Significance of Brahman
Synonyms: Hinduism, Ultimate reality, Absolute, Cosmic spirit, Universal soul, Atman, Supreme reality
In German: Brahma; In Spanish: Brahma; In French: Brahma; In Finnish: Brahman; In Swedish: Brahman; In Malay: Brahman; In Dutch: Brahmaan
The below excerpts are indicatory and do represent direct quotations or translations. It is your responsibility to fact check each reference.
Buddhist concept of 'Brahman'
In Buddhism, Brahman is interpreted as an enlightened being who has transcended attachments, a member of the priestly class within Hindu society, and represents ultimate reality, emphasizing knowledge, spiritual authority, and liberation.
From: Mahavastu (great story)
(1) Clever, learned men tasked with assessing the qualities of potential maidens for the king.[1] (2) A title attributed to someone who is liberated from worldly attachments and delusions.[2] (3) A member of the priestly class who delivered the message to the king of Kashi regarding the plight of Mithila.[3] (4) A mendicant who claimed to seek a woman from the king's harem, later revealed to be Shakra in disguise.[4] (5) A member of the priestly class in Hindu society, referred to in the context of Buddhas' birth or teachings.[5]
From: Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva Purvapranidhana Sutra
(1) A spiritually advanced being; in this context, it refers to the future rebirth of Bright Eyes鈥� mother after her process of redemption.[6] (2) A member of the priestly caste in India, noted for practices of purity and devotion but sometimes carries deviant views.[7]
From: Shurangama Sutra (with commentary) (English)
(1) A practitioner of Brahmanism, often associated with knowledge, rituals, and spiritual authority.[8]
From: Vimalakirti Nirdesa Sutra
(1) Members of the priestly class in ancient India, often engaged in spiritual and religious practices.[9]
From: Milindapanha (questions of King Milinda)
(1) A priestly caste in Hinduism to whom Vessantara gives his children, representing spiritual authority.[10] (2) A caste of teachers and scholars who played a role in recognizing the Bodisat's potential and future glory.[11] (3) A term denoting an enlightened being who has transcended worldly attachments and achieved liberation.[12] (4) Members of the priestly class in Hindu tradition, often associated with learning and spirituality.[13]
From: Maha Buddhavamsa鈥擳he Great Chronicle of Buddhas
(1) A term referring to an enlightened being who has achieved a high level of spiritual wisdom, often depicted in relation to meditation.[14]
From: Tattvasangraha [with commentary]
(1) The ultimate reality in Vedanta philosophy, contrasted with concepts in Buddhist thinking.[15]
From: Apadana commentary (Atthakatha)
(1) Members of the highest caste in Hindu society, often associated with spiritual knowledge and priesthood.[16]
Hindu concept of 'Brahman'
Brahman in Hinduism is understood as the ultimate reality or cosmic spirit, representing the essence of existence that transcends individuality, is immutable and all-pervasive, and serves as the destination for spiritual understanding and unity within various philosophical contexts.
From: Brahma Sutras (Shankaracharya)
(1) This entity dwells in the heart and favors the one who knows, influencing the soul's journey, and it is associated with the vein passing through the skull.[17] (2) Brahman is the cause of the origin, subsistence, and reabsorption of the entire world, encompassing the ether and other elements, possessing qualities like all-pervadingness, eternity, and omniscience, and it is the Self of all things.[18] (3) The entity to which one goes to upon achieving a state of being, implying a destination or ultimate state achieved through spiritual understanding.[19] (4) This is a central concept, and it is the ultimate reality, and the text discusses the idea that it is the Self of everything, and it is connected with knowledge.[20] (5) The subject of the text, which is denied in its limited forms, material as well as immaterial, and is described in the chapter with reference to the gods as well as the body.[21]
From: Taittiriya Upanishad Bhashya Vartika
(1) The ultimate reality or substantive in the context of the text, which embodies the essence that attributes point towards.[22] (2) Brahman is the ultimate reality or universal spirit in Hindu philosophy, described as being different from both the known and the unknown.[23] (3) The ultimate reality or consciousness that is interconnected with the Self and the mental mode in realization.[24] (4) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, which is characterized as non-dual and immutable.[25] (5) The ultimate reality or cause that, according to the text, appears in dual forms but does not truly become them.[26]
From: Brahma Sutras (Ramanuja)
(1) The supreme cosmic spirit or ultimate reality from which all creation arises, often equated with Hiranyagarbha.[27] (2) The ultimate, unchanging reality in Hindu philosophy, often equated with the highest Self, representing the essence of all existence.[28] (3) The ultimate reality in Hindu philosophy, characterized as the cause of the world, free from all imperfection and perceived duality.[29] (4) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, which is of the nature of supreme bliss and is associated with multiple auspicious qualities.[30] (5) The ultimate cause of the world; an entity with all required attributes that constitute causality.[31]
