Kohala in the Sanskrit textual tradition (Study)
by Padma Sugavanam | 2011 | 95,782 words
This page relates 鈥楰ohala and Natya (6): The concept of Sandhi鈥� of the thesis dealing with Kohala鈥檚 contribution to the Sanskrit textual tradition of ancient Indian performing arts. The study focuses specifically on music (Gita), dance (Nritya), and drama (Natya). Although Kohala鈥檚 original works have not been found, numerous references to him across Lakshana-Granthas (treatises) and works by modern scholars indicate his significance.
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Kohala and N膩峁瓂a (6): The concept of Sandhi
1 Sandhi (叠丑腻惫补辫谤补办腻艣补苍补)
啶膏啶ぞ啶︵い啷嵿ぐ啷嬥い啷嵿じ啶班啶椸い啶� 啶啶班ぞ啶啶むた啶� 啶い啶距啶距く啶� 啶掂た啶曕げ啷嵿お啶む 啷�
啶むぅ啶距お啷嵿く啶膏啶ぞ 啶ㄠた啶掂啶多 啶膏啶ぞ啶む啶啶班ぞ啶啶む啶ぞ啶多ぞ啶ぞ 啶ㄠた啶啶椸い啶� 啷�
啶啶班ぞ啶啶む啶ぞ啶多ぞ啶ぞ啶さ啶膏啶ムく啶距 啶椸ぐ啷嵿き啶膏え啷嵿ぇ啶距さ啶苦す啶距ぅ啶掂ぞ 啷�
啶呧お啶むぞ啶曕 啶ㄠた啶掂啶多 啶膏啶ぞ啶︵啶た啶ㄠ啶︵啶班啶啶溹じ啷嵿く 啶掂ぞ 啶曕啶掂啶苦い啷� 啷�
啶膏ぎ啶ㄠ啶掂く啷囙そ啶班啶ムお啷嵿ぐ啶曕啶む啶� 啶啶班ぞ啶啶む啶ぞ啶多ぞ啶ぞ 啶囙い啷�啶班た啶む 啷�
啶呧き啶距さ啶膏啶む 啶い啶距啶距く啶� 啶ぅ啶� 啶ぞ啶侧さ啶苦啶距う啶苦し啷� 啷�
啶膏う啷嵿き啶距さ啷� 啶︵啶多啶い啷� 啶むじ啷嵿く啶� 啶ぞ啶侧い啷�啶ぞ啶оさ啶距う啶苦し啷� 啷�
啶むじ啷嵿ぎ啶距い啷嵿お啶むぞ啶曕ぞ 啶膏啶ぞ啶ㄠ啶ㄠ啶むた 啶掂た啶曕げ啷嵿お啶� 啶啶班ぞ啶� 啶曕啶灌げ啶� 啷�蝉测腻诲补迟谤辞迟蝉补谤驳补迟补岣� 辫谤腻辫迟颈岣� 辫补迟腻办腻y膩 vikalpata岣� |
迟补迟丑腻辫测补蝉测腻 苍颈惫别艣补岣� sy膩t辫谤腻辫迟测腻艣腻y膩 niyogata岣� ||
辫谤腻辫迟测腻艣腻y膩mavasthay膩峁� garbhasandh膩vih膩thav膩 |
apat膩ke 苍颈惫别艣补岣� sy膩dbindor产墨箩补sya v膩 kvacit ||
samanvaye'rthaprak峁泃e岣� 辫谤腻辫迟测腻艣腻y膩 it墨rita岣� |
abh膩vastu 辫补迟腻办腻y膩 yath膩 m膩lavik膩di峁 ||
sadbh膩vo d峁浥泍ate tasy膩 m膩lat墨m膩dhav膩di峁 |
tasm膩t辫补迟腻办腻 sy膩nneti vikalpa峁� pr膩ha 办辞丑补濒补岣� ||鈥�(叠丑腻惫补辫谤补办腻艣补苍补, Chapter VII, p.210)
A play is composed of episodical indications called 辫补迟腻办腻蝉迟丑腻苍补办补蝉 which in turn have five segments called the 辫补帽肠补 sandhis or five turning points of the plot of a play. These are:
啶啶栢 啶啶班い啶苦ぎ啷佮啶� 啶氞啶� 啶椸ぐ啷嵿き啷� 啶掂た啶ぐ啷嵿ざ 啶忇さ 啶� 啷�
啶むぅ啶� 啶ㄠた啶班啶掂す啶｀ 啶氞啶むた 啶ㄠぞ啶熰啷� 啶啷嵿 啶膏え啷嵿ぇ啶 啷�尘耻办丑补峁� prati尘耻办丑补峁� caiva garbho 惫颈尘补谤艣补 eva ca |
迟补迟丑腻 苍颈谤惫补丑补峁嘺峁� ceti n膩峁璦ke 辫补帽肠补 蝉补苍诲丑补测补岣� ||鈥�狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 19.37[1]
(Trans: The five segments of a play are the Opening ( mukha), the Progression (pratimukha), the Development (garbha), the Pause (惫颈尘补谤艣补) and the Conclusion (苍颈谤惫补丑补峁嘺)[2].
