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1 Kapittha Hasta

啶むぐ啷嵿�溹え啷� 啶多た啶栢ぐ啶距�栢�嵿く啶膏�嵿�� 啶掂�曕�嵿ぐ啶距�權�嵿�椸�佮し啷嵿�犩ぞ啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�啷�啶∴た啶むぞ 啷�
啶�啶︵�� 啶むう啶� 啶曕お啶苦い啷嵿ぅ啶� 啶膏�嵿く啶距い啷嵿�� 啶忇さ啷囙い啷嵿く啶� 啶曕�嬥す啶侧�� 啷� 啷�.啷┼ガ啷� 啷�

迟补谤箩补苍墨 艣ikhar膩khyasya 惫补办谤腻峁単u峁ａ弓h膩grap墨岣峣t膩 |
yad膩 tad膩 kapittha岣� sy膩tsa evetyaha kohala岣� || 3.369 ||

鈥�(厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺, Vol II, p. 572)

笔耻谤耻峁�o迟迟补尘补 Mi艣r膩 presents Kohala鈥檚 definition of the kapittha hasta. He says that鈥�

鈥楢ccording to Kohala when the forefinger of 艣颈办丑补谤补 is bent touching the thumb it is known as kapittha鈥�^[1].

The author also gives another definition for the kapittha hasta from the work 厂补峁単墨迟补办补濒辫补迟补谤耻.

啶膏�權�嵿�椸��啶む�曕げ啷嵿お啶むぐ啷� 啶む��- 啶呧�權�嵿�椸�佮し啷嵿�犩さ啶距ぎ啶�啶距�椸�� 啶む�� 啶むぐ啷嵿�溹え啷� 啶�啷�啶∴く啷囙う啷嵿く啶︵た 啷� 啶囙い啷嵿く啷佮�曕�嵿い啶�啷�,

sa峁単墨takalpatarau tu- a峁単u峁ａ弓hav膩mabh膩ga峁� tu 迟补谤箩补苍墨 p墨岣峚yedyadi | ityuktam,

鈥�厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺: 2009: Vol. II: p. 574

According to 笔耻谤耻峁�o迟迟补尘补 惭颈艣谤补, the kapittha hasta is to be used to depict bows and arrows, discus, spears called tomar and kunta, mace, javelin, thunderbolt, shield, axe and others.

He also mentions an interchangeable relationship between the kapittha and 艣颈办丑补谤补 hastas.

啶多ぐ啶氞ぞ啶�啶氞�曕�嵿ぐ啶む�嬥ぎ啶班�曕�佮え啷嵿い啶椸う啶距ざ啶曕�嵿い啶苦さ啶溹�嵿ぐ啶氞ぐ啷嵿ぎ啶距ぃ啶� 啷�
啶多じ啷嵿い啷嵿ぐ啶距ぃ啷嵿く啶�啶苦え啷囙く啶距え啶苦い啷� 啶曕ぞ啶班�嵿く啶� 啶�啶苦ぅ啷嵿く啶� 啶� 啶膏い啷嵿く啶� 啶� 啷� 啷�.啷┼キ啷� 啷�
啶�啶班ざ啷佮い啷佮ぐ啷嵿く啶距う啶苦�曕ぎ啶�啶� 啶�啶︵�� 啶栢げ啷� 啶�啶侧�嵿げ啶距う啶苦�曕�� 啶氞ぞ啶�啶� 啷�
啶曕�囙�氞た啶む�嵿い啷� 啶多た啶栢ぐ啶曕お啶苦い啷嵿ぅ啶距さ啶苦い啶班�� 啶曕ぞ啶班�嵿く啶曕ぞ啶班た啶｀�� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶距す啷佮�� 啷� 啷�.啷┼キ啷� 啷�

艣arac膩pacakratomarakuntagad膩艣aktivajracarm膩峁噄 |
艣astr膩峁噛abhiney膩nitu k膩rya峁� mithy膩 ca satya峁� ca || 3.370 ||
para艣utury膩dikamapi yadi khalu bhall膩dika峁� c膩pi |
kecittu 艣颈办丑补谤补kapitth膩vitare k膩ryak膩ri峁嘺u pr膩hu岣� || 3.371 ||

鈥�厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺: 2009: Vol. II: p. 574

Bharata鈥檚 definition of the kapittha hasta coincides with the definition of Kohala presented in this work:

啶呧じ啷嵿く啷堗さ 啶多た啶栢ぐ啶距�栢�嵿く啶膏�嵿�� 啶灌�嵿く啶權�嵿�椸�佮し啷嵿�犩�曕え啶苦お啷�啶∴た啶むぞ 啷�
啶�啶︵�� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶︵�囙ざ啶苦え啷� 啶掂�曕�嵿ぐ啶� 啶� 啶曕お啶苦い啷嵿ぅ啶膏�嵿い啶︵�� 啶膏�嵿ぎ啷冟い啶� 啷� 啷�.啷�啷� 啷�
啶呧じ啶苦�氞ぞ啶�啶氞�曕�嵿ぐ啶む�嬥ぎ啶班�曕�� 啶ㄠ�嵿い啶椸う啶距ざ啶曕�嵿い啶苦さ啶溹�嵿ぐ啶掂ぐ啷嵿�椸ぞ啶｀た 啷�
啶多じ啷嵿い啷嵿ぐ啶距ぃ啷嵿く啶�啶苦え啷囙く啶距え啶� 啶む�� 啶曕ぞ啶班�嵿く啶� 啶�啶ム�嵿く啶� 啶� 啶膏い啷嵿く啶� 啶� 啷� 啷�.啷�啷� 啷�

