷嵿い啷嵿ぐ, 苍腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya鈥攖heatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).

Purana and Itihasa (epic history)

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: The Purana Index

础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�).鈥擜 group of evil spirits.^*

* Bh膩gavata-pur膩峁嘺 X. 6. 28.

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The Purana (啶啶班ぞ啶�, pur膩峁嘺s) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India鈥檚 vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.

Shilpashastra (iconography)

: Archaeological Survey of India: 艢aiva monuments at Pa峁弓adakal (艣ilpa)

础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�) is part of the Na峁璦r膩ja sculpture found at the temple of Loke艣vara.鈥敶”璨共醭灸灏� is clad with a 诲丑辞迟墨 with kacce clearly traceable. His face is to the left of 艢iva, lifted up, and he has a small horn. He has one necklace. He holds something in his hand, which may be a broom (?). As per the description of 础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 in K膩lik膩kha峁囜笉a of Skandapur膩峁嘺, he should be black in color, have three heads and three eyes, six protruding canine teeth, three legs and six hands. Except the protruding canine teeth no other feature can be traced in any of the images of 础辫补蝉尘腻谤补puru峁 either in sculptures or in paintings. But almost all modern scholars opine that the person trodden by 艢iva is 础辫补蝉尘腻谤补puru峁. While waiting for new information we follow the interpretation of the galaxy of scholars.

context information

Shilpashastra (啶多た啶侧啶ざ啶距じ啷嵿い啷嵿ぐ, 艣ilpa艣膩stra) represents the ancient Indian science (shastra) of creative arts (shilpa) such as sculpture, iconography and painting. Closely related to Vastushastra (architecture), they often share the same literature.

Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)

: SOAS University of London: Protective Rites in the Netra Tantra

础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�) refers to a 鈥済roup of supernatural beings鈥� that cause illness, according to the Netratantra of K峁mar膩ja: a 艢aiva text from the 9th century in which 艢iva (Bhairava) teaches P膩rvat墨 topics such as metaphysics, cosmology, and soteriology.鈥擳he Netratantra鈥檚 Second Chapter begins with the goddess P膩rvat墨鈥檚 request that 艢iva reveal to her the remedy for the ailments that afflict divine and worldly beings. [...]. 艢iva adds to the list of maladies a group of supernatural beings that cause illness: [e.g., 础辫补蝉尘腻谤补s], [...]. That 艢iva discusses supernatural beings that cause such disease demonstrates how invisible forces affect the world in observable ways. In order to counter these forces, 艢iva reveals another invisible but observable element, mantra.

context information

Shaiva (啶多啶�, 艣aiva) or Shaivism (艣aivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.

In Buddhism

Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism)

Source: Wisdom Library: Tibetan Buddhism

础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�) refers to a group of deities summoned by the Yam膩ntaka-mantra and mentioned as attending the teachings in the 6th century Ma帽ju艣r墨m奴lakalpa: one of the largest Kriy膩 Tantras devoted to Ma帽ju艣r墨 (the Bodhisattva of wisdom) representing an encyclopedia of knowledge primarily concerned with ritualistic elements in Buddhism. The teachings in this text originate from Ma帽ju艣r墨 and were taught to and by Buddha 艢膩kyamuni in the presence of a large audience (including 础辫补蝉尘腻谤补).

context information

Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha鈥檚 words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (惫补箩谤补测腻苍补) are collected indepently.

India history and geography

: Academia: Ritual Period: A Comparative Study of Three Newar Buddhist Menarche Manuals

Apasmara (啶呧お啶膏啶ぐ) refers to 鈥渄emons inducing epilepsy鈥�, according to the 鈥�V膩dh膩 bya峁� ke vidhi鈥�: the name of two manuscripts written by (1) Kathmandu-based priest, Badriratna Bajracharya and (2) Buddharatna Bajracharya from Lalitpur.鈥擝adriratna鈥檚 text pays the most attention to the invocations of celestial bodies and other cosmologically grouped agents. The list consists of [e.g., demons inducing epilepsy (apasmaras)]. In this list, we particularly find the dark forces that are especially adept at causing problems for women, children and, more specifically, girl children, addressed and harnessed.

context information

The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.