From: Vivekachudamani
(1) The One without a second, infinite, without beginning or end, transcendent and changeless.[32] (2) The singular, infinite, and pure essence of reality, representing the ultimate oneness.[33] (3) In Hindu philosophy, the ultimate reality or cosmic spirit which the universe is understood to be.[34] (4) The ultimate reality or universal spirit in Hindu philosophy, regarded as the source of the universe.[35] (5) The ultimate, unchanging reality, which is considered the source of all that exists in Vedantic thought.[36]
From: Brahma Sutras (Shankara Bhashya)
(1) The ultimate reality in which all elements merge at the time of cosmic dissolution.[37] (2) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in the context of Yoga philosophy, which is comprehended through the concentration of the mind.[38] (3) The ultimate cause and reality from which all effects arise, establishing the foundational principle that all manifested existence is an expression of Brahman.[39] (4) The ultimate reality in Vedanta, representing both the source and the essence of all existence.[40] (5) Though without parts, Brahman is considered the material cause of the world.[41]
From: Thirty minor Upanishads
(1) The ultimate reality in Hindu philosophy, often regarded as the source and essence of the universe.[42] (2) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit that encompasses everything perceived as reality.[43] (3) The ultimate reality or universal spirit that is omnipresent and the source of all.[44] (4) The Source of all things, the ultimate reality that permeates everything.[45] (5) The ultimate reality, an all-pervading, formless essence that underlies the cosmos and is identified with spiritual enlightenment.[46]
From: Chandogya Upanishad (english Translation)
(1) The pure Spirit or ultimate reality that underlies all existence, manifesting in nature and all living beings, including humans and insects.[47] (2) The subject closest to Satyakama鈥檚 heart, representing ultimate reality or consciousness in Hindu philosophy.[48] (3) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit with which the Self is identified; all of existence is seen as Brahman.[49] (4) In Hindu philosophy, it signifies the ultimate reality or universal consciousness that is the source of all existence.[50] (5) A term from Hindu philosophy that denotes the ultimate reality or cosmic spirit, often associated with the divine.[51]
From: Mandukya Upanishad (Gaudapa Karika and Shankara Bhashya)
(1) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit, characterized as the substratum of all existence.[52] (2) The ultimate reality in Vedanta that is defined as one, non-dual, eternal, and the essence of all existence.[53] (3) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hinduism, from which all things emanate and with which they are ultimately united.[54] (4) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, often characterized by non-dualism.[55] (5) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit that is described as being beyond speech and all external sense-organs, implying a transcendent state.[56]
From: Chandogya Upanishad (Shankara Bhashya)
(1) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, equated with the true nature of the Self.[57] (2) The ultimate, unchanging reality, described as the Self that is both the source of all existence and the essence of true knowledge.[58] (3) The concept of the ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Vedantic philosophy; attributed to true knowledge and being.[59] (4) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, associated with the concept of 'good'.[60] (5) The ultimate reality or universal soul in Hindu philosophy, which is considered the essence of everything.[61]
From: Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
(1) Brahman is described as the Supreme Self or the ultimate reality, existing in both a gross and subtle form, and embodies the nature of truth.[62] (2) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit, which can be known through understanding the Sutra and the Internal Ruler.[63] (3) The ultimate reality in Vedanta philosophy, often associated with infinite consciousness, bliss, and the root of all existence.[64] (4) A self-born, eternal entity regarded as a source within the lineage and referred to as Hiranyagarbha.[65] (5) Refers to the ultimate, unchanging reality, depicting the divine essence and the nature of existence.[66]
From: Kena upanishad (Madhva commentary)
(1) The ultimate reality or absolute principle in Hindu philosophy, of which all beings are manifestations.[67] (2) The Supreme reality or true essence that is to be known for attaining spiritual liberation.[68] (3) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy.[69] (4) The Inner Ruler, referred to as the ultimate reality or cosmic spirit.[70] (5) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit; a form that is touched and reflected upon by the Devas.[71]