asyaiva 艣ikhar膩khyasya hya峁単u峁ａ弓hakanip墨岣峣t膩 |
yad膩 prade艣in墨 惫补办谤腻 sa kapitthastad膩 sm峁泃a岣� | 9.59 ||
asic膩pacakratomaraku ntagad膩艣aktivajravarg膩峁噄 |
艣astr膩峁噛abhiney膩ni tu k膩rya峁� pathya峁� ca satya峁� ca || 9.60 ||

鈥�狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 of Bharatamuni: 2001: GOS Vol. II: p. 40

M. M. Ghosh translates the term kapittha as the elephant-apple gesture and explains that it is represented by the thumb pressing a bent forefinger of the 艣颈办丑补谤补 hasta.

The same definition is also found in 狈补苍诲颈办别艣惫补谤补鈥檚 础产丑颈苍补测补诲补谤辫补峁嘺.

啶呧�權�嵿�椸�佮し啷嵿�犩ぎ啷傕ぐ啷嵿ぇ啷嵿え啶苦ざ啶苦�栢ぐ啷� 啶掂�曕�嵿ぐ啶苦い啶� 啶�啶︵�� 啶むぐ啷嵿�溹え啷� 啷� 啷┼ウ啷�啶氞�嵿う啷� 啷�
啶曕お啶苦い啷嵿ぅ啶距�栢�嵿く啶� 啶曕ぐ啶� 啶膏�嬥そ啶�啶� 啶曕��啶班�嵿い啶苦い啷� 啶ㄠ�冟い啷嵿い啶曕�嬥さ啶苦う啷堗�� 啷� 啷┼ウ啷�啶呧が啷� 啷�

a峁単u峁ａ弓ham奴rdhni艣ikhare vakrit膩 yadi 迟补谤箩补苍墨 || 306cd ||
kapitth膩khya岣� kara岣� so'ya峁� k墨rtito 苍峁泃迟补kovidai岣� || 307ab ||

鈥敶〔�丑颈苍补测补诲补谤辫补峁嘺m of 狈补苍诲颈办别艣惫补谤补: 1997: p.191

It is interesting to note that though the definitions of Bharata and Kohala in the case of the kapittha hasta are the same, 笔耻谤耻峁�o迟迟补尘补 Mi艣r膩 has opted to mention Kohala鈥檚 opinion instead of Bharata鈥檚.

2 N峁泃ta hasta

啶氞い啷佮ぐ啶多�嵿ぐ啶距さ啶ム�嬥う啷嵿さ啷冟い啷嵿い啷� 啶灌じ啷嵿い啷� 啶むげ啶�啷佮�栢ぞ啶�啶苦う啷� 啷� 啷�啷�啶氞�嵿う啷� 啷�
啶膏�嵿さ啶膏�嵿い啶苦�曕�� 啶掂た啶�啷嵿ぐ啶曕��啶班�嵿ぃ啶距�栢�嵿く啶距さ啶班ぞ啶侧�曕�熰�曕ぞ啶�啷佮�栢�� 啷�
啶嗋さ啶苦う啷嵿ぇ啶掂�曕�嵿い啷嵿ぐ啷� 啶膏�傕�氞�嵿く啶距じ啷� 啶班�囙�氞た啶むぞ啶掂ぐ啷嵿ぇ啶班�囙�氞た啶む�� 啷� 啷�啷� 啷�
啶ㄠた啶むぎ啷嵿が啷� 啶�啶侧�嵿げ啶掂�� 啶曕�囙ざ啶�啶ㄠ�嵿ぇ啶距さ啷佮い啷嵿い啶距え啶掂�傕�氞た啶む�� 啷�
啶侧い啶距�栢�嵿く啷� 啶曕ぐ啶苦す啶膏�嵿い啶多�嵿�� 啶�啶曕�嵿し啶掂�傕�氞た啶む�曕ぞ啶�啶苦ぇ啷� 啷� 啷�啷� 啷�
啶�啶曕�嵿し啶�啷嵿ぐ啶︵�嵿く啷嬥い啶曕�� 啶︵ぃ啷嵿ぁ啶�啶曕�嵿し啷� 啶椸ぐ啷佮ぁ啶�啶曕�嵿し啶曕�� 啷�
啶娻ぐ啷嵿ぇ啷嵿さ啶�啶｀�嵿ぁ啶侧た啶ㄠ�� 啶灌じ啷嵿い啷屶お啶距ぐ啷嵿ざ啷嵿さ啶�啶｀�嵿ぁ啶侧た啶ㄠぞ啶掂お啶� 啷� 啷�啷� 啷�
啶夃ぐ啷嬥ぎ啶｀�嵿ぁ啶侧た啶ㄠ�� 啶膏�嵿く啶距い啶距ぎ啷佮ぐ啶� 啶�啶距ぐ啷嵿ざ啷嵿さ啶距ぐ啷嵿ぇ啶�啶｀�嵿ぁ啶侧�� 啷�
啶�啷佮し啷嵿�熰た啶曕じ啷嵿さ啶膏�嵿い啶苦�曕ぞ啶掂え啷嵿く啷� 啶ㄠげ啶苦え啷�啶�啶︵�嵿ぎ啶曕�嬥ざ啶曕�� 啷� 啷�啷� 啷�
啶呧げ啶�啶︵�嵿ぎ啶距さ啷佮げ啷嵿さ啶｀�� 啶� 啶掂げ啶苦い啷� 啶侧げ啶苦い啶距さ啶苦い啶� 啷�
啶ㄠ�冟い啷嵿い啶灌じ啷嵿い啶� 啶�啶むぞ啶膏�嵿い啷嵿ぐ啶苦�傕ざ啶ㄠ�嵿え啷冟い啷嵿い啶�啷嵿ぐ啶距く啶距�� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶膏た啶︵�嵿ぇ啶苦い啶� 啷� 啷�啷� 啷�
啶忇い啶距え啶�啶苦え啶�啷囙そ啶�啷嵿く啶距す啷佮ぐ啶距�氞ぞ啶班�嵿く啶距�� 啶曕�嬥す啶侧ぞ啶︵く啶� 啷�
啶多ぞ啶膏�嵿い啷嵿ぐ啷囙し啷� 啶膏ぎ啷嵿お啷嵿ぐ啶︵ぞ啶�啷囙し啷� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶�啷嬥�溹�嵿く啶ㄠ�嵿い啷� 啶掂た啶氞�曕�嵿し啶｀�堗�� 啷� 啷�啷� 啷�

