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Doubling is one type of phonetic change. There are many evidence of original doubling in the Vedas. In the 峁欢惫别诲补 there are three words, 鈥�ciccika鈥� (name of a bird) (X.146.2), 鈥�jajphatiriva鈥� (Sound of the water) and 鈥�补办丑补办丑腻濒墨办峁泃测补鈥�(sound of frogs) which are original evidence of doubling. Similarly, in the Yajurveda, there seem to be only five words which prima facie indicate original doubling. These words are 鈥�惫峁沰办腻产丑测腻尘鈥� (XXV.8), 鈥�迟颈迟迟颈谤墨苍鈥� (XXIV.18), 鈥�办耻办办耻峁璦鈥� (I.16), 鈥�办补办办补峁璦鈥� (XXIV.32) and 鈥�辫颈濒颈辫辫颈濒腻鈥� (XXIII.12). The first example of Yajurveda is probably formed from the root 鈥�惫峁沰鈥�+ the suffix 鈥�k鈥�, the next three, being names of birds or animals, represent onomatopoeic sound as in 鈥�cuckoo鈥�, while 鈥�辫颈濒颈辫辫颈濒腻鈥� is a doubling of the word 鈥�pili鈥� with an interesting sound 鈥減鈥�. Other doubling in the Yajurveda are either clear cases of assimilation or of two consonants coming side by side. In the 厂腻尘补惫别诲补 a single word 鈥�jyokka鈥� (II.9-B,3), may indicate such doubling, but the original form of the word being jyot, this may be the result of the assimilation of 鈥�t鈥� into the succeeding suffix 鈥�kas鈥�. Similar remarks may apply to three words in the Atharvaveda-鈥�pippalam鈥� (IX.14.20), 鈥�pippalt鈥� (VI.109.1), 鈥�惫峁沰kau鈥� (VII.101.1).

In the 狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� of 厂腻尘补惫别诲补 is stated the limits of doubling. For example according to this 艢颈办峁Ｄ� the doubling cannot occur in a group of second and fourth consonants and this 艢颈办峁Ｄ� also restricted the doubling of 鈥�r鈥� and 鈥�h鈥�.鈥�

啶� 啶班�囙か啷� 啶掂ぞ 啶灌�曕ぞ啶班�� 啶掂ぞ 啶︵�嵿さ啶苦ぐ啷嵿き啶距さ啷� 啶溹ぞ啶�啶む�� 啶曕�嵿さ啶氞た啶む�� 啷�
啶� 啶� 啶掂ぐ啷嵿�椸う啷嵿さ啶苦い啷�啶�啷囙し啷� 啶� 啶氞い啷佮ぐ啷嵿ぅ啷� 啶曕う啶距�氞え啷�

na rephe v膩 hak膩re v膩 dvirbh膩vo j膩yate kvacit |
na ca vargadvit墨ye峁�u na caturthe kad膩cana|| 

(狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� 2/2/6)

The majority of Indian Grammarians^[1] is unanimous that 鈥�h鈥� (h) is not doubled. But a few exceptional cases were actually noticed by Indian Grammarian where 鈥�h鈥� can be optionally doubled. Thus 鲍惫补峁璦^[2], commenting upon 峁欢惫别诲补pr膩ti艣膩khya (VI.2) states 鈥�h鈥�(h) like any fricative, can be optionally doubled when it is a member of consonant group鈥揺.g. 峁欢惫别诲补, I.35.1, begins with the expression 鈥�丑惫补测腻尘测补驳苍颈尘鈥� which could be optionally pronounced as 鈥�丑丑惫补峁噈测补驳苍颈尘鈥�. With regard to 鈥�h鈥� before 鈥�r鈥� we find divergent views. Thus while according to 鈥�丑腻谤墨迟补鈥� (罢补颈迟迟颈谤墨测补辫谤补迟颈艣腻办丑测补, XIV.9), 鈥�h鈥� was not doubled when it preceded 鈥�r鈥� (r) as in 鈥�duduhre鈥�, 鈥�ahraya鈥�, it was on the other hand, doubled according to the C膩r膩ya峁嚹珁a 艢颈办峁Ｄ�. According to this 艢颈办峁Ｄ� and the Loma艣墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 鈥�h鈥� (h) is also doubled when it occurs between 鈥�r鈥� and 鈥�y鈥� as in 鈥�etarhhyagni鈥�. The Loma艣墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� says that 鈥�h鈥� after or after an 补苍耻蝉惫腻谤补 or before 鈥�r鈥� was doubled鈥揺.g.鈥撯��barhha鈥�, 鈥�蝉颈峁僪丑补鈥�, 鈥�丑丑谤腻诲颈苍墨鈥�.