From: Katha Upanishad with Shankara鈥檚 Commentary
(1) The ultimate reality or consciousness that is not easily knowable and is distinct from the physical body, likened to the king of the city.[72] (2) The ultimate reality or source from which all existence springs, described as pure, immortal and true.[73] (3) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy that cannot be perceived through speech, mind, or senses but is known as the origin of the universe.[74] (4) Brahman is the ultimate reality that is considered to be the essence of everything, transcending individual existence.[75] (5) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit that is the source of all existence, identified as the culmination of the essence of all beings.[76]
From: Kena Upanishad with Shankara鈥檚 Commentary
(1) A concept described in the text as that which should be understood beyond ordinary worship.[77] (2) The all-knowing essence that directs the senses of all living beings and understood the Devas' false notion.[78] (3) The Brahman is known as the witness of every state of consciousness and is associated with immortality.[79] (4) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, often referred to in the context of being self-luminous and the essence of everything.[80] (5) Brahman is distinct from the known and above the unknown, representing the ultimate reality that is beyond direct perception.[81]
From: Taittiriya Upanishad
(1) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Vedanta philosophy, with which the jiva can become one.[82] (2) The ultimate reality in Vedanta, which is non-dual and from which jiva is derived.[83] (3) The ultimate reality that is beyond thought and words; the supreme, unchanging reality that is identified with Atman.[84] (4) Brahman is described as the ultimate reality or consciousness that is pure, free, omniscient, and omnipotent, and is the Self of all beings.[85] (5) The Absolute Consciousness which is seen as both the material and efficient cause of the universe, embodying the ultimate reality according to Vedantic philosophy.[86]
From: Mundaka Upanishad with Shankara鈥檚 Commentary
(1) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit that is to be realized and united with; referred to as the mark that the Atman aims to become one with.[87] (2) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit into which the Atman is said to enter or unite.[88] (3) The Brahman is the ultimate reality that is described as the source of light and illumination that cannot be illumined by lesser lights.[89] (4) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, synonymous with the source of all existence and consciousness.[90]
From: Kathopanishad (Madhva commentary)
(1) The ultimate reality in Hindu philosophy, which transcends the physical form and is often linked with knowledge and liberation.[91] (2) The Supreme reality or consciousness from which all existence emerges and into which it resolves.[92] (3) The ultimate reality and source of the universe in Vedantic philosophy, considered distinct from individual souls.[93] (4) The Supreme Absolute or ultimate reality that transcends creation and remains unaffected by the actions and states of the Jiva.[94]
From: Prashna Upanishad with Shankara鈥檚 Commentary
(1) The ultimate, undecaying reality or spiritual goal towards which the practices and sacrifices are directed.[95] (2) Brahman is the ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, of which the atman is a part.[96]
From: Isopanisad (Madhva commentary)
(1) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy that is the source of everything and is portrayed as eternal and unchanging.[97] (2) The ultimate, unifying reality that is considered one in all, transcending individual differences among beings.[98]
From: Mandukya Upanishad (Madhva commentary)
(1) The ultimate, formless reality that is considered unchanging and free from modifications.[99] (2) The Great entity referred to in the discourse as the origin and manifestation of all forms of existence.[100]
From: Mandukya Upanishad
(1) The ultimate reality in Hindu philosophy, characterized by attributes of being unborn, formless, and omniscient.[101]
From: Mundaka Upanishad (Madhva commentary)
(1) The universal spirit or consciousness which is described as being all-pervading and can manifest in different forms.[102]
From: Mahabharata (English)
(1) In this context, refers to the sage with profound wisdom who guides the gods during their struggle against Vritra.[103] (2) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, the source of the universe.[104] (3) The creator deity in Hinduism, recognized as superior to other divine manifestations.[105] (4) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, the source of all creation.[106] (5) The supreme consciousness or ultimate reality in Hindu philosophy, addressed by the gods.[107]
From: Laghu-yoga-vasistha