catura艣r膩vathodv峁泃tau hastau talamukh膩bhidau || 84cd ||
svastikau viprak墨r峁嚹乲hy膩var膩laka峁璦k膩mukhau |
腻惫颈诲诲丑补惫补办迟谤补u s奴cy膩sau recit膩vardharecitau || 85 ||
nitambau pallavau ke艣abandh膩vutt膩nava峁僣itau |
濒补迟腻khyau karihasta艣ca pak峁�ava峁僣itak膩bhidhau || 86 ||
辫补办峁�a辫谤补诲测辞迟补办补u 诲补峁囜笉补辫补办峁�au 驳补谤耻岣峚辫补办峁�akau |
奴谤诲丑惫补尘补峁囜笉补濒颈苍au hastau辫腻谤艣惫补尘补峁囜笉补濒颈苍膩vapi || 87 ||
耻谤辞尘补峁囜笉补濒颈苍au sy膩t膩mura岣� p膩r艣v膩rdhama峁囜笉alau |
mu峁ａ弓ikasvastik膩vanyau 苍补濒颈苍墨辫补诲尘补办辞艣补kau || 88 ||
alapadm膩vulva峁嘺u ca valitau lalit膩viti |
苍峁泃迟补hast膩 mat膩stri峁兣沘n苍峁泃迟补pr膩y膩岣� prasiddhita岣� || 89 ||
et膩nabhinaye'py膩hur膩c膩ry膩岣� kohal膩daya岣� |
艣膩stre峁�u samprad膩ye峁�u prayojyante vicak峁�a峁嘺i岣� || 90 ||

鈥�(厂补峁単墨迟补蝉奴谤测辞诲补测补, Chapter II, p.128)

Lak峁�min膩r膩yana, in the above verses list out the names of the 狈峁泃迟补丑补蝉迟补蝉. They are:

1. 肠补迟耻谤补艣谤补;
2. 耻诲惫峁泃迟补;
3. talamukha;
4. svastika;
5. 惫颈辫谤补办墨谤峁嘺;
6. 补谤腻濒补办丑补峁璦办腻尘耻办丑补;
7. 腻惫颈诲诲丑补惫补办迟谤补;
8. 蝉奴肠墨尘耻办丑补;
9. recita;
10. ardharecita;
11. nitamba;
12. pallava;
13. 办别艣补产补苍诲丑补;
14. 耻迟迟腻苍补惫补帽肠颈迟补;
15. 濒补迟腻;
16. karihasta;
17. 辫补办峁�a惫补帽肠颈迟补;
18. 辫补办峁�a辫谤补诲测辞迟补办补;
19. 诲补峁囜笉补辫补办峁�a;
20. 驳补谤耻岣峚辫补办峁�a;
21. 奴谤诲丑惫补尘补峁囜笉补濒颈苍;
22. 辫腻谤艣惫补尘补峁囜笉补濒颈苍;
23. 耻谤辞尘补峁囜笉补濒颈苍;
24. 耻谤补岣�p腻谤艣惫腻谤诲丑补尘补峁囜笉补濒颈苍;
25. 尘耻峁ａ弓颈办补蝉惫补蝉迟颈办补;
26. 苍补濒颈苍墨辫补诲尘补办辞艣补;
27. alapadmaka;
28. 耻濒产补峁嘺;
29. valita;
30. lalita;

Having listed the thirty varieties of 苍峁泃迟补 hastas, 尝补办峁�m墨苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺 mentions that Kohala and others 腻肠腻谤测补蝉 have said that these 苍峁泃迟补 hastas should be used in abhinaya also by ones skilled in the art of dance, by following the rules (艣腻蝉迟谤补蝉) and traditions (蝉补尘辫谤补诲腻测补蝉). 尝补办峁�a峁嘺驳谤补苍迟丑补蝉, right from the time of Bharata have prescribed the use of 苍峁泃迟补 hastas for representation as well. 尝补办峁�m墨苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺 adds Kohala also into this list.