Languages of India and abroad

Pali-English dictionary

: BuddhaSasana: Concise Pali-English Dictionary

补辫补蝉尘腻谤补 : (m.) epilepsy.

: Sutta: The Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary

础辫补蝉尘腻谤补, (Sk. 补辫补蝉尘腻谤补, lit. want of memory, apa + 蝉尘峁�) epilepsy, convulsion, fit J.IV, 84. Cp. apam膩ra. (Page 53)

: Sutta: Pali Word Grammar from Pali Myanmar Dictionary

补辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (醼♂€曖€炨€贯€欋€€�) [(pu) (醼曖€�)]鈥�
摆补辫补+蝉补谤补(尘补谤补)+峁嘺闭
摆醼♂赌�+醼炨赌�(醼欋赌�)+醼庐

[Pali to Burmese]

: Sutta: Tipi峁璦ka P膩岣穒-Myanmar Dictionary (醼愥€€曖€€嬦€€-醼曖€€犪€€欋€坚€斸€横€欋€� 醼♂€樶€€撫€€斸€�)

补辫补蝉尘腻谤补鈥�

(Burmese text): 醼♂€曖€欋€€�-醼€醼坚€娽€丰€横亱

(Auto-Translation): Looks like a mess - take a look.

context information

Pali is the language of the Tipi峁璦ka, which is the sacred canon of Therav膩da Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha鈥檚 speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.

Marathi-English dictionary

: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary

补辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�).鈥攎 (S) Epilepsy. 2 fig. Applied to any refractory and troublesome person; a plague, pest &c.

: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English

补辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�).鈥�m Epilepsy. Fig. Any refractory and troublesome person, a plague.

context information

Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.

Sanskrit dictionary

: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary

础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�).鈥�f. [补辫补蝉尘腻谤补yati smara峁嘺峁� vilopayati, 蝉尘峁�-峁噄c, kartari ac, or apagata岣� sm膩ra岣� smara峁嘺峁� yata岣�]

1) Forgetfulness, loss of memory; 啶膏啶ぐ掳 (smara 掳) 叠丑补谤迟峁沨补谤颈 1.89.

2) Epilepsy, falling sickness; Su艣r. thus derives it; 啶膏啶啶むた啶班啶啶むぞ啶班啶ムさ啶苦啷嵿啶距え- 啶お啶多啶� 啶ぐ啶苦さ啶班啶溹え啷� 啷� 啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶� 啶囙い啶� 啶啶班啶曕啶むじ啷嵿い啶む啶洁く啶� 啶掂啶ぞ啶оた啶班え啷嵿い啶曕啶む (蝉尘峁泃irbh奴t膩rthavij帽膩na- mapa艣ca parivarjane | 补辫补蝉尘腻谤补 iti proktastato'ya峁� vy膩dhirantak峁泃) ||

Derivable forms: 补辫补蝉尘腻谤补岣� (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶班).

See also (synonyms): apa蝉尘峁泃i.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Edgerton Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary

础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�).鈥�m., also 掳r墨, f. (Sanskrit and Pali 掳ra, also Pali apam膩ra, epilepsy, see below), a sort of demon or supernatural evil being: 尝补峁卥腻惫补迟腻谤补-蝉奴迟谤补 261.10 掳ra岣� and 掳r墨; 惭补丑腻惫测耻迟辫补迟迟颈 4762 掳ra岣� = Tibetan brjed byed, epilepsy; 惭补丑腻-惭腻测奴谤墨 219.10 etc., 掳r膩(岣�).

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary

础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�).鈥攎.

(-谤补岣�) Epilepsy, falling sickness. E. apa privation, 蝉尘峁� to remember, and 驳丑补帽 affix; loss of memory or sense.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary

础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�).鈥攊. e. apa-蝉尘峁� + a, m. 1. Epilepsy. 2. Madness, [叠丑补谤迟峁沨补谤颈, (ed. Bohlen.)] 1, 88.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary

础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�).鈥擺masculine] epilepsy (lit. want of memory).

