Ativisa (Aconitum heterophyllum): review of uses, propagation, pharmacology.
Journal name: Ayushdhara
Original article title: Ativisa (aconitum heterophyllum wall ex. royle): a comprehensive review on propagation, traditional uses and pharmacology
AYUSHDHARA is an international peer-reviewed journal. It focuses on research in Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy, Allopathy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
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Gagandeep Kour
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agad tantra, Govt. Ayurvedic Medical College & Hospital, Jammu.
Suresh Chaubey
Associate Professor, Dept. of Agad tantra, Govt. Ayurvedic Medical College & Hospital, Jammu.
Dinesh Chandra Singh
Professor & HOD, PG Dept. of Dravyaguna, Rishikul Campus, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Haridwar.
Rajesh Kumar Mishra
Assistant Professor, PG. Dept. of Dravyaguna Vigyan, Patanjali Bhartiya Ayurvigyan Evum Anusandhan Sansthan, Haridwar, India.
Ayushdhara:
(A peer-reviewed, bi-monthly open-access journal)
Full text available for: Ativisa (aconitum heterophyllum wall ex. royle): a comprehensive review on propagation, traditional uses and pharmacology
Year: 2021 | Doi: 10.47070/ayushdhara.v8i2.714
Copyright (license): CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Aconitum heterophyllum, commonly known as 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�, is a critically endangered medicinal plant primarily found in the western Himalayas. The tuberous roots of this plant have been traditionally used in various medicinal systems for treating a range of ailments, including diarrhoea, dyspepsia, and intermittent fevers. Despite its significant therapeutic potential, Aconitum heterophyllum faces threats from overgrazing, prolonged seed dormancy, and habitat destruction, making conservation and sustainable propagation efforts imperative. This review synthesizes extensive information on the plant鈥檚 propagation methods, traditional applications, and pharmacological properties, outlining the necessity for further research to validate its traditional uses.
Conservation and Propagation Techniques
Effective propagation strategies for Aconitum heterophyllum are crucial to conserve this endangered species. The plant can be raised from daughter tubers collected in autumn or by sowing seeds, which require a chilling period of 30-45 days to overcome dormancy. It thrives in moist, shaded environments, preferably in heavy clay and calcareous soils. The growth cycle typically spans 3-4 years before harvest, during which the tubers must be carefully managed to ensure quality. Additionally, tissue culture techniques provide a promising alternative for mass propagation, involving sterilization and germination steps that can enhance the survival rate of this valuable plant. These practices not only support conservation but also aim to meet the increasing demand for the plant in herbal medicine.
Pharmacological Applications and Therapeutic Uses
Aconitum heterophyllum exhibits a wide array of pharmacological activities with several therapeutic uses highlighted in traditional medicine. The roots contain notable alkaloids such as Atisine, which is recognized for its non-toxic properties compared to other alkaloids in the same family. The plant is utilized in various medicinal systems鈥攊ncluding Ayurvedic, Unani, and folk medicine鈥攁s an anti-diarrheal, febrifuge, tonic, and digestive aid. Research has validated its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and hepato-protective properties, and it has demonstrated effectiveness in treating febrile conditions and digestive disorders, showcasing its multifaceted therapeutic potential.
Conclusion
The importance of Aconitum heterophyllum, or 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�, in both traditional and contemporary medicinal practices is profound. With its array of therapeutic properties, it has become a critical resource for addressing health issues such as diarrhoea, cough, and general debility post-illness. However, the ongoing threat to its population necessitates proactive measures for propagation and conservation, alongside rigorous scientific validation of its traditional uses. The enhancement of understanding regarding its substitutes, purification processes, and the establishment of sustainable cultivation practices remain essential for preserving this vital medicinal plant for future generations.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is Aconitum heterophyllum and its significance in traditional medicine?
Aconitum heterophyllum, known as 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�, is an important medicinal plant used in various traditional systems for treating ailments like diarrhea and fever due to its therapeutic properties, including anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activities.
How can Aconitum heterophyllum be propagated effectively?