(1) The ultimate reality or absolute consciousness from which all existence arises and merges back into.[108] (2) The ultimate, unchanging reality in Hindu philosophy, often equated with the highest consciousness or divine essence.[109] (3) The ultimate reality, absolute consciousness that pervades all existence, representing the highest truth in the spiritual hierarchy.[110] (4) The ultimate reality that transcends all forms and dualities, embodying purity and non-duality.[111] (5) The ultimate, unchanging reality, which is beyond all forms and attributes; pure consciousness.[112]
From: Ramayana of Valmiki (Griffith)
(1) Brahmans, a group of individuals, responded to the king's mandate with honor and promised to obey, supporting his plan and expressing their approval.[113] (2) Brahmans are depicted as good and wise individuals who are called to a banquet, and they are described as being equal to the Gods and disdainful of certain offerings.[114] (3) A caste to whom the Warrior caste paid reverence, indicating a hierarchical social structure with established roles.[115] (4) Brahmans are wise individuals whose tears flowed down their wan cheeks, and they were involved in laying a corpse upon a golden litter.[116] (5) Brahmans are a group of people that the fiends harmed, and they are described as holy men who the fiends invited to their funeral rites.[117]
From: Markandeya Purana
(1) A person in the society who seeks knowledge and understanding, often addressed in the context of spiritual teachings.[118] (2) A member of the priestly class in Hindu society, often responsible for conducting religious ceremonies and preserving sacred knowledge.[119] (3) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, which practitioners seek to understand and attain.[120] (4) A member of the highest Hindu caste responsible for religious rituals and teachings, represented through the character Galava.[121] (5) A member of the priestly caste, involved in spiritual duties and the authority in matters concerning dharma (righteousness).[122]
From: Bhagavad-gita-rahasya (or Karma-yoga Shastra)
(1) The ultimate reality or the all-pervading spirit in Vedantic philosophy, which is eternal and beyond the illusions of the visible world.[123] (2) The eternal, unchanging reality in Vedanta, seen as the ultimate source of all existence and unity among all beings.[124] (3) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy which the self (Atman) seeks to realize.[125] (4) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, often discussed in relation to the self (Atman).[126] (5) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, with whom the individual soul (Atman) aspires to realize its oneness.[127]
From: Anugita (English translation)
(1) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, often referred to as the source of all existence.[128] (2) Brahman is the ultimate reality or the supreme cosmic spirit, which is described as greater than anything else and achievable through purity and understanding.[129] (3) The ultimate reality or spiritual source in Hindu philosophy, often identified with the universal consciousness or soul.[130] (4) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, central to the practices described.[131] (5) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, to which the Brahmana devotes himself.[132]
From: Vishnu Purana
(1) A priestly class in Hindu society responsible for religious rituals and the preservation of sacred knowledge.[133] (2) The group of priests who initially seek to harm Prahlada but later receive his blessings and are restored.[134] (3) Priestly figures responsible for conducting rituals, including the essential morning oblation that ensures the sun's successful journey across the sky.[135] (4) Members of the priestly class in Hindu society, to whom gifts and offerings are made to honor and recognize their spiritual authority.[136] (5) A member of the highest caste in Hindu society, recognized for their religious duties and knowledge.[137]
From: Devi Bhagavata Purana
(1) The ultimate reality in the universe, transcending the duality of male and female, embodying the essence of both.[138] (2) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit, encompassing all existence and beyond.[139] (3) An honorific for a learned person or a priest in Hinduism, revered for their spiritual knowledge.[140] (4) The ultimate reality or absolute principle that exists as the sole essence beneath apparent diversity.[141] (5) The Supreme Self or the ultimate reality, characterized by consciousness and omniscience, free from limitations.[142]
From: Yoga Vasistha [English], Volume 1-4
(1) The ultimate reality or world spirit in Hindu philosophy, which is distinct from social identities or roles.[143] (2) Symbolizing phases of life鈥攃hildhood, youth, and old age; characters invited for the princes' meal.[144] (3) A higher state of existence characterized by spiritual elevation and the pursuit of divine truth.[145] (4) Members of the priestly caste in Hindu society, often engaged in religious duties and rituals.[146]
From: Bhagavadgita
