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The 鈥�痴补颈办丑补谤墨鈥� form of speech is spoken by men

啶む�佮ぐ啷�啶�啶� 啶掂ぞ啶氞�� 啶�啶ㄠ�佮し啷嵿く啶� 啶掂う啶ㄠ�嵿い啶�

迟耻谤墨测补峁� 惫腻肠辞 尘补苍耻峁�y腻 vadanti

(峁欢惫别诲补 1.164.45) 

This form of sound is articulated with the help of vocal organs.

The vocal organs are divided into two kinds:鈥�

a) 鈥�蝉迟丑腻苍补鈥� or points of articulation which are fixed points or areas lying above the tongue and which are touched or approached in course of pronunciation.

b) 鈥�碍补谤补峁嘺鈥� or articulator which can be moved more or less freely and which touches or approaches the 蝉迟丑腻苍补鈥檚 or points or articulation^[1].

Including both 鈥�蝉迟丑腻苍补鈥� and 鈥�办补谤补峁嘺鈥� vocal organs are numbered as ten in total, according to 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�鈥�

啶︵ざ啶оぞ 啶掂ぐ啷嵿ぃ啶� 啶�啶掂え啷嵿い啶� 啶斷ぐ啶�-啶曕ぃ啷嵿�犩�嵿く-啶�啷傕ぐ啷嵿ぇ啶ㄠ�嵿く啶︵え啷嵿い啷嵿く啷嬥し啷嵿�犩�嵿く-啶むぞ啶侧さ啷嵿く-啶︵え啷嵿い啶�啷傕げ啷�啶�-啶溹た啶灌�嵿さ啶距ぎ啷傕げ啷�啶�啶�啶�啶距え啷佮じ啷嵿さ啶距ぐ啶多�嵿�氞�囙い啶�

诲补艣补诲丑腻 惫补谤峁嚹� bhavanti aurasa-办补峁囜弓丑测补-尘奴谤诲丑补苍测补诲补苍迟测辞峁ａ弓丑测补-迟腻濒补惫测补-诲补苍迟补尘奴濒墨测补-箩颈丑惫腻尘奴濒墨测补测补尘腻苍耻蝉惫腻谤补艣肠别迟颈

(艢ik峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha, p.32)

i. Aurasa var峁嘺 (Chestal Consonant)

Among the ten points of articulation, the lungs or the chest is considered as the first organs of articulation. The lungs are treated as the place of articulation for 鈥�hv鈥� and 鈥�hm鈥�.

鈥�tatra dv膩vaurasau hva hma iti鈥� (艢ik峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha, p.33). But according to 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, when 鈥渉鈥� is followed by nasals or semi vowels, it is articulated in the lungs^[2]. ii. 碍补峁囜弓丑测补 痴补谤峁嘺 (Velar or Guttural)鈥�

鈥�碍补峁囜弓丑测补鈥� is another important place of articulation. According to 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 鈥�a鈥�, 鈥渉鈥� and

鈥�惫颈蝉补谤箩补苍墨测补鈥� are called the velar series sounds.

鈥�迟谤补测补岣� ka峁囜弓hy膩岣� a 膩 膩3 ityavar峁噃ak膩ravisarjan墨y膩 iti鈥� (艢ik峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha, p.33)

iii. M奴rdhanya 痴补谤峁嘺 (Cerebral Consonant)

Cerebral consonants are pronounced at the top of the orifice of the mouth. In their pronunciation, the contact is made in the 鈥�尘奴谤诲丑补苍鈥� with the tip of the tongue rolled back or retroflexed. According to 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, the cerebral consonants are six in number^[3].

iv. T膩lavya 痴补谤峁嘺 (Palatal Consonant)

Consonants of the palatal series are called 鈥�迟腻濒补惫测补鈥� (Palatal) and they are declared to be formed against the palate by the middle of the tongue. They seem to have been brought forward in the mouth from the guttural point, and they are made against the hard palate at a point not for from the cerebral, but with the upper flat surface of the tongue instead of its point. The palatal consonants are nine in number, according to 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�^[4].

v. Dantya 痴补谤峁嘺 (Dental Consonant)

Sounds which produced at the teeth are called dental consonants. According to 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� dental consonants are eight in number鈥�

啶呧し啷嵿�熰�� 啶︵え啷嵿い啷嵿く啶距�� 啶�, 啷�, 啷∴ォ 啶囙い啶� 啶侧�冟さ啶班�嵿ぃ啷�
啶むぅ啶︵ぇ啶ㄠげ啶曕ぞ啶班じ啶曕ぞ啶班ぞ 啶囙い啶苦イ

a峁ａ弓au danty膩岣� 岣�, 岣�, 岣�3 iti l峁泇ar峁�
tathadadhanalak膩rasak膩r膩 iti| 

(艢颈办峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha, p.33)

vi. O峁ａ弓hy膩 Var峁嚹� (labial Consonants)

A full occlusion of the breath channel may be effected by the closure of the lower lip against the upper lip. Usually this closure is made chiefly by contact of the median and inner surfaces of the two lips. As the lips are the place of origin of the labial letters, they are called of origin of the labial letters, they are also called labial. 

According to 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, the labial series consists of nine numbers.鈥�

鈥溹え啶� 啶斷し啷嵿�犩�嵿く啶距�� 啶夃�娻�娻ォ
啶囙い啶苦�夃さ啶班�嵿ぃ啶�啶�啶�啶�啶�啶掂�曕ぞ啶班�嬥お啶о�嵿ぎ啶距え啷�啶�啶� 啶撪�曕ぞ啶班ざ啷嵿�氞�囙い啶苦��

鈥�nava au峁ａ弓hy膩岣� u奴奴3
itiuvar峁嘺paphababhamavak膩ropadhm膩n墨y膩 ok膩ra艣ceti|

(艢颈办峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha, p.33) 

vii. Dantam奴l墨ya var峁嘺 (The Root of the teeth)

Sound produced at the root of the teeth is called 诲补苍迟补尘奴濒墨测补 var峁嘺. According to 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� the 诲补苍迟补尘奴濒墨测补 var峁嘺 is one in number鈥�

啶忇�曕�� 啶︵え啷嵿い啶�啷傕げ啷�啶�啷� 啶班�囙か啶冟��

eko dantam奴l墨yo repha岣�|

(艢颈办峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha, p.33)

viii. Jihv膩m奴l墨y膩 惫补谤峁嚹� (The Roof of the tongue)

Speech sounds which are produced at the root of the tongue are called 箩颈丑惫腻尘奴濒墨测腻 惫补谤峁嚹�. 

According to the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� the 箩颈丑惫腻尘奴濒墨测腻 惫补谤峁嚹乻 are seven in number鈥�

啶膏お啷嵿い 啶溹た啶灌�嵿さ啶距ぎ啷傕げ啷�啶�啶距�� 啶� 啷� 啶嬥ォ 啶囙い啷嵿く啷冟さ啶班�嵿ぃ啶� 啶夃お啶距ぇ啷嵿ぎ啶距え啷�啶� 啶� 啶曕�栢�椸�樴�� 啶囙い啶苦イ

sapta 箩颈丑惫腻尘奴濒墨测腻岣� 峁� 峁� 峁�3 ity峁泇ar峁嘺岣� up膩dhm膩n墨ya ka kakhagagha峁卆 iti| 

(艢颈办峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha, p.33)

ix. Yama 

Literally Yama means 鈥渢win鈥�. The Yamas were said to be particular nasal sound occurring in the plosive + nasal consonant position, due to partial nasal plosion of the plosive. The Yamas are four in number. 

According to 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�鈥�

啶氞い啷嵿さ啶距ぐ啷� 啶�啶�啶距�� 啶曕�佮�� 啶栢�佮�� 啶椸�佮�� 啶樴�佮�� 啶囙い啶苦イ

catv膩ro yam膩岣� kum虗 khum虗 gum虗 ghum虗 iti|

(艢颈办峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha, p.33) 

The examples of these four kind of Yamas are presented by this 艢颈办峁Ｄ�鈥�

啶班�佮�曕�嵿�曕ぎ啷囙い啶� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶ムぎ啷� 啶溹�嵿�炧�囙く啶� 啶膏�曕�嵿ぅ啶� 啶囙い啷嵿く啶�啶班�� 啶�啶掂�囙い啷嵿イ 啶掂た啶︵�嵿く啶� 啶溹�嵿�炧ぞ啶ㄠ�� 啶む�� 啶む�冟い啷�啶�啶多�嵿�� 啶溹ぎ啷� 啶︵う啷嵿ぇ啷嵿ぎ啶多�嵿�氞い啷佮ぐ啷嵿ぅ啶曕�冟��

rukkameti prathamo j帽eya岣� sakth膩 ityaparo bhavet| 惫颈诲测腻 j帽膩ne tu t峁泃墨ya艣ca jam daddhma艣caturthaka岣�||

(驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 93)

These are two stages in the articulation of Yamas. The first stage is the implosive stage of the plosive and the second stage, the air begins to pass through the nasal cavity while the contact for the articulation of the following nasal consonant happens to be formal.

The 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� clearly says that the non鈥搉asal 蝉辫补谤艣腻 followed by nasals become their own Yamas and the Yamas are in conformity with the 鈥�蝉辫补谤艣腻鈥�.

啶呧お啶炧�嵿�氞ぎ啷堗ざ啷嵿�氞�堗�曕お啶︵�� 啶膏�傕く啷佮�曕�嵿い啶� 啶�啶炧�嵿�氞ぎ啶距�曕�嵿し啶班ぎ啷嵿��
啶夃い啷嵿お啶︵�嵿う啷嵿く啶む�� 啶�啶�啶膏�嵿い啶む�嵿ぐ 啶膏�嬥そ啶權�嵿�椸�� 啶�啷傕ぐ啷嵿さ啶距�曕�曕�嵿し啶班じ啷嵿く 啶灌た啷�

apa帽camai艣caikapade sa峁儁ukta峁� pa帽cam膩k峁�aram|
utpaddyate yamastatra so'峁単a峁� p奴rv膩kak峁�arasya hi||

(驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 94)

The 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� also prohibits the nasalization of hissing fricatives and states that when nasal consonants follow fricatives or semi-vowels, the Yamas leave them, just as the relatives of a dead man retire after leaving his corpse in the burial ground.

啶�啶炧�嵿�氞ぎ啶距�� 啶多し啶膏�堗ぐ啷嵿く啶曕�嵿い啶� 啶呧え啷嵿い啶膏�嵿ぅ啷堗ぐ啷嵿さ啶距お啶� 啶膏�傕く啷佮い啶距�冟イ
啶�啶�啶距じ啷嵿い啶む�嵿�� 啶ㄠた啶掂ぐ啷嵿い啷嵿い啶ㄠ�嵿い啷� 啶多�嵿ぎ啶多ぞ啶ㄠぞ啶︵た啶� 啶�啶距え啷嵿ぇ啶掂ぞ啶冟��

pa帽cam膩岣� 艣a峁�asairyakt膩 antasthairv膩pi sa峁儁ut膩岣�|
yam膩statra nivarttante 艣ma艣膩n膩diva b膩ndhav膩岣�||

(艢颈办峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha, p-33)

x. 础苍耻蝉惫腻谤补

It is a nasal sound lacking that closure of the organs which is required to make a nasal sound. There are some characteristics features of an 鈥�补苍耻蝉惫腻谤补鈥� 濒颈办别鈥�

a) It cannot stand before a vowel; we always find it as a corresponding nasal consonant before a vowel.
b) It cannot stand before a pause.
c) It cannot stands before a plosive consonant.

According to the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 鈥湶共猿懿醣鼓灏�补鈥� comes long after a short vowel, but short after a long vowel鈥�

啶掂ぐ啷嵿ぃ啷� 啶む�� 啶�啶距い啷嵿ぐ啶苦�曕�� 啶�啷傕ぐ啷嵿さ啷� 啶灌�嵿く啶ㄠ�佮じ啷嵿さ啶距ぐ啷� 啶︵�嵿さ啶苦ぎ啶距い啷嵿ぐ啶苦�曕�冟��
啶︵�嵿さ啶苦ぎ啶距い啷嵿ぐ啶苦�曕�� 啶�啶距い啷嵿ぐ啶苦�曕�� 啶膏�嵿く啶距い啷� 啶膏�傕く啷嬥�椸ぞ啶︵�嵿く啶多�嵿�� 啶�啷� 啶�啶掂�囙い啷嵿ゥ

var峁噀 tu m膩trike p奴rve hyanusv膩ro dvi尘腻迟谤颈办补岣�|
诲惫颈尘腻迟谤颈办别 尘腻迟谤颈办补岣� sy膩t sa峁儁og膩dya艣ca yo bhavet||

(驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,138)

啶呧え啷佮じ啷嵿さ啶距ぐ啶膏�嵿く啷嬥お啶班た啶粪�嵿�熰ぞ啶む�� 啶膏�傕く啷嬥�椸�� 啶�啶む�嵿ぐ 啶︵�冟ざ啷嵿く啶む�囙イ
啶灌�嵿ぐ啶膏�嵿さ啶� 啶む�� 啶む�� 啶掂た啶溹ぞ啶ㄠ��啶�啶距い啷� 啶膏�傕じ啷嵿ぅ啶距ぎ啶苦い啶� 啶︵ぐ啷嵿ざ啶ㄠぎ啷嵿ゥ

补苍耻蝉惫腻谤补syopari峁ａ弓膩t sa峁儁ogo yatra d峁浥泍ate|
hrasva峁� ta峁� tu vij膩n墨y膩t sa峁僺th膩miti dar艣anam||

(驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,140)

Now this Classification of speech sounds according to the place of articulation of 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� and 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� is summarized in the table 10.

Group	Letters	Place of articulation
auras膩 惫补谤峁嚹�	驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�-hva, hma (hv, hm) 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� -hn 虁, hn 虄, h峁�, hn, hm, hy, hr, hl, hv	ura (chest)
ka峁囜弓hy膩 惫补谤峁嚹�	驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�-a, h, visarga 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�-a, h	办补峁囜弓丑补 (Velar or Guttural)
m奴rdhyany膩 惫补谤峁嚹�	驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�-峁� 峁環 岣� 岣峢 峁�,峁� 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�-峁�,峁� 峁環 岣� 岣峢 峁�,r,峁�	尘奴谤诲丑腻 (Cerebral)
t膩lavy膩 惫补谤峁嚹�	驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�-i,c ch j jh 帽,y,艣,e 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�-i,c ch j jh 帽,y,艣	迟腻濒耻 (Palatal)
danty膩 惫补谤峁嚹�	驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�-岣�,t,th,d,dh,n,l,s 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�-岣�,t,th,d,dh,n,l,s	danta (Teeth)
au峁ａ弓y膩 惫补谤峁嚹�	驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�-u,p,ph,b,bh,m,v,耻辫补诲丑尘腻苍墨测补,o 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�-u,p,ph,b,bh,m	辞峁ａ弓丑补 (Palatal)
诲补苍迟补尘奴濒墨测补 var峁嘺	驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�-repha	诲补苍迟补尘奴濒补尘 (Root of the teeth)
箩颈丑惫腻尘奴濒墨测补 惫补谤峁嚹�	驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�-峁�,k,kh,g,gh,峁� 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�-k,kh,g,gh,峁�	箩颈丑惫腻尘奴濒补尘 (Root of the tongue)
yam膩 惫补谤峁嚹�	驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�-kum虗 khum虗 gum虗 ghum虗 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�-kum虗 khum虗 gum虗 ghum虗	狈腻蝉颈办腻
补苍耻蝉惫腻谤补惫补谤峁嚹�	驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�-hrasva 补苍耻蝉惫腻谤补, 诲墨谤驳丑补 补苍耻蝉惫腻谤补 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�-hrasva 补苍耻蝉惫腻谤补, 诲墨谤驳丑补 补苍耻蝉惫腻谤补	狈腻蝉颈办腻

Table: 10 -Classification of speech sounds according to the place of articulation of 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补-艢颈办峁Ｄ� and 笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

鈥渟var膩峁嚹佱箖 yatropasa峁僪膩rastat 蝉迟丑腻苍补m yadupasa峁僪arati tat办补谤补峁嘺m, anye峁Ｄ佱箖 tu yatra spar艣anam tatra 蝉迟丑腻苍补m, yena spar艣ayati tat 办补谤补峁嘺m|鈥� (Taittir墨yaprati艣膩khya,2.31-34)

[2]:

笔腻峁噄苍墨测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,16

[3]:

鈥溼梗a峁嚦九�谤诲丑补苍y膩岣� 峁璦峁環a岣峚岣峢a峁嘺峁Ｄ� iti|鈥�

[4]:

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