Propagation of Aconitum heterophyllum can be done through daughter tubers or seeds. Daughter tubers should be collected in autumn and sown in suitable soil, while seeds may require chilling for 30-45 days before sowing to improve germination.
What are the pharmacological activities of Aconitum heterophyllum?
Aconitum heterophyllum displays several pharmacological activities, including anti-bacterial, anti-diarrheal, anti-inflammatory, hepato-protective, and analgesic effects. Its active alkaloids, particularly Atisine, contribute to its therapeutic benefits and low toxicity.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for 鈥淎tivisa (Aconitum heterophyllum): review of uses, propagation, pharmacology.鈥�. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Fever:
础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� is commonly used in 膧测耻谤惫别诲补 to treat various types of fever. According to the source text, 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� is especially valuable in treating periodic fevers and the debility that often follows such illnesses. It is also noted as a relevant medicinal plant for chronic fever management.
2) Powder:
The powdered root of 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� is extensively used in traditional medicine. It is mixed with honey and administered for conditions like cough, coryza, and vomiting. The fine powder is obtained after drying and grinding the harvested tubers, and is also used in several 膧yurvedic formulations.
3) Medicine:
Aconitum heterophyllum, known as 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�, plays a significant role in various systems of traditional medicine including 膧测耻谤惫别诲补, Unani, and Sidha. It is utilized for its anti-diarrheal, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties, among other uses mentioned in the source text.
4) Drug:
础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� is cited in traditional medicinal texts for its efficacy as a drug treating several conditions including diarrhoea, dyspepsia, and cough. It is highlighted as an astringent, tonic, and febrifuge, showcasing its wide range of medicinal applications in traditional drug formulations.
5) Ativisa (Ativisha):
[see source text or glossary: Ativisa]
6) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
膧测耻谤惫别诲补 is a traditional system of medicine in which 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� holds a significant place. It prescribes 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� for conditions like diarrhoea, vomiting in children, and as a post-fever tonic. The system emphasizes the balance of Doshas for health, incorporating 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� in numerous formulations.
7) Pharmacology:
Pharmacological studies of 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� have reported various activities such as the presence of important alkaloids like Atisine, which exhibits lesser toxicity. These studies emphasize its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties, demonstrating its pharmacological importance.
8) Disease:
础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� is traditionally used for the treatment of various diseases such as diarrhoea, dysentery, and fever. The source text mentions its application in bilious complaints and diseases affecting children, showcasing its broad therapeutic utility in traditional medicine.
9) Soil:
The plant Aconitum heterophyllum prefers moist soils and can thrive well in heavy clay and calcareous soil. Moist soil conditions are vital for proper growth and propagation, as noted in the guidelines for its cultivation mentioned in the source text.
10) Indian:
The term Indian atis is used in English for 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� (Aconitum heterophyllum), highlighting its native significance. The plant is indigenous to the western Himalayas, including regions like Garhwal, Kumaon, and Kashmir, which play an essential role in traditional Indian medicinal practices.
11) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological activities of 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� include its anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, and hepatoprotective properties. Studies show it has several bioactive compounds responsible for its medicinal effects, making it a valuable plant in pharmacological research and therapeutic use.
12) Vomiting:
础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� is traditionally recommended for treating vomiting, particularly in children. 膧测耻谤惫别诲补 texts mention that the powdered root, when given along with honey, can alleviate symptoms of vomiting, making it an effective remedy in pediatric care.
13) Seedling:
Propagation of 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� can be done via seedlings. The text mentions that seeds exhibit prolonged dormancy and require chilling for about 30-45 days to produce effective seedlings. These seedlings remain vegetative for at least 2 years before reproduction.
14) Bitter:
Atisine, a principal alkaloid found in 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�, is intensely bitter but non-poisonous. This bitter taste is characteristic of the medicinal properties of the root and highlights its traditional use as a bitter tonic in various formulations.
15) Cotton:
In tissue culture techniques, sterilized seeds of 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� are kept on moist absorbent cotton in petri plates under dark conditions for seedling germination. This method aids the efficient propagation of this endangered medicinal plant.