3.1 Adhika hasta (础产丑颈苍补惫补产丑腻谤补迟墨)

啶曕�嵿さ啶氞た啶む�嵿い啷� 啶灌じ啷嵿い啶膏う啷冟ざ啶灌じ啷嵿い啶距え啶ㄠ�嵿い啶班じ啷嵿さ啷�啶曕ぞ啶班ぞ啶� 啶灌�傕じ啶�啶曕�嵿し啶多�嵿�� 啶膏え啷嵿う啶傕ざ 啶囙い啶�
啶膏え啷嵿う啶傕ざ啶多が啷嵿う啶距え啷嵿い啶班�� 啶氞�曕ぞ啶班�囙ぃ
啶呧�權�嵿�椸�佮し啷嵿�犩ぎ啶о�嵿く啶�啶距�椸�嵿ぐ啶ㄠた啶粪�嵿お啷赌啶∴た啶むぞ啶椸�嵿ぐ啶�啶班�嵿ぎ啶むぐ啷嵿�溹え啷赌啶侧�曕�嵿し啶｀�嬥そ啶�啶�
啶多�傕え啷嵿く啶�啶距じ啷嵿さ啶班さ啶苦う啷嵿く啷佮う啶距う啷嵿く啶�啶苦え啶�啶掂た啶粪く啷� 啶ㄠ�冟い啷嵿い啶距�氞ぞ啶班�嵿く啶�啷嵿ぐ啶掂ぞ啶灌じ啶苦う啷嵿ぇ啶�
啶曕�嬥す啶侧げ啶苦�栢た啶む�嬥そ啶�啶� 啶灌じ啷嵿い啶� 啶膏�權�嵿�椸い啷� 啶�啶掂い啷�啶むた 啶灌じ啷嵿い啶距え啶ㄠ�嵿い啶班ぞ啶｀�嵿く啷佮い啷嵿お啷嵿ぐ啷囙�曕�嵿し啶距ぃ啶� 啷� 啶む�� 啶む�嵿さ啶膏�傕く啷佮い啶� 啶呧お啶� 啶�啶掂え啷嵿い啶� 啷�

kvacittu hastasad峁浥沘hast膩nantarasv墨k膩r膩ya 丑补峁僺补辫补办峁�a艣ca 蝉补苍诲补峁兣沘 iti
蝉补苍诲补峁兣沘艣abd膩ntara峁� cak膩re峁嘺
a峁単u峁ａ弓hamadhyam膩grani峁�p墨岣峣t膩gramarma迟补谤箩补苍墨lak峁�a峁噊'pi
艣奴苍测补bh膩svaravidyud膩dyabhinayavi峁�aye n峁泃t膩c膩ryaprav膩hasiddha岣�
kohalalikhito'pi hasta岣� sa峁単ato bhavat墨ti hast膩nantar膩峁噛utprek峁Ｄ佱箛i | te tva蝉补峁儁耻迟腻 api bhavanti |

鈥�(础产丑颈苍补惫补产丑腻谤补迟墨, Commentary on 9.6, GOS Vol. II, p.26)

The above is a commentary on the following verse of Bharata where he is enumerating the 补蝉补峁儁耻迟补 hastas.

啶曕ぞ啶權�嵿�椸�傕げ啶曕�嬥そ啶侧お啶︵�嵿ぎ啶多�嵿�� 啶氞い啷佮ぐ啷� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶�啶班じ啷嵿い啶ムぞ 啷�
啶灌�傕じ啶距じ啷嵿く啷� 啶灌�傕じ啶�啶曕�嵿し啶多�嵿�� 啶膏え啷嵿う啶傕ざ啷� 啶�啷佮�曕�佮げ啶膏�嵿い啶ムぞ 啷� 啷�.啷� 啷�

k膩峁単奴lako'lapadma艣ca caturo bhramarastath膩 |
ha峁僺膩syo 丑补峁僺补辫补办峁�a艣ca sanda峁兣沷 mukulastath膩 || 9.6 ||^[2]

Abhinavagupta interprets the 鈥�肠补鈥�办腻谤补 between 丑补峁僺补辫补办峁�a and 蝉补苍诲补峁兣沘 (in the above verse) to indicate additional hastas that have been mentioned by great n峁泃t腻肠腻谤测补蝉 such as Kohala. He gives the example of one saying that this hasta is performed by using the tip of the middle finger to squeeze the thumb and the middle finger. He also gives the viniyoga of this hasta saying that it can be used to depict 艣奴苍测补 (void), effulgence and lightning. Abhinava says that it is only proper that such hastas which have been mentioned by other great authorities like Kohala be included along with those mentioned by Bharata. He says that these could be of the 补蝉补峁儁耻迟补 variety also. Therefore, many other hastas (especially the ones mentioned by Kohala), are to be visualized along with the ones that have been mentioned by Bharata. It is interesting that Abhinava gives a clear description of this hasta of Kohala along with its viniyoga, but does not mention its name. It is common to find lists of names of many technical aspects without any explanation/ definition. It is perhaps in this rare instance that an explanation of a hasta without its name is found.

