365bet娱乐

Linguistic function or communication of meaning through writing or printing would require a non-phonetic set of symbols, that is 鈥渓etters鈥�. Traditional enumerations of phonetically independent letters in Sanskrit are sixty five in number. Although the number of letters and the order, in which they are stated, differ in different treatises; still, qualitatively they are much the same. The total numbers of letters is not mentioned in the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, but according to the view of 鈥�痴颈惫峁泃颈办腻谤补鈥� the total number of letter is sixty five.

In the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� the categories or Sanskrit letter are mentioned clearly. For example鈥�

啶膏�嵿さ啶班ぞ啶冣�断じ啷嵿お啶班�嵿ざ啶距え啷嵿い啶膏�嵿く啷嬥し啷嵿ぎ啶距ぃ啶�.啶曕ぃ啷嵿�熰�嵿く-啶溹た啶灌�嵿さ啶距ぎ啷傕げ啷�啶�啶むぞ啶侧さ啷嵿��-啶�啷傕ぐ啷嵿う啷嵿ぇ啶ㄠ�嵿く-啶︵え啷嵿い啷嵿く啷嬥し啷嵿�犩�嵿く-啶�啶�啶距え啷佮じ啷嵿さ啶距ぐ啶掂た啶膏ぐ啷嵿�溹え啷�啶�啷嬥お啶о�嵿ぎ啶距え啷赌啶�-啶ㄠぞ啶膏た啶曕�嵿く啶距そ啶ㄠ�佮え啶距じ啶苦�曕�嵿く啶班�權�嵿�椸ぞ啶�

蝉惫补谤腻岣�鈥攕辫补谤艣腻苍迟补蝉测辞峁�m腻峁嘺岣�.办补峁囜弓测补-箩颈丑惫腻尘奴濒墨测补迟腻濒补惫测补-尘奴谤诲诲丑补苍测补-诲补苍迟测辞峁ａ弓丑测补-测补尘腻苍耻蝉惫腻谤补惫颈蝉补谤箩补苍墨测辞辫补诲丑尘腻苍墨测补-苍腻蝉颈办测腻'苍耻苍腻蝉颈办测补谤补峁単腻岣�

(艢颈办峁Ｄ乻a峁僩raha, p.13)

According to the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� the total number of letters is sixty five which is summarized in the table 9.

According to the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� the 鈥�y鈥� was said to be of three kinds鈥�

i. Heavy (the gloss explains it as 鈥減ronounced with great obstruction鈥�).
ii. Light.
iii. Very light.

Sanskrit Letters according to 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�
Group	Letters	Number
VOWELS	a, 膩, i, 墨, 峁�, 岣�, e, ai, o, au, 膩3, 墨3, u, 奴, 奴3, 诲墨谤驳丑补 峁�,峁�3,诲墨谤驳丑补 岣�,pluta 岣�,e3, ai3, o3, au3	23
CONSONANTS
STOPS	K, kh, g, gh, 峁�, c, ch,,j, jh, 帽, 峁�, 峁環, 岣�, 岣峢, 峁�, t, th, d, dh, n, p, ph, b, bh, m,	25
SEMI VOWEL	y,v, r,l	04
SPIRANT	艣 s 峁� h	04
Yama	kum虗 khum虗 gum虗 ghum虗	04
础测辞驳补惫腻丑补	补苍耻蝉惫腻谤补, 箩颈丑惫腻尘奴濒墨测补, 耻辫补诲丑尘腻苍墨测补, visarga, 苍腻蝉颈办测补惫补谤峁嘺	05
Total Number of Letters		65

Table: 9 Sanskrit Letters according to 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�

In the beginning of a word as per 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, it was heavy; in the interior-slightly light; and at the end-very light. The 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ� clearly says that the 鈥�y鈥� was to be pronounced as 鈥�箩鈥� in the beginning of a hemistich, in the beginning of a word, in a consonant group, or after a 鈥�avagraha鈥� and otherwise it was to be pronounced as 鈥�y鈥浓赌�

啶�啶距う啶距う啷� 啶� 啶�啶︵ぞ啶︵�� 啶� 啶膏�傕く啷嬥�椸ぞ啶掂�椸�嵿ぐ啶灌�囙し啷� 啶�啷佮��
啶溹ざ啶�啷嵿�� 啶囙い啶� 啶掂た啶溹�嵿�炧�囙く啷� 啶�啷嬥そ啶ㄠ�嵿く啶� 啶� 啶� 啶囙い啶� 啶膏�嵿ぎ啷冟い啶冟��

p膩d膩dau ca pad膩dau ca sa峁儁og膩vagrahe峁�u yu岣�
ja艣abda iti vij帽eyo yo'nya岣� sa ya iti sm峁泃a岣�||

(驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 150)

But 鈥测鈥� remained a semi-vowel in the initial syllable of a word when it was preceded by a prefix as in the word 鈥�vidyut鈥浓赌�

啶夃お啶膏ぐ啷嵿�椸お啶班�� 啶�啶膏�嵿い啷� 啶�啶︵ぞ啶︵た啶班お啶� 啶︵�冟ざ啷嵿く啶む�囙イ
啶堗し啶む�嵿じ啷嵿お啷冟し啷嵿�熰�� 啶�啶ム�� 啶掂た啶︵�嵿く啷佮い啷� 啶�啶︵�氞�嵿�涏�囙う啷� 啶�啶班�� 啶�啶掂�囙い啷嵿ゥ

upasargaparo yastu pad膩dirapi d峁浥泍ate|
墨峁�atsp峁涐梗峁璷 yath膩 vidyut padacchede paro bhavet||

(驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 151)

Being preceded by a nasal consonant in the same word, 鈥�y鈥� was to be heavy^[1], although when a product of 鈥�sandhi鈥�, it was light^[2]. 鈥�Y鈥� when combined with 鈥渉鈥� or 鈥渞鈥�, or when followed by 鈥溼箾鈥�, was heavy; but not so if it was combined with any other sound鈥�

啶灌�曕ぞ啶班ぐ啷囙か啶膏�傕く啷佮�曕�嵿い啶嬥さ啶班�嵿ぃ啷嬥う啶� 啶忇さ 啶掂ぞ啷�
啶膏�佮じ啷嵿お啷冟し啷嵿�熰�� 啶む�� 啶掂た啶溹ぞ啶ㄠ��啶�啶距う啷� 啶�啶曕ぞ啶班�� 啶ㄠぞ啶ㄠ�嵿く啶�啷佮�椸�� 啶�啶︵た啷�

hak膩rarephasa峁儁ukta峁泇ar峁噊daya eva v膩|
susp峁涐梗峁璦峁� ta峁� vij膩n墨y膩d yak膩ro n膩nyayug yadi||

(驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,56)

According to the 驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�, 鈥�v鈥� was to be of three kinds -

i. 鈥淗eavy鈥� as in the beginning of a word, 鈥�v鈥� was heavy.
ii. 鈥淟ight鈥� as in the interior of a word.
iii. 鈥淰ery light鈥� as at the end of a word.

啶掂�曕ぞ啶班じ啷嵿い啷嵿ぐ啶苦さ啶苦ぇ啶� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啷嬥�曕�嵿い啷� 啶椸�佮ぐ啷佮ぐ啷嵿げ啶樴�佮ぐ啷嵿げ啶樴�佮い啶班�冟イ
啶嗋う啷� 啶椸�佮ぐ啷佮ぐ啷嵿げ啶樴�佮ぐ啷嵿ぎ啶о�嵿く啷� 啶�啶︵ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿い啷� 啶� 啶侧�樴�佮い啶班�冟��

vak膩rastrividha岣� prokto gururlaghurlaghutara岣�|
膩dau gururlaghurmadhye pad膩nte ca laghutara岣�||

(驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,53)

On the other hand, the 鈥渧鈥�, when arising from 鈥�sandhi鈥� or preceded by a prefix was said to be light; but it was optionally a semi-vowel after the words 鈥�atha鈥� 鈥渕膩鈥�,` s膩鈥� and 鈥�na鈥浓赌�

啶膏え啷嵿ぇ啶苦�溹�� 啶� 啶�啶︵ぞ啶ㄠ�嵿い啷�啶�啶距さ啷佮お啶膏ぐ啷嵿�椸お啶班�� 啶侧�樴�傕イ
啶呧ぅ 啶�啶� 啶� 啶ㄠざ啶�啷嵿う啷囙き啷嵿く啷� 啶掂た啶�啶距し啶距そ啶�啷嵿ぐ啷囙ぁ啶苦い啷� 啶�啶掂�屶ゥ

sandhijau ca pad膩nt墨y膩vupasargaparau lagh奴|
atha m膩 sa na艣abdebhyo vibh膩峁Ｄ�'mre岣峣te yavau||

(驰腻箩帽补惫补濒办测补 艢颈办峁Ｄ�,54)

Footnotes and references:

[back to top]

[1]:

鈥�pa帽jam膩duttaro yo vo yadi naikapade bhavet| sa峁僪it膩y膩峁� 濒补驳丑耻岣� so'tha padak膩le gururbhavet||鈥�

[2]:

鈥渟andhijau ca pad膩nt墨y膩vupasargaparau lagh奴|鈥