16) Dosha (Dosa):
膧yurvedic formulations involving 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� often aim to pacify imbalances in the Doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha). 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� is included in remedies addressing conditions like diarrhea and intermittent fever, which are linked to Dosha imbalances.
17) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� exhibits significant anti-bacterial activity, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Its antibacterial properties make it beneficial in treating infections caused by these pathogens.
18) Toxicity:
Despite its medicinal benefits, 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� has been evaluated for toxicity. It is noted that Atisine, an alkaloid present in the plant, is less toxic than aconitine. Purification methods have been identified to mitigate its toxic effects, ensuring safe therapeutic use.
19) Himalaya (Hima-alaya):
Aconitum heterophyllum is native to the Himalayan regions, specifically Western Himalayas, and thrives at altitudes between 2,500-4,000 meters. Its natural habitat is critical to its growth and availability in traditional medicinal practices.
20) Kashmir:
Kashmir is one of the regions where 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� naturally grows. This region, along with Garhwal and Kumaon, provides the ideal temperate to alpine zones for cultivating this endangered plant, which is important for its conservation and medicinal use.
21) Animal:
Animal models have been used in pharmacological studies to test the therapeutic properties of 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�. For instance, its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities have been evaluated using mice, highlighting its traditional and contemporary medicinal relevance.
22) Honey:
Honey is frequently used as an adjuvant with 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� in traditional medicinal formulations. For instance, the root powder of 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� mixed with honey is prescribed for treating conditions such as cough, bronchitis, and irritation, enhancing its therapeutic effects.
23) Blood:
Studies indicate that extracts of 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� can impact blood parameters. For example, its hypo-lipidemic activity involves reducing serum lipid levels, which is beneficial in managing conditions like hyperlipidemia, showcasing its therapeutic potential in cardiovascular health.
24) Cyperus rotundus:
In cases where 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� is unavailable, Cyperus rotundus (known as Mustaka) is used as a substitute in 膧yurvedic formulations. This practice aligns with the traditional concept of substitution to maintain therapeutic efficacy.
25) Purification:
Purification of 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� tubers involves warming them in cow dung extract, which is a traditional method mentioned in 膧yurvedic texts. This purification process helps in reducing toxicity and enhancing the safety of the medicinal plant for therapeutic use.
26) Inflammation:
Anti-inflammatory activity is one of the key pharmacological properties of 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�. Studies have shown that its extracts can significantly reduce inflammation, comparable to standard anti-inflammatory drugs like diclofenac sodium.
27) Dravyaguna (Dravya-guna):
Dravyaguna is the 膧yurvedic pharmacology and materia medica branch, where 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� is extensively studied for its medicinal properties. Researchers like Suresh Chaubey and Dinesh Chandra Singh from Rishikul Campus have contributed to the understanding of its uses.
28) Vitiation (Vitiated):
础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� is used in traditional medicine to treat conditions caused by the vitiation of Doshas. Its inclusion in formulations for managing fever, diarrhea, and digestive disorders addresses the imbalance of bodily humors as understood in 膧测耻谤惫别诲补.
29) Flavonoid:
[see source text or glossary: Flavonoid]
30) Tantra (Tamtra, Tantrism):
[see source text or glossary: Tantra]
31) Ghrita (Ghrta):
Mahatiktaka Ghrita is an 膧yurvedic formulation that includes 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�. It is used to treat skin diseases, malarial fever, and other conditions by leveraging the medicinal properties of 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� along with other therapeutic ingredients.
32) Aureus:
[see source text or glossary: Aureus]
33) Family:
Aconitum heterophyllum belongs to the Ranunculaceae family. Knowledge of its family is crucial for understanding its botanical characteristics, which aids in identifying and differentiating it from other species and adulterants.
34) India:
India is home to the traditional medicinal use of 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�. This plant is significant in Indian systems of medicine like 膧测耻谤惫别诲补, where it is used to treat various ailments, showcasing its cultural and therapeutic importance in Indian medicinal practices.