It is interesting to note that there are many ca-办腻谤补s in the list of 补蝉补峁儁耻迟补 hastas. Why does Abhinava pick out this particular ca-办腻谤补 (the one between 丑补峁僺补辫补办峁�a and 蝉补峁僤补峁兣沘 hasta) to indicate the inclusion of some extra hastas? What could be its significance? Perhaps this particular gesture bears some similarities to these two hastas.

This statement of Abhinava strengthens the theory that there indeed were other schools of 苍腻峁瓂补 that were flourishing at the time of Bharata, prominent among these being the school of Kohala. And from the hints that Abhinavagupta drops, it can be inferred that Kohala鈥檚 work was one of great detail and depth and he had explained many subjects (even those that fell under the head of 尘腻谤驳补) that Bharata left unsaid. Abhinavagupta does not seem to use the term 鈥�adhika hasta鈥� for these additional hand gestures, though this term is found in later works such as 厂补峁単墨迟补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补, 狈峁泃测腻诲丑测腻测补 etc. Even though works like 厂补峁単墨迟补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补 speak of adhika hastas, none of those matches the description of Abhinava found here.

3.2 Adhika hasta (础产丑颈苍补惫补产丑腻谤补迟墨)

啶呧じ啶傕く啷佮い啶� 啶囙い啶� 啷� 啶呧じ啶傕く啷佮い啶距じ啷嵿い啶距さ啶︵�囙い啷� 啶�啶掂え啷嵿い啶� 啷� 啶ㄠい啷嵿さ啷囙い啷囙そ啶膏�傕く啷佮い啶� 啶忇さ 啷� 啶ㄠぞ啶�啷嵿く啷囙�� 啶忇さ 啶曕�嬥す啶侧ぞ啶︵た啶�啶苦ぐ啶ㄠ�嵿く啷囙し啶距�� 啶︵ぐ啷嵿ざ啶ㄠぞ啶む�� 啷�

a蝉补峁儁耻迟腻 iti | a蝉补峁儁耻迟腻st膩vadete bhavanti | natvete'蝉补峁儁耻迟腻 eva | n膩pyeta eva kohal膩dibhiranye峁Ｄ佱箖 dar艣an膩t |

(础产丑颈苍补惫补产丑腻谤补迟墨, Commentary on 9.126, GOS Vol. II, p.55)

Having completed his exposition on 补蝉补峁儁耻迟补 hastas, Bharata says鈥�

啶呧じ啶傕く啷佮い啶距�� 啶曕ぐ啶� 啶灌�嵿く啷囙い啷� 啶�啶�啶� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啷嬥�曕�嵿い啶� 啶︵�嵿さ啶苦�溹�嬥い啷嵿い啶�啶距�� 啷�
啶呧い啶多�嵿�� 啶膏�傕く啷佮い啶距え啷� 啶灌じ啷嵿い啶距え啷� 啶椸う啶む�� 啶�啷� 啶ㄠた啶�啷嬥ぇ啶� 啷� 啷�.啷оエ啷� 啷�

a蝉补峁儁耻迟腻岣� 办补谤腻 hyete 尘补测腻 prokt膩 dvijottam膩岣� |
ata艣ca 蝉补峁儁耻迟腻n hast膩n gadato me nibodhata || 9.126 ||^[3]

At this juncture, Abhinavagupta tries to point out that these are not the only 补蝉补峁儁耻迟补 hastas. He says that this is so, because Kohala and others have shown many other hastas. This is another mention of extra hastas described by Kohala that Abhinavagupta brings out. Like the previous extract, this one also appears to be linked to the 补蝉补峁儁耻迟补 hastas. Could that mean that Kohala described extra varieties of the 补蝉补峁儁耻迟补 hastas alone and not the 蝉补峁儁耻迟补 or 苍峁泃迟补hastas? Also this mention of hastas is yet another clear indication that Bharata鈥檚 was not the only tradition in vogue in the ancient times. But only this tradition has come down to us. Though there seem to have been many hastas which were being used (in 濒补办峁�y补), there is not much documentation of any, except the ones mentioned by Bharata. Even Abhinava does not mention the names of all the other hastas or make out a list of adhika hastas that were current in his time. By the time of 厂补峁単墨迟补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补, the concept of including additional hastas seems to have entered the 濒补办峁�a峁嘺 蝉补尘辫谤补诲腻测补.

艢腻谤峁単补诲别惫补 mentions three extra hastas 苍补尘别濒测鈥�

1. 苍颈办耻帽肠补办补,
2. dvi艣颈办丑补谤补 and
3. 惫补谤补诲腻产丑补测补.

Later works like 狈峁泃测腻诲丑测腻测补 and 狈峁泃迟补谤补迟苍腻惫补濒墨 also list out a few adhika hastas.