Rules of Doubling

According to 狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� only that consonant was doubled which was the member of a consonant group鈥擻

啶氞い啷佮ぐ啷嵿ぅ啶� 啶む�� 啶む�冟い啷�啶�啷囙�� 啶︵�嵿さ啶苦い啷�啶�啶� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶ムぎ啷囙�� 啶む�佮��
啶嗋う啷嵿く啶�啶ㄠ�嵿い啷嵿く啶� 啶� 啶�啶о�嵿く啶� 啶� 啶膏�嵿さ啶距�曕�嵿し啶班�囙ぃ啷堗さ 啶�啷�啶∴く啷囙い啷嵿ゥ

caturtha峁� tu t峁泃墨yena dvit墨ya峁� prathamena tu|
膩dyamantya峁� ca madhya峁� ca sv膩k峁�are峁嘺iva p墨岣峚yet||

(狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� 2/2/7)

The 狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� prescribed some general rules of doubling^[3]. For example鈥�

1. 础苍耻蝉惫腻谤补 + consonant Group鈥�

The 狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� states that after an 补苍耻蝉惫腻谤岣� the first member of a consonant group was doubled. It is interesting to note that the 峁欢惫别诲补pr膩ti艣膩khya has also mentioned this same condition鈥�

啶膏�嵿さ啶班ぞ啶ㄠ�佮じ啷嵿さ啶距ぐ啷嬥お啶灌た啶む�� 啶︵�嵿さ啶苦ぐ啷佮�氞�嵿く啶む�� 啶膏�傕く啷嬥�椸ぞ啶︵た啶�.

svar膩nusv膩ropahito dvirucyate sa峁儁og膩di岣�.

(峁欢惫别诲补pr膩ti艣膩khya, 6/7)

2. 鲍辫腻诲丑尘腻苍墨测腻 + Consonant Group -

The 狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� also give a second general rule that a consonant after 耻辫补诲丑尘腻苍墨测补 is doubled. The 艢耻办濒补测补箩耻谤惫别诲补辫谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 also admitted this same rule鈥�

啶溹た啶灌�嵿さ啶距ぎ啷傕げ啷�啶�啷嬥お啶о�嵿ぎ啶距え啷赌啶�啶距き啷嵿く啶距�炧�嵿��

箩颈丑惫腻尘奴濒墨测辞辫补诲丑尘腻苍墨测腻产丑测腻帽肠补

(艢耻办濒补测补箩耻谤惫别诲补辫谤腻迟颈艣腻办丑测补 4/104).

3. 箩颈丑惫腻尘奴濒墨测补 + Consonant Group-

In accordance with the general rule of the 狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, a consonant after a 箩颈丑惫腻尘奴濒墨测 鈥�a鈥� is doubled.

4. 鈥�R鈥� + consonant鈥�

The 狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� explains another general rule that a consonant after 鈥�r鈥� is doubled. The

峁歬迟补苍迟谤补 also mentioned this rule-谤补峁僪濒腻迟 (5/6/5)

5. 鈥�h鈥� + consonant-

According to the 狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� a consonant after 鈥�h鈥� is doubled鈥�

啶班す啶�啷傕ぐ啷嵿さ啷� 啶膏�傕く啷佮い啷� 啶氞ぞ啶洁お啷嵿く啷佮い啷嵿い啶班�� 啶曕�嵿ぐ啶�啶む�囙そ啶曕�嵿し啶班ぎ啷嵿ゥ

rahap奴rve sa峁儁ute c膩'pyuttara峁� kramate'k峁�aram||

(狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 2/2/11)

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

骋补耻迟补尘墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� (艢颈办峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha, p.450), M膩峁囜笉奴k墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ� (艢颈办峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha, p. 473), Atharvavedapr膩ti艣膩khya (3.31)

[2]:

峁欢惫别诲补pr膩ti艣膩khya, 6.2

[3]:

狈腻谤补诲墨 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 2/2/11