35) Tree:
[see source text or glossary: Tree]
36) Hair:
[see source text or glossary: Hair]
37) Milk:
In traditional purification methods, milk is used to detoxify 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� tubers. This practice helps in removing toxic components, making the plant safer for medicinal use, as described in the traditional 膧yurvedic texts.
38) Rheumatoid arthritis:
Yograja Guggul, an 膧yurvedic formulation containing 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�, is effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis. The anti-inflammatory properties of 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� contribute to the formulation's efficacy in managing this chronic inflammatory disorder.
39) Terminalia chebula:
Terminalia chebula, known as Haritaki, is used as a substitute for 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� in 膧yurvedic practices if the latter is unavailable. This substitution ensures the continuation of therapeutic benefits when 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� cannot be sourced.
40) Cow dung:
Cow dung extract is traditionally used for purifying 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� tubers. The method involves warming the tubers in the extract, which helps in detoxifying the plant, reducing toxicity, and enhancing its safety for medicinal use.
41) Mahatiktakaghrita (Mahatiktakaghrta, Mahatiktaka-ghrita):
Mahatiktaka-ghrita is an 膧yurvedic medicinal formulation that includes 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�. It is used for conditions like skin diseases, thyroid disorders, and erysipelas, leveraging the therapeutic properties of 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�.
42) Aegle marmelos:
A compound powder containing Indian Atees (础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�) and dried Aegle marmelos is recommended for treating fever with diarrhea in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. This combination enhances the medicinal efficacy of the formulation.
43) Grahanikapata (Grahani-kapata):
Grahanikapata Rasa is an Ayurvedic formulation that includes 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�. It is used to treat diarrhea and sprue syndrome associated with the vitiation of all Doshas, harnessing the digestive and astringent properties of 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�.
44) Candraprabha (Candra-prabha):
Chandraprabha Vati is an 膧yurvedic formulation that lists 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� among its ingredients. It is used for managing diabetes, urinary disorders, and conditions like dysuria and renal calculi, showcasing the herb's diverse therapeutic applications.
45) Sudarshana (Sudarsana):
Sudarshana Churna, which includes 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�, is an Ayurvedic medicine used primarily for treating fever. It addresses fever originating from any of the three Doshas and is beneficial for chronic fever, anemia, jaundice, and joint disorders.
46) Snake-bite:
础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� has traditional uses as an antidote to snake bites. The root is administered in various formulations to counteract poison, highlighting its significant role in traditional healing practices for treating venomous bites.
47) Irritation:
础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� root powder mixed with honey is traditionally used to treat cough irritations and bronchitis. This combination helps soothe and alleviate respiratory tract irritations, making it a valuable remedy in 膧测耻谤惫别诲补.
48) Science (Scientific):
Scientific studies have confirmed various pharmacological activities of 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�, such as antibacterial and hepato-protective effects. These findings validate traditional uses and encourage further research to develop safe and effective medicinal applications.
49) Harvesting (Harvest):
After proper harvest management, tubers of 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� are collected, washed, and dried, ensuring they are ready for medicinal preparation. Harvesting at the right time and correct handling are crucial to maintain the potency of the plant.
50) Patanjali:
[see source text or glossary: Patanjali]
51) Dantaroga:
Chandraprabha Vati, which contains 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�, is prescribed for various dental issues categorized under Dantaroga in 膧测耻谤惫别诲补. This highlights the multi-faceted therapeutic applications of 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� in traditional formulations.
52) Substance:
Atisine, an alkaloid found in 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�, is noted for being physiologically inactive and non-poisonous, despite its bitter taste. This substance contributes to the plant's medicinal value without significant toxicity risks.
53) Vibandha:
[see source text or glossary: Vibandha]
54) Tridosha (Tridosa, Tri-dosha):
础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� is utilized in Ayurvedic medicines aimed at pacifying Tridosha imbalances (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha). Formulations like Yograja Guggul and Sudarshana Churna incorporate 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� for its ability to harmonize all three Doshas.
55) Haritaki:
Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) is mentioned as a substitute for 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� in cases of non-availability. This alternative ensures continuity in therapeutic