3.3 Adhika hasta (厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺)

啶むぅ啷嬥�曕�嵿い啶� 啶�啷� 啶�啶む�權�嵿�椸ぞ啶︵�嵿く啷堗ぐ啶оた啶曕�� 啶むぞ啶ㄠ�� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶氞�曕�嵿し啷嵿ぎ啶灌�� 啷� 啷�.啷�啷┼�� 啷�
啶呧じ啶傕く啷佮い啶距じ啷嵿い啷嵿ぐ啶苦ざ啶苦�栢�嬥そ啶班�嵿ぇ啶�啷佮し啷嵿�熰た啶班�嵿さ啷冟し啶�啶掂�冟ざ啷嵿�氞た啶曕�� 啷�
啶曕げ啶苦す啶膏�嵿い啶� 啶膏�傕く啷佮い啶距う啷嵿く啶距じ啷嵿い啷嵿ぐ啶� 啶膏�傕�栢�嵿く啶距さ啶�啷嬥ぇ啶曕ぞ啶� 啷� 啷�.啷�啷┼�� 啷�
啶�啶むぞ啶曕じ啷嵿�� 啶む�� 啶灌じ啷嵿い啶膏�嵿�� 啶�啶︵�� 啶掂�曕�嵿ぐ啶� 啶曕え啷�啶�啶膏�� 啷�
啶むう啶� 啶膏�嵿く啶距い啷� 啶む�嵿ぐ啶苦ざ啶苦�栢�� 啶�啷嬥�溹�嵿く啶膏�嵿い啷嵿ぐ啶苦ざ啶苦�栢ぞ啶掂い啶� 啶掂じ啷嵿い啷佮え啶� 啷� 啷�.啷�啷┼�� 啷�
啶囙い啶� 啶む�嵿ぐ啶苦ざ啶苦�栢�� 啶ㄠた啶�啷�啶∴�嵿く啶距�權�嵿�椸�佮し啷嵿�犩ぎ啶о�嵿く啶距え啷嵿い啶� 啶�啶о�嵿く啶�啶班�嵿さ啶︵�嵿さ啶�啷囙え 啶む�� 啷�
啶�啷嵿ぐ啶︵�囙ざ啶苦え啷�啶�啶о�嵿く啶�啶�啷嬥ぐ啶班�嵿�� 啶�啷佮し啷嵿�犩た啶� 啶曕ぐ啷� 啶�啶む�� 啷�
啶︵�嬥す啶ㄠ�� 啶膏�嵿く啶距え啷嵿ぎ啶灌た啶粪�嵿く啷佮し啷嵿�熰�嵿ぐ啶�啷嬥�� 啶多�冟�權�嵿�椸�氞ぞ啶�啶距お啶曕ぐ啷嵿し啶｀�� 啷� 啷�.啷�啷┼�� 啷�
啶囙い啷嵿く啶班�嵿ぇ啶�啷佮し啷嵿�熰た啶� 啶呧え啶距ぎ啶苦�曕�� 啶曕え啷�啶�啶膏�嵿く啶距さ啷佮お啶班�嵿く啶權�嵿�椸�佮し啷嵿�犩お啷�啶∴た啶む�� 啷�
啶多�囙し啷� 啶�啶む�嵿ぐ啷嬥ぐ啷嵿ぇ啷嵿さ啶掂た啶班げ啷� 啶曕�佮�熰た啶侧�� 啶掂�冟し啶�啶� 啶曕ぐ啶� 啷� 啷�.啷�啷┼�� 啷�
啶椸�� 啶�啶灌た啶粪�嵿く啶距う啶�啶� 啶多�冟�權�嵿�椸く啷佮�溹�嬥そ啶ㄠ�嵿く啷� 啶多�嵿さ啶距お啶距う啶距ざ啷嵿�� 啶�啷� 啷�
啶︵ぐ啷嵿ざ啶ㄠ��啶�啶� 啶�啷佮え啶苦ざ啷嵿ぐ啷囙し啷嵿�� 啶о�囙え啷佮ぐ啷嵿う啷嵿さ啷� 啶栢�熰�曕ぞ啶�啷佮�栢�� 啷� 啷�.啷�啷┼�� 啷�
啶むぅ啶� 啶掂い啷嵿じ啶むぐ啷� 啶掂い啷嵿じ啶距さ啶班�嵿ぇ啶氞え啷嵿う啷嵿ぐ啶距さ啶о�嬥ぎ啷佮�栢ぎ啷� 啷�
啶溹ぞ啶ㄠ�佮え啷嬥ぐ啷嵿え啶苦�曕�熰�� 啶曕�冟い啷嵿さ啶� 啶呧き啶苦え啷囙く啷� 啶膏�佮が啷佮う啷嵿ぇ啶苦え啶� 啷� 啷�.啷�啷┼�� 啷�
啶囙い啶� 啶掂�冟し啶�啶� 啶曕お啶苦い啷嵿ぅ啶膏�嵿�� 啶�啶︵ぞ啶權�嵿�椸�佮し啷嵿�犩�� 啶�啶о�嵿く啶�啷嬥お啶班た啶�啷�啶∴た啶む�� 啷�
啶むう啷嬥�曕�嵿い啷� 啶掂�冟ざ啷嵿�氞た啶曕じ啷嵿い啷囙え 啶曕�佮え啷嵿い啶距�權�嵿�曕�佮ざ啶曕�佮�犩ぞ啶班�曕ぎ啷� 啷� 啷�.啷�啷┼�� 啷�
啶曕�佮う啷嵿う啶距げ啶� 啶侧ぞ啶權�嵿�椸げ啶� 啶多じ啷嵿い啷嵿ぐ啶� 啶�啷囙ぐ啶｀ぞ啶︵�� 啶� 啶︵ぐ啷嵿ざ啶�啷囙い啷� 啷�
啶囙い啶� 啶掂�冟ざ啷嵿�氞た啶曕�� 啶むぐ啷嵿�溹え啷嵿く啷� 啶むた啶班�嵿く啶椸ぞ啶曕ぞ啶班�� 啶�啶苦ぅ啷佮え啶� 啶�啶о�嵿く啶�啶班�嵿さ啶｀た 啷�
啶堗し啶氞�嵿�� 啶曕�佮�熰た啶侧�� 啶膏�傕�氞�嵿く啷� 啶むう啷嬥�曕�嵿い啶� 啶曕げ啶苦す啶膏�嵿い啶曕�� 啷� 啷�.啷�啷┼�� 啷�
啶曕げ啶灌�� 啶掂た啶椸�嵿ぐ啶灌�� 啶︵�嵿さ啷囙し啷� 啶�啷嵿ぐ啶�啷嬥�溹�嵿く啶� 啶多い啷嵿ぐ啷佮う啶班�嵿ざ啶ㄠ�� 啷�
啶囙い啶� 啶曕げ啶苦す啶膏�嵿い啶� 啶曕�囙�氞た啶︵ぞ啶灌�佮ぐ啷嵿う啷嵿さ啶苦ざ啶苦�栢ぐ啶� 啶多た啶栢ぐ啶︵�嵿さ啶�啶膏�傕く啷佮い啷� 啷�
啶多お啶ㄠぞ啶班�嵿ぅ啶距�權�嵿�椸�佮げ啶苦じ啷嵿か啷嬥�熰�� 啶膏�嵿い啷嵿ぐ啷�啶｀ぞ啶�啶ㄠ�佮ぎ啶む�囙じ啷嵿い啶ム�� 啷� 啷�.啷�啷┼�� 啷�
啶ㄠぞ啶膏�嵿い啶苦い啷嵿く啶班�嵿ぅ啷� 啶む�� 啶膏�傕く啷嬥�溹�嵿く啷� 啶掂た啶�啷佮�曕�嵿い啶� 啶多た啶栢ぐ啶︵�嵿さ啶�啶�啷� 啷�
啶囙い啶� 啶�啶む�權�嵿�椸�曕�嬥す啶侧�嬥�曕�嵿い啶距�� 啶呧ぇ啶苦�曕す啶膏�嵿い啶曕ぞ啶�

tathokt膩 ye mata峁単膩dyairadhika峁� t膩n pracak峁�mahe || 3.530 ||
a蝉补峁儁耻迟腻stri艣ikho'rdhamu峁ａ弓ir惫峁涐梗补产丑补惫峁浥沜颈办补u |
kalihasta岣� 蝉补峁儁耻迟腻dy膩stri sa峁僰hy膩vabodhak膩岣� || 3.531 ||
辫补迟腻办补sya tu hastasya yadi 惫补办谤腻 kan墨yas墨 |
tad膩 sy膩t tri艣ikho yojyastri艣ikh膩vati vastuni || 3.532 ||
iti 迟谤颈艣颈办丑补岣� nip墨岣峺膩峁単u峁ａ弓hamadhy膩nta峁� madhyaparvadvayena tu |
prade艣in墨madhyamayorardha mu峁ａ弓hi岣� karo 尘补迟补岣� |
dohane sy膩nmahi峁�yu峁ａ弓rayo岣� 艣峁涐箙gac膩p膩pakar峁�a峁噀 || 3.533 ||
颈迟测补谤诲丑补尘耻峁ａ弓颈岣� 补苍腻尘颈办腻 kan墨yasy膩vuparya峁単u峁ａ弓hap墨岣峣te |
艣e峁�e yatrordhvavirale ku峁璱lo 惫峁涐梗补产丑补岣� kara岣� || 3.534 ||
go mahi峁�y膩daya岣� 艣峁涐箙gayujo'nye 艣v膩p膩d膩艣ca ye |
dar艣an墨y膩 muni艣re峁ａ弓ha dhenurdvau kha峁璦k膩mukhau || 3.535 ||
tath膩 vatsatar墨 vats膩vardhacandr膩vadhomukham |
j膩nunornika峁璦峁� k峁泃v膩 abhineyau subuddhin膩 || 3.536 ||
iti 惫峁涐梗补产丑补岣� kapitthasya yad膩峁単u峁ａ弓ho madhyamoparip墨岣峣ta岣� |
tadokto 惫峁浥沜颈办补stena kunt膩峁卥u艣aku峁環膩rakam || 3.537 ||
办耻诲诲腻濒补峁� 濒腻峁単补濒补峁� 艣补蝉迟谤补峁� pera峁嚹乨i ca dar艣ayet |
iti 惫峁浥沜颈办补岣� tarjanyau tiryag膩k膩re 尘颈迟丑耻苍补峁� madhyaparva峁噄 |
墨峁�acca ku峁璱le s奴cyau tadokta岣� kalihastaka岣� || 3.538 ||
kalahe vigrahe dve峁�e 辫谤补测辞箩测补岣� 艣atrudar艣ane |
iti kalihasta岣� kecid膩hurdvi艣颈办丑补谤补峁� 艣颈办丑补谤补dvayasa峁儁ute |
艣apan膩rth膩峁単ulispho峁璭 str墨峁嚹乵anumatestath膩 || 3.539 ||
n膩stityarthe tu sa峁儁ojye 惫颈测耻办迟补峁� 艣颈办丑补谤补dvayam |
iti mata峁単akohalokt膩岣� adhikahastak膩岣�

(厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺, Vol. II, p. 654-658)

笔耻谤耻峁�o迟迟补尘补 Mi艣r膩 describes five varieties of additional hastas according to the views of 惭补迟补峁単补 and Kohala. It is interesting that 惭补迟补峁単补 has been brought in as an authority on 苍峁泃迟补. The available text of 叠峁沨补诲诲别艣墨 does not have the chapter on dance. 惭补迟补峁単补-s views on dance can be seen in later works (like 厂补峁単墨迟补谤腻箩补 etc.). As seen earlier, from the time of Abhinavagupta, Kohala is known to have spoken of many hastas that were not a part of the tradition of Bharata. 笔耻谤耻峁�o迟迟补尘补 Mi艣r膩, in his work gives the names and definitions of some of these additional hastas that Kohala has spoken of.

笔耻谤耻峁�o迟迟补尘补 Mi艣r膩 says that he will give an account of the hastas that have been described by 惭补迟补峁単补 and others.

The single-handed gestures are鈥�

1. 迟谤颈艣颈办丑补,
2. 补谤诲丑补尘耻峁ａ弓颈,
3. 惫峁涐梗补产丑补,
4. 惫峁浥沜颈办补 and
5. kalihasta.

When both hands are joined, it is used to indicate happiness and numbers.

罢谤颈艣颈办丑补 is when the little finger of the 辫补迟腻办补 hand is bent. This hasta is used to indicate three-headed objects. When the thumb is pressed with the forefinger and the middle finger, it is known as the 补谤诲丑补尘耻峁ａ弓颈. This is is used to indicate milking and dragging a buffalo or a camel by holding their horns. When the ring and little fingers are pressed by the thumb and the rest of the fingers are separated, extended and curved, it is known as the 惫峁涐梗补产丑补 hasta. This hasta is used to indicate cows, buffaloes and other animals with horns are shown. V峁涐梗abha hasta is when two kha峁璦k膩mukha hastas are used to indicate cowsed to enact the weaning of calves, young calves. When the ardhacandra hasta pointing downwards are brought down near the knee, it is called 惫峁涐梗补产丑补 hasta.

V峁浥沜ika hasta is when the thumb of a kapittha hand presses on the middle finger. This hasta is used to indicate a spear, a hook, an axe, a spade, a plough, a weapon, a 辫别谤补峁嘺 dance etc.When two forefingers of 蝉奴肠墨 hands are joined obliquely at the middle-joint and are slightly bent, it is known as the kali hasta. It is used in quarrel, fighting, envy and in pointing at an enemy. 笔耻谤耻峁�o迟迟补尘补 Mi艣r膩 says that the dvi艣颈办丑补谤补 hasta is performed by joining two 艣颈办丑补谤补 hastas. It is used in cursing, cracking the fingers and in asking for approval from a woman. The 艣颈办丑补谤补 hasta, when joined and then separated, indicates negation. He says that these extra hand-gestures have been told by 惭补迟补峁単补 and Kohala^[4].

It is interesting to note that 厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺 does not mention the adhika hastas such as 苍颈办耻帽肠补办补 and 惫补谤补诲腻产丑补测补 which are found in earlier works such as 厂补峁単墨迟补谤补迟苍腻办补谤补. The gesture called dvi艣颈办丑补谤补 alone has been explained by 笔耻谤耻峁�o迟迟补尘补 Mi艣r膩 and that too after the other five have been explained.

Kohala appears to have a strong link to these adhika hastas. Right from the time of Abhinava there has been mention of Kohala in relation to this subject. Kohala perhaps used several more hand gestures, many of which were not found in the tradition of Bharata. What is interesting is that though there has been mention of Kohala鈥檚 adhika hastas in 础产丑颈苍补惫补产丑腻谤补迟墨 and 厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺, each account seems to be different from the others.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺: 2009: Vol. II: p. 573

[2]:

狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 of Bharatamuni: 2001: GOS Vol. II: p.26

[3]:

狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 of Bharatamuni: 2001: GOS Vol. II: p.55

[4]:

厂补峁単墨迟补苍腻谤腻测补峁嘺: 2009: Vol II: pp. 655-659