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[Full title: Kohala as seen in citations (21): 厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺 (1718 -1767 C.E.), 厂补峁単墨迟腻谤峁嘺惫补肠补苍诲谤颈办补 (1689 C.E.) and 厂补峁単墨迟补蝉补谤补峁噄 (18th鈥�19th century C.E.)]

In the course of this study on Kohala in published literature, very few strains of common material have been found. One such instance is in the case of works such as 厂补峁僩墨迟补-苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺 of 笔耻谤耻峁�o迟迟补尘补 Mi艣r膩, Sa峁僩墨t膩r峁嘺va-candrika of 狈墨濒补办补峁囜弓丑补 and 厂补峁僩墨迟补-蝉补谤补峁噄 of N膩r膩ya峁嘺 Mi艣r膩 which were all written after the 17th century C.E. in the Orissa region. Though 厂补峁単墨迟补蝉补谤补峁噄 is a later work than 厂补峁単墨迟补蝉腻谤腻尘峁泃补 (which is being taken up next), it has been included under this heading due to abundance of common material and in order to avoid repetitions.

One of the most important features found in these 濒补办峁�a峁嘺驳谤补苍迟丑补蝉 is that all of them mention a work of Kohala titled 碍辞丑补濒墨测补尘. It is interesting to note that no other earlier work mentions this title. There is however an unpublished work called 碍辞丑补濒墨测补尘 础产丑颈苍补测补艣腻蝉迟谤补尘 which is mentioned in the descriptive catalogue GOML (Acc no. D12989). It is unfortunate that this work is presently unavailable (ref. para 4.5). A question would arise here as to whether these two works could have been identical. But this seems unlikely, because the title 础产丑颈苍补测补艣腻蝉迟谤补尘 suggests that the work deals with aspects of 苍峁泃测补, but the 碍辞丑补濒墨测补尘 which is referred to in the Orissa works speaks of many aspects pertaining to 驳墨迟补, 惫腻诲测补 and construction of a play-house etc. also.

There are very few works on sa峁叢的�迟�� in this period to speak collectively about aspects of 驳墨迟补, 惫腻诲测补, 苍峁泃测补 and even some subjects like the construction of an auditorium. In the many instances where Kohala, or his work 碍辞丑补濒墨测补 [碍辞丑补濒墨测补尘] are mentioned, these three works seem to repeat the same verses. The topics where references to Kohala are found in each of these works are shown in the table below and the repetition of the same 艣濒辞办补蝉 is brought out in the three columns. In the table, the columns marked 鈥淩ef-K鈥� indicate that there is a reference from Kohala along with an acknowledgement of his name. The columns marked 鈥淩ef鈥� indicate that the same reference is seen but there is no acknowledgement of Kohala鈥檚 name. The columns marked 鈥�-鈥渋ndicate that that particular reference is not to be seen in this work.

Subject	厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺	厂补峁単墨迟腻谤峁嘺惫补肠补苍诲谤颈办补	厂补峁単墨迟补蝉补谤补峁噄
1. 狈腻诲补	Ref-K	Ref	-
2. 艢谤耻迟颈	Ref-K	Ref-K	Ref-K
3. 惭奴谤肠肠丑补苍腻	Ref-K	Ref	-
4. 峁⒛佱笉ava 搁腻驳补蝉	Ref-K	Ref-K	Ref-K
5. Au岣峚va 搁腻驳补蝉	Ref-K	Ref	Ref-K
6. 厂补尘辫奴谤峁嘺 搁腻驳补蝉	Ref-K	Ref	-
7. Varieties of Gau岣峚 r膩ga	Ref-K	-	-
8. 厂奴谤测腻峁兣沘 颁补苍诲谤补尘腻峁兣沘 谤腻驳补蝉	Ref-K	-	-
9. 笔补谤颈丑腻谤补 for not singing 谤腻驳补蝉 in the prescribed time	Ref-K	Ref	Ref-K
10. Time theory	-	Ref-K	-
11. 骋墨迟补办补	Ref-K	Ref-K	Ref-K
12. 颁补迟耻谤补艣谤补 laya	Ref-K	-	-
13. List of 谤奴辫补办补蝉 and upa谤奴辫补办补蝉	Ref-K	-	Ref-K
14. List of ornaments	Ref-K	Ref-K	-
15. Hasta	Ref-K	-	-
16. 础濒补峁卥腻谤补 顿峁涐梗峁璱蝉	Ref-K	-	-
17. Construction of Auditorium	Ref-K	Ref-K	-