(1) The ultimate reality or universal spirit in Hindu philosophy, which one aims to realize or merge with.[147] (2) The ultimate spiritual reality or consciousness that one strives to realize and unify with.[148] (3) A key philosophical term in the Bhagavadgita used to denote the ultimate reality or cosmic spirit, with variations in its interpretation throughout the text.[149] (4) The supreme, the indestructible, and the ultimate reality.[150]
From: Sanatsujatiya (English translation)
(1) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, often discussed in the context of the Sanatsujatiya.[151] (2) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit that is the source and support of the universe.[152] (3) The ultimate reality or spiritual truth in Hindu philosophy, which is sought through devotion and understanding of the Vedas.[153]
From: Harivamsha Purana
(1) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, which Brahma is said to be the master of.[154] (2) The spiritual and priestly class in ancient India, to whom Janamejaya posed questions.[155] (3) The supreme, omniscient universal spirit that is devoid of qualities and manifests as various forms and entities within the universe.[156]
From: Ramayana of Valmiki (Shastri)
(1) The unmanifest, eternal and imperishable source from which the creation of the dynasty begins.[157] (2) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit into which all is consumed and absorbed at the end of the Krita Yuga.[158]
From: Bhagavad-gita Mahatmya
(1) Refers to the ultimate reality in Hinduism, often invoked in praises and spiritual context.[159] (2) The highest spiritual reality that Satyatapas fixed his mind upon during his penance.[160]
From: Gautami Mahatmya
(1) A concept representing a universal spirit or the ultimate reality, which is tied to the act of gifting medicinal herbs.[161]
From: Bharadvaja-srauta-sutra
(1) A spiritual teacher or priest who guides rituals and oversees sacred ceremonies.[162] (2) Another priestful role in the ceremony associated with particular goblets.[163] (3) A spiritual figure or authority that is called upon during the rituals for blessings and guidance.[164] (4) A supreme spirit or absolute reality, cited in the context of the blessings or curses invoked in rituals.[165] (5) A priestly figure in the sacrificial context, who has an integral role in performing and guiding the rituals.[166]
From: Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi
(1) The supreme reality or ultimate truth in Hindu philosophy that represents the concept of unity and highest bliss.[167] (2) The ultimate reality or universal spirit in Vedic philosophy, which one aspires to reach or understand.[168] (3) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy that one aims to unite with through proper spiritual practice and knowledge.[169] (4) The ultimate, unchanging reality in Hindu philosophy, considered the source of the universe and equivalent to the concept of God.[170] (5) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit that the Brahmana aspires to attain through various spiritual practices, including mantra repetition.[171]
From: Asvalayana-grihya-sutra
(1) The ultimate reality or spiritual force that is invoked as the comprehensive protective covering in the sacrificial offering.[172] (2) A sacred concept or deity receiving offerings during sacrifices.[173] (3) A priestly role associated with the chanting of mantras during sacrifices, symbolically connected to spiritual and cosmic elements.[174] (4) The ultimate spiritual reality or cosmic principle in Hindu philosophy, which is invoked for growth and increase.[175] (5) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in the philosophical context, also represented by its followers.[176]
From: Hiranyakesi-grihya-sutra
(1) The ultimate reality and source of the universe, often viewed as the highest universal principle in Hindu philosophy.[177] (2) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu thought, emphasizing the connection of the rituals to higher spiritual power.[178] (3) A spiritual concept representing the ultimate reality; invoked through prayers for blessings and protection.[179] (4) A reference to the ultimate reality in Hindu philosophy, connecting the individual to the universal.[180]
From: Paraskara-grihya-sutra
(1) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, often invoked in rituals.[181] (2) A priest who performs rituals and mediates between humans and the divine.[182] (3) A religious figure who is invited to participate in and officiate at the sacrificial ceremonies.[183] (4) A supreme cosmic spirit or force that is invoked for its collective power among the participants.[184]
From: Sankhayana-grihya-sutra
(1) The ultimate reality and spiritual source in Hindu philosophy that is revered and acknowledged in rituals.[185] (2) The ultimate reality in Hinduism, associated with the lunar mansion Abhijit.[186] (3) A supreme being or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, to whom invocations in Vedic texts are often addressed.[187]
From: Baudhayana Dharmasutra
(1) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, towards which ascetics and practitioners aspire.[188] (2) Followers of the highest varna in Hindu society, whose teachings and customs are often recorded and analyzed in texts like the Dharma-sutra.[189]