Sandhis are in turn comprised of a combination of 补谤迟丑补辫谤补办峁泃颈蝉 and 补惫补蝉迟丑腻蝉.
顿丑补苍补帽箩补测补, in his work 顿补艣补谤奴辫补办补 brings out this point with clarity.
啶啶溹が啶苦え啷嵿う啷佮お啶むぞ啶曕ぞ啶栢啶お啷嵿ぐ啶曕ぐ啷�啶曕ぞ啶班啶げ啶曕啶粪ぃ啶距 啷�
啶嗋ぐ啶啶く啶む啶ㄠお啷嵿ぐ啶距お啷嵿い啷嵿く啶距ざ啶距え啶苦く啶むぞ啶啶むた啶げ啶距啶ぞ啶� 啷�
啶呧ぐ啷嵿ぅ啶啶班啷冟い啶 啶啷嵿 啶啷嵿啶距さ啶膏啶ムじ啶え啷嵿さ啶苦い啶距 啷�
啶ぅ啶距じ啶傕啷嵿く啷囙え 啶溹ぞ啶え啷嵿い啷� 啶啶栢ぞ啶︵啶ぞ啶冟お啶炧啶氞じ啶傕ぇ啶 啷�产墨箩补bindu辫补迟腻办腻khya辫谤补办补谤墨办腻谤测补lak峁峁嚹佱弗 |
腻谤补尘产丑补yatna辫谤腻辫迟测腻艣腻苍颈测补迟腻辫迟颈phal膩gam膩岣� ||
arthaprak峁泃aya岣� 辫补帽肠补 pa帽c膩vasthasamanvit膩岣� |
yath膩sa峁僰hyena j膩yante mukh膩dy膩岣ケ璨姑背Σ箂a峁僤haya岣� ||[3]
In other words the combination of 产墨箩补 and 腻谤补尘产丑补 would give rise to mukha-sandhi, bindu and yatna to pratimukha-sandhi, 辫补迟腻办腻 and 辫谤腻辫迟测腻艣腻 to garbha-sandhi, 辫谤补办补谤墨 and 苍颈测补迟腻辫迟颈 to 惫颈尘补谤艣补-sandhi and 办腻谤测补 and 辫丑补濒腻驳补尘补 to 苍颈谤惫补丑补峁嘺-sandhi.
艢膩rad膩tanaya, while discussing the garbha sandhi, mentions Kohala鈥檚 view regarding the provision for the optional omission of 辫补迟腻办补. In such cases, the 补惫补蝉迟丑腻 辫谤腻辫迟测腻艣腻 alone can be used or alternatively, bindu or 产墨箩补 can also be used in place of 辫补迟腻办补. He substantiates this theory by citing that 碍腻濒颈诲腻蝉补鈥檚 惭腻濒补惫颈办腻驳苍颈尘颈迟谤补尘 does not have 辫补迟腻办补 whereas 惭腻濒补迟墨尘腻诲丑补惫补 of 叠丑补惫补产丑奴迟颈 has both 辫补迟腻办腻 as well as 辫谤腻辫迟测腻艣腻.