The work 厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺 shows the maximum number of references to Kohala. There are many common references in 厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺 and 厂补峁単墨迟腻谤峁嘺惫补肠补苍诲谤颈办腻, but in five specific instances in 厂补峁単墨迟腻谤苍补惫补肠补苍诲谤颈办腻 (which are seen in the above table), the name of Kohala or the work 碍辞丑补濒墨测补尘 are not found. These verses are linked to Kohala by virtue of their being found in 厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺 where these have been attributed to Kohala. 厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺 gives an elaborate list of 谤奴辫补办补蝉 and upa谤奴辫补办补蝉 (ref.para 2.3.7.5). He also gives Kohala鈥檚 definition of 苍腻峁瓂补. N膩r膩ya峁嘺 Mi艣r膩 also refers to Kohala on this subject, but his citation is limited to the definition of 苍腻峁瓂补 and the list of da艣a谤奴辫补办补蝉. 

These two works, authored by father and son, give a fine definition of 苍腻峁瓂补鈥�

啶ㄠ�熰じ啷嵿く啶距い啶苦お啷嵿ぐ啶掂��啶｀じ啷嵿く 啶曕ぐ啷嵿ぎ啶む�嵿さ啶距え啷嵿え啶距�熰�嵿く啶�啷佮�氞�嵿く啶む��

na峁璦sy膩tiprav墨峁嘺sya karmatv膩n苍腻峁瓂补mucyate

Apart from the references that are mentioned in the above table, there are a few others wherein the name of Kohala is mentioned, but no technical concept of his is found. For instance, in 厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺, while a variety of 濒腻蝉测补 called yauvata 濒腻蝉测补 is being discussed, the author mentions that they are linked to the types of 苍峁泃迟补 called 岣峯尘产颈办腻 and 产丑腻峁噄办腻 which have been spoken of by Kohala (ref.para 2.2.2). But 笔耻谤耻峁�o迟迟补尘补 Mi艣r膩 does not delve into this topic. 

Here the author also states that this two-fold classification of 濒腻蝉测补 into sphurita-濒腻蝉测补 and yauvata-濒腻蝉测补 is not spoken of by Bharata, Kohala or even 艢腻谤峁単补诲别惫补.

啶膏�嵿か啷佮ぐ啶苦い啶�啷屶さ啶むぐ啷傕お啶むく啶� 啶侧ぞ啶膏�嵿く啶膏�嵿く 啶︵�嵿さ啷堗さ啶苦ぇ啷嵿く啶� 啶� 啶�啶班い啶曕�嬥す啶侧ぞ啶︵た啶�啷嵿ぐ啶距�氞��啶ㄠぞ啶氞ぞ啶班�嵿く啷堗ぐ啶距ぇ啷佮え啶苦�曕�堗�� 啶多ぞ啶班�嵿�權�嵿�椸う啷囙さ啶距う啶苦き啶苦ぐ啶�啶� 啶� 啶侧た啶栢た啶むぎ啷� 啷�

sphuritayauvatar奴patay膩 濒腻蝉测补sya dvaividhya峁� ca bharatakohal膩dipr膩c墨n膩c膩ryair膩dhunikai岣� 艣膩r峁単adev膩dibhirapi na likhitam |^[1]