From: Vasistha Dharmasutra
(1) The overarching spiritual essence or reality in Hindu philosophy.[190]
From: Gautama Dharmasutra
(1) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, representing the source of all existence and consciousness.[191]
From: Gobhila-grihya-sutra
(1) A member of the priestly class in Hindu society, responsible for officiating rituals.[192]
From: Khadira-grihya-sutra
(1) The priest or the person to whom the remnants of the offerings should be given.[193]
From: Brihad Bhagavatamrita (commentary)
(1) The ultimate spiritual reality from which the Supreme Lord emanates, beyond material attributes.[194] (2) The ultimate reality, described as nirguna (without qualities), nihsanga (without attachment), nirvikara (unchangeable), and niriha (desireless).[195] (3) The Supreme Spirit or the non-dual Absolute Reality, in which both knowledge and happiness are nondifferent.[196] (4) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy; often associated with transcendental bliss.[197] (5) The ultimate reality or spiritual essence, which the eternal associates are also identified with, suggesting their connection to the divine.[198]
From: Garga Samhita (English)
(1) The ultimate reality or spiritual essence in Hindu philosophy, synonymous with the concept of the Supreme.[199] (2) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy.[200] (3) The Supreme Personality of Godhead, regarded as the greatest existence.[201] (4) A term used to refer to a learned and revered individual, often a priest or spiritual teacher, who imparts knowledge and wisdom.[202] (5) A term in Indian philosophy that refers to the ultimate reality or cosmic spirit.[203]
From: Chaitanya Bhagavata
(1) The indifferent ultimate reality according to the impersonalists, who may neglect the significance of material forms.[204] (2) One of the names used to describe the Absolute Truth, representing the impersonal aspect of the divine which some thinkers fail to reconcile with personal aspects.[205] (3) The ultimate reality or absolute existence, which is realized by those who are transcendently situated.[206] (4) The impersonal aspect of the Supreme, viewed by some as devoid of individuality, devotion, and aversion.[207] (5) The ultimate reality in impersonal philosophy that some living entities strive to understand or attain.[208]
From: Sri Krishna-Chaitanya
(1) The ultimate reality in Vedantic philosophy; its knowledge is often confused with materialistic ideologies.[209] (2) The ultimate entity in advaita-vada, regarded as eternal, changeless, and the cause of all cognizable principles.[210] (3) The ultimate reality or absolute truth that individual souls seek to understand and realize their relationship with through various spiritual practices.[211] (4) The ultimate reality that encompasses everything, with which the individual soul (jiva) has a complex relationship of both unity and difference.[212]
From: Tiruvaymoli (Thiruvaimozhi): English translation
(1) The ultimate reality or universal spirit in Hindu philosophy, encompassing both sentient beings and non-sentient matter.[213] (2) The highest reality in Indian philosophy, characterized by omnipotence and compassion.[214]
From: Bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu
(1) In this context, the ultimate reality or cosmic spirit with which one identifies upon achieving enlightenment.[215]
From: Satapatha-brahmana
(1) The supreme cosmic spirit or ultimate reality in Hindu philosophy, which has the power of creation and sustains all creatures, except for the Brahmacarin.[216] (2) An officiant in the Sarvamedha responsible for the southern quarter of sacrificial fees.[217] (3) A revered title used for the priest, indicating a connection to the divine and spiritual authority within the ritual context.[218] (4) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, associated with Agni and the wood used in sacrifices.[219] (5) Refers to the priesthood or the spiritual authority in Vedic traditions.[220]
From: The Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha
(1) The ultimate reality and source of all existence in Hindu philosophy, often characterized by its formless, infinite nature.[221] (2) The ultimate reality or universal spirit in Hindu philosophy, representing the essence that all words aim to denote.[222]
From: Kathasaritsagara (the Ocean of Story)
(1) A member of the priestly class in Hindu society, specifically referring to Vishnusharman in the context of the Pancatantra narrative.[223] (2) A priestly caste in Hindu society, often portrayed in the Ocean as playing significant roles in governance and traditional education.[224] (3) The priestly class who maintained the excellent monasteries, suggesting the religious and cultural diversity of the region.[225] (4) High-caste individuals, often involved in religious rituals, with reference to their conduct and the consequences of their actions.[226] (5) Priestly class of people in Hindu society who were recipients of gifts during the shraddha performed by the individual.[227]
From: Shat-cakra-nirupana (the six bodily centres)