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary

1) 础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�):鈥擺=补辫补-蝉尘腻谤补] m. epilepsy, falling sickness, [Su艣ruta etc.]

2) [v.s. ...] want of memory, confusion of mind (in [rhetoric] one of the Vyabhic膩ribh膩vas, q.v.), [S膩hitya-darpa峁嘺]

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Goldst眉cker Sanskrit-English Dictionary

础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�):鈥擺tatpurusha compound] m.

(-谤补岣�) (In Medicine.) Epilepsy, falling sickness; according to 厂耻艣谤耻迟补, of four kinds, the three first produced by the derangement of air, bile and phlegm, the fourth by the combination of the three. (A definition of 膧迟谤别测补 is: pitta峁� rakta峁� marucche峁膩 ud膩na岣� kupito bh峁浥沘m . pr膩峁嘺岣� 艣irasi sa峁僰upya kurute na峁ａ弓ace峁ａ弓at膩m.) In Rhetoric it is mentioned as a 惫测补产丑颈肠腻谤颈产丑腻惫补 or an accessory condition of the Erotic (艣峁涐箙驳腻谤补), Pathetic (办补谤耻峁嘺), the Fearful (产丑补测腻苍补办补) and the Disgustful (产墨产丑补迟尘补), and is defined—but happily this definition has not guided the Hindu poets in the representation of their characters—as 鈥榙ementation caused by the planets or similar evil influences and causing falls, trembling, perspiration, foaming at the mouth, slavering &c.鈥�. E. 蝉尘峁� with apa, k峁泃 aff. 驳丑补帽.

: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary

础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�):鈥擺补辫补-蝉尘腻谤补] (谤补岣�) 1. m. Epilepsy.

: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)

础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: 础惫补尘腻谤补.

[Sanskrit to German]

context information

Sanskrit, also spelled 啶膏啶膏啶曕啶むぎ啷� (蝉补峁僺办峁泃补尘), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.

Hindi dictionary

: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionary

础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (啶呧お啶膏啶ぞ啶�) [Also spelled apasmar]:鈥�(nm) epilepsy, eclampsia.

context information

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Kannada-English dictionary

: Alar: Kannada-English corpus

础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (嗖呧勃嗖膏硩嗖簿嗖�):鈥�

1) [noun] loss of memory; the condition or fact of being forgotten.

2) [noun] a forgetting or having forgotten; forgetfulness.

3) [noun] a minor sentiment, in dancing, showing the forgetfulness on the stage.

4) [noun] loss of energy.

5) [noun] a recurrent disorder of the nervous system, characterised by seizures of excessive brain activity which cause mental and physical dysfunction, as convulsions, unconsciousness, etc. epilepsy.

context information

Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.

Relevant text

Search found 53 books and stories containing Apasmara, 础辫补蝉尘腻谤补, Apa-smara, Apa-sm膩ra, Apa-sara; (plurals include: Apasmaras, 础辫补蝉尘腻谤补s, smaras, sm膩ras, saras). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:

Verse 2.4.86 < [Part 4 - Transient Ecstatic Disturbances (vy膩bhic膩ri-bh膩va)]

Verse 3.4.49 < [Part 4 - Parenthood (v膩tsalya-rasa)]

Verse 4.6.11 < [Part 5 - Dread (产丑补测腻苍补办补-rasa)]

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Text 4.40 < [Chapter 4 - First-rate Poetry]

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础辫补蝉尘腻谤补 (epilepsy) according to Caraka < [Chapter 4 - Diseases and Remedial measures (described in Caraka-sa峁僪it膩)]

Bhela and Bhela Sa峁僪it膩 < [Chapter 1 - Introduction]

M膩dhavanid膩na (膧yurveda book) < [Chapter 1 - Introduction]

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14.3. Apasmara and Jvara (evil spirits) < [Chapter 3 - Depiction of Gods and Goddesses]

14.1. Paisacika (Devilish) and Raksasika (Demonic) concept < [Chapter 3 - Depiction of Gods and Goddesses]