The period between the 16th and 18th centuries C.E. saw the appearance of many works of a specialized nature. For instance, 颁补迟耻谤诲补峁囜笉颈辫谤补办补艣颈办腻 of Ve峁卥atamakhi dealt with the subject of the four 诲补峁囜笉颈蝉 and 罢腻濒补诲补艣补辫谤腻峁嘺辫谤补诲墨辫颈办腻 of Pol奴ri Govinda Kavi dealt with the 迟腻濒补-诲补艣补-辫谤腻峁嘺蝉. They did not delineate other aspects of sa峁叢的�迟�� at all. In other words, a particular aspect within the framework of either 驳墨迟补, 惫腻诲测补 or 苍峁泃测补 would be taken up and elaborated into an entire 濒补办峁�a峁嘺驳谤补苍迟丑补. In the light of such a trend, it is rare to find a work such as 厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺 which deals not only with the aspects of 驳墨迟补, 惫腻诲测补 and 苍峁泃测补, but also includes details of construction of a theatrical auditorium etc. This in turn has proved to be highly significant in the study of Kohala, as it adds another angle to his personality. Further, an overall view of the range of subjects dealt with in this work of Kohala鈥檚 gives us a picture of a very elaborate 濒补办峁�a峁嘺驳谤补苍迟丑补.

It is certain that the authors of the Orissa works had access to a work attributed to Kohala titled 碍辞丑补濒墨测补尘. An earlier text of this region titled Sa峁叢的�迟补d膩modara of 艢耻产丑补峁卥补谤补 (Circa 15th century C.E.) has been referred to several times in these Orissa works. It is however interesting that there is no reference to Kohala in this work. This could mean that either the 碍辞丑补濒墨测补尘 in the possession of the Orissa authors was one that was written after the time of 艢耻产丑补峁卥补谤补, or they got possession of this work from another source (probably South India as mentioned by 笔耻谤耻峁�o迟迟补尘补 惭颈艣谤补鈥�D膩k峁�i峁嚹乼y膩stu Kohalan膩magr膩ham pa峁環anti鈥攔ef. para 2.1.9.6.1) after the time of Sa峁叢的�迟补d膩modara. 

When the references to Kohala found in the Orissa works are compared to those in earlier 濒补办峁�a峁嘺驳谤补苍迟丑补蝉 like 叠峁沨补诲诲别艣墨, 础产丑颈苍补惫补产丑腻谤补迟墨, 碍补濒腻苍颈诲丑颈 etc., it can be found that there is no common material amongst these works. This would lead us to believe that the work(s) of Kohala which the earlier authors had referred to was different from the one used in the Orissa works. One significant point is 厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺 contains a passage attributed to Kohala on the subject of s奴ry膩峁兣沘-candram膩峁兣沘 谤腻驳补蝉 (ref.para 2.1.9.6.1). The very same set of verses has been found in the manuscripts of Kohalamatam and Kohalarahasyam. This seems to be the only case wherein a match between the secondary and primary sources of Kohala could be established. No other 濒补办峁�a峁嘺驳谤补苍迟丑补 carries references of Kohala which is also found in the manuscripts attributed to him. 

If this work 碍辞丑补濒墨测补尘 mentioned in the Orissa works is taken to be a composition of the original Kohala (referred to by Bharata), why do we not find a single mention of either the title or its contents anywhere in a period ranging more than 15 centuries? This theory does not seem tenable. It is likely that there existed an author between the 15th and 17th century C.E. who was called Kohala and who wrote a work of massive proportions covering a wide range of subject. It is also possible that 碍辞丑补濒墨测补尘 was a work of a writer who used the name of Kohala in order to gain some popularity and respectability for his work. The period upto the 18th/ 19th centuries C.E. is the last to see the name of Kohala and his work being used in 濒补办峁�a峁嘺驳谤补苍迟丑补蝉. After the 19th century C.E., with the advent of musical literature being written in english and other regional languages, the tradition of writing 濒补办峁�a峁嘺驳谤补苍迟丑补蝉 in 蝉补峁僺办峁泃补 came to an end and consequently, the presence of Kohala in technical treatises on music and dance is found to have greatly diminished.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

Sa峁単ista苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺: 2009: Vol. II: p.420