(1) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy, often identified with the highest form of consciousness.[228] (2) The ultimate reality or consciousness that the Sushumna leads towards during the spiritual ascent.[229] (3) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit referred to by some as the source of all existence.[230] (4) The changeless essence associated with the Nirvana-Shakti and the ultimate reality.[231] (5) The ultimate reality or source from which Ama-kala and the continuous stream of nectar flow, embodying the essence of divine existence.[232]
From: Yoga-sutras (Vedanta Commentaries)
(1) The ultimate reality or universal spirit representing the source of existence and consciousness.[233] (2) The universal aspect of Reality in Vedanta philosophy, encompassing all existence and the essence of divinity.[234] (3) The ultimate Reality, considered to be without attributes, and not properly said to create, sustain, or dissolve.[235] (4) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Hindu philosophy that spiritual seekers strive to realize.[236] (5) The central, ultimate reality in Vedanta; it is pure, undifferentiated consciousness which transcends all phenomena and dualities.[237]
From: Shakti and Shakta
(1) Brahman is referred to as mindless (Amanah), transcending mental processes and being the ultimate source of all consciousness, feeling, and experience.[238] (2) The ultimate reality or consciousness in Indian philosophy, recognized as being both the source and essence of all existence.[239] (3) Brahman denotes the ultimate reality in Hindu philosophy, representing the formless, unchanging essence that underlies all existence.[240] (4) The highest divine principle in Indian philosophy, often associated with the concept of a universal soul or ultimate reality.[241] (5) The ultimate reality or universal consciousness in Hindu philosophy, identified with the source of all existence and synonymous with Atman.[242]
From: Vakyapadiya of Bhartrihari
(1) The ultimate reality or universal essence that is denoted by all words and understood through both jati and dravya.[243] (2) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in Indian philosophy, which is discussed in relation to Time and power.[244] (3) In the text, Brahman is identified as the ultimate reality that appears differentiated, illustrating the concept of a singular essence manifesting in diverse ways.[245] (4) The ultimate reality or universal spirit that permeates everything and binds the multiplicity into unity.[246] (5) The ultimate reality that is without beginning or end, whose essence is the Word and the cause of all manifested phonemes.[247]
From: Hayanaratna: The Jewel of Annual Astrology
(1) This is the caste associated with Venus and Jupiter, representing a social structure within the astrological context.[248] (2) This is a person who is qualified for learning the science, and this person is also desirous of understanding the results of the year and answers to questions.[249] (3) These individuals are described as being versed in grammar, and they are also the ones who rendered the treatise into Sanskrit.[250] (4) The Brahmans are the group to which Shri Mishra Caturbhuja belongs, indicating his affiliation.[251] (5) If Venus and Jupiter are in the ascendant, the meal is in the home of this person, according to the text, indicating the social setting of the meal.[252]
From: Kautilya Arthashastra
(1) A class of priests and scholars in ancient Indian society, who are to be provided with forests for religious activities and learning.[253] (2) A caste of individuals to whom special rules apply concerning the sale or mortgage of gifted or Brahmadeya lands.[254]
From: Hitopadesha (English translation)
(1) A priestly class in the caste system, who is recognized for their wisdom, but also subject to deception, as illustrated in the narrative.[255]
From: Manasara (English translation)
(1) A priest or man of high caste in Hindu society, often involved in conducting rituals.[256] (2) The priestly class in Hindu society, traditionally teachers, scholars, and spiritual leaders.[257] (3) Priestly figures who perform rituals and blessings associated with the construction process.[258]
From: Parama Samhita (English translation)
(1) A term used for individuals engaged in the pursuit of knowledge and understanding of the divine.[259] (2) A term used to refer to the ultimate reality or the cosmic spirit that is the foundation of all existence.[260] (3) A member of the priestly class in Hindu society responsible for conducting religious ceremonies.[261]
From: History of Indian Medicine (and Ayurveda)
(1) A member of the priestly caste in Hindu society, often associated with spiritual and academic roles.[262]
From: Natyashastra (English)
(1) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit from which the Natyashastra originates, seen as a source of knowledge and drama.[263]
Jain concept of 'Brahman'
In Jainism, Brahman represents a social class of learned individuals with priestly duties, embodying spiritual authority and knowledge. It also reflects themes of purity, moral integrity, and the concept of ultimate reality in philosophical contexts.