The same view can be found in 搁补迟苍腻辫补峁嘺, a commentary on Vidy膩natha鈥檚 笔谤补迟腻辫补谤耻诲谤墨测补:
啶むい啷嵿ぐ 啶い啶距啶距く啶� 啶掂た啶曕げ啷嵿お啶ぞ啶� 啶曕啶灌げ啶� 啷� 啶むえ啷嵿ぎ啶む 啶い啶距啶距じ啷嵿ぅ啶ㄠ鈥斷啶い啶距啷� 啶ㄠた啶掂啶多 啶膏啶ぞ啶︵啶た啶ㄠ啶︵啶班啶啶溹じ啷嵿く 啶掂ぞ 啶曕啶掂啶苦い啷嶁�斷啶むた 啶ぞ啶掂お啷嵿ぐ啶曕ぞ啶多啶曕啶む 啶掂た啶多啶粪 啶︵啶班し啷嵿啶掂啶
tatra 辫补迟腻办腻y膩 vikalpam膩ha 办辞丑补濒补岣� | tanmate 辫补迟腻办腻sthane鈥�apat膩ke 苍颈惫别艣补岣� sy膩dbindor产墨箩补sya v膩 kvacit鈥�iti bh膩vaprak膩艣okto vi艣e峁 诲谤补峁ａ弓补惫测补岣�
鈥敱拾钩倌灞璨拱芑灏獠�: 1950:狈腻峁璦办补 辫谤补办补谤补峁嘺尘: p.75
2 Bindu
啶げ啷� 啶啶班ぇ啶距え啷� 啶掂た啶氞啶涏た啶ㄠ啶ㄠ 啶啶溹じ啷嵿く啶距さ啶距え啷嵿い啶班啶� 啶げ啷堗 啷�
啶むじ啷嵿く啶距さ啶苦啷嵿啷囙う啶曕 啶灌啶む啶� 啶た啶ㄠ啶︵啶班た啶む啶す 啶曕啶灌げ啶� 啷�phale pradh膩ne vicchinne 产墨箩补sy膩v膩ntarai岣� phalai岣� |
tasy膩vicchedako hetu岣� bindurityaha 办辞丑补濒补岣� ||鈥�(叠丑腻惫补辫谤补办腻艣补苍补, Chapter VII, p.204)
In the above verse, 艢膩rad膩tanaya brings out the definition of bindu according to Kohala. Bindu is the second of the 补谤迟丑补-辫谤补办峁泃颈蝉 which are means of attaining the objects of the plot (of the play). 础谤迟丑补辫谤补办峁泃颈蝉 are prayojanasiddhi hetus, or the means to attain the object of the play.
Bharata gives the names of the 补谤迟丑补辫谤补办峁泃颈蝉 in the following verse.
啶啶溹 啶た啶ㄠ啶︵啶� 啶い啶距啶� 啶� 啶啶班啶班 啶曕ぞ啶班啶ぎ啷囙さ 啶� 啷�
啶呧ぐ啷嵿ぅ啶啶班啷冟い啶 啶啷嵿 啶溹啶炧ぞ啶む啶掂ぞ 啶啶溹啶ぞ 啶ぅ啶距さ啶苦ぇ啶� 啷� 啷оク.啷ㄠェ 啷�产墨箩补峁� 产颈苍诲耻岣� 辫补迟腻办腻 ca 辫谤补办补谤墨 办腻谤测补meva ca |
arthaprak峁泃aya岣� 辫补帽肠补 j帽膩tv膩 yojy膩 yath膩vidhi || 19.21 ||[4](Trans: The Seed ( 产墨箩补), the Vital Drop (产颈苍诲耻鈥�semen), the Episode (辫补迟腻办腻), the Episodical Incident (辫谤补办补谤墨) and the Action (碍腻谤测补) are the five Elements of the Plot, which should be reckoned and applied in a proper manner.)[5]
痴颈诲测腻苍腻迟丑补, in his work 笔谤补迟腻辫补谤耻诲谤墨测补 defines Bindu as follows:
啶呧さ啶距え啷嵿い啶班ぞ啶班啶ムさ啶苦啷嵿啷囙う啷� 啶た啶ㄠ啶︵啶班啷嵿啷囙う啶曕ぞ啶班ぃ啶 啷�
av膩ntar膩rthavicchede binduracchedak膩ra峁嘺m |[6]
In the course of the play, when the hero gets distracted from the main plot into pursuing a secondary object (补惫腻苍迟补谤补 phala) and the main plot is suspended temporarily, that reason which brings him back on track is called bindu. It is that which induces the hero to return to his original purpose and also serves to keep the different incidents in a play in a cogent manner.
This definition of 痴颈诲测腻苍腻迟丑补 seems to match with Kohala鈥檚 definition of bindu, as mentioned by 艢膩rad膩tanaya in his 叠丑腻惫补辫谤补办腻艣补苍补.
Footnotes and references:
[1]:
狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 of Bharatamuni: 2003: Vol. III: p.23
[2]:
狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 of Bharatamuni: 2006: Vol. II: p.702
[3]:
笔谤补迟腻辫补谤耻诲谤墨测补: 1950: 狈腻峁璦办补 辫谤补办补谤补峁嘺尘: p.75
[4]:
狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 of Bharatamuni: 2003: Vol. III: p.12
[5]:
狈腻峁瓂补艣腻蝉迟谤补 of Bharatamuni: 2006: Vol. II: pp.694-695
[6]:
笔谤补迟腻辫补谤耻诲谤墨测补: 1950: 狈腻峁璦办补 辫谤补办补谤补峁嘺尘: V.7ab: p.76