From: Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra
(1) The follower of the Lord who retrieved the half-garment and later paid homage to him.[264] (2) A member of a high caste in Hindu society, whose dharma is critical for right conduct.[265] (3) The protagonist who realizes the shocking truth about his sister's actions and her identity.[266] (4) A member of the priestly class in Indian society, representing spiritual authority and knowledge.[267] (5) Guardians and likely spiritual leaders in the text who confront Rama but fall victim to conflict.[268]
From: Sutrakritanga (English translation)
(1) The ultimate reality or cosmic spirit in various philosophical systems, often associated with liberation.[269]
The concept of Brahman in local and regional sources
Brahman signifies the ultimate, unchanging reality in Hindu philosophy, embodying bliss and consciousness. It transcends duality, representing the essence of life and the universe, and is central to achieving liberation within the Advaita tradition.
From: Bhaktavijaya: Stories of Indian Saints
(1) A group referred to as responsible for the plundering of Tuka's house, representing a caste in the Hindu tradition.[270] (2) Members of the priestly caste in Hindu society, known for their spiritual knowledge.[271] (3) A group of learned individuals belonging to a high caste in Hindu society, responsible for religious rituals and maintaining social order.[272] (4) A group of Hindu priests and scholars, who are depicted as questioning Bahirambhat about his conversion to Muhammadanism.[273] (5) A group of priests or religious leaders who uphold traditional beliefs and practices in the society depicted in the text.[274]
From: Triveni Journal
(1) This is a central concept in the Upanishads, representing the ultimate reality, and the various philosophical systems differ in how they interpret its relationship to the world.[275] (2) The ultimate, all-encompassing reality in Hindu philosophy, characterized as omniscient, omnipresent, and omnipotent.[276] (3) The ultimate, unchanging reality in Hindu philosophy, equated with bliss, consciousness, and the essence of life.[277] (4) The concept representing the absolute reality in Hindu philosophy, characterized by inexhaustibility and fullness, influencing the understanding of divine love.[278] (5) The name for the Absolute in the Upanishads, representing the ultimate reality beyond duality.[279]
From: The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda
(1) The Brahman is the subject of higher knowledge, and the understanding of this is the aim of the higher knowledge, as described in the text.[280] (2) This term refers to the ultimate reality or the absolute truth, which is the goal of the realisation of Moksha.[281] (3) This is the Self in the universe in the Advaita philosophy, which is all one in the Self, and when it appears behind the universe is called God.[282] (4) This is the ultimate reality, with which the soul merges when it attains perfection, and it represents the absolute existence, knowledge, and bliss for the soul.[283] (5) The water, which is the essence, while the name and form are Maya, as described in the provided text.[284]
From: Folklore of the Santal Parganas
(1) A thin man sent by the father of the princess to find the owner of the long hair, representing wisdom and tradition.[285] (2) A member of the highest Hindu caste, traditionally associated with priesthood and scholarship.[286] (3) A member of the highest caste in Hindu society, known for their religious and spiritual duties.[287] (4) A religious figure who advises the Raja to gather mangoes to induce his wives to bear children.[288] (5) A spiritual figure who came from the west and performed wonders, leading to astonishment among the villagers.[289]
From: History of Science in South Asia
(1) Brahman refers to a group of priests, and the manuscripts and texts are often brought into correct didactic Sanskrit verse understandable to them.[290]
From: The travels of Fa-Hian (400 A.D.)
(1) Religious figures in India who are part of the Hindu priestly caste, encountered by Fa-Hian during his journey.[291] (2) A group of religious individuals who became angered by the actions of the Sramanas, ultimately leading to their conversion to Buddha's teachings.[292] (3) An individual belonging to the highest caste in Hindu society, known for their learning and piety.[293]
From: Buddhist records of the Western world (Xuanzang)
(1) People who took the remnants of Buddha鈥檚 cremation to build a stupa and perform religious ceremonies.[294] (2) A priestly caste that practiced strict laws and customs, noted in various parts of Sung-Yun's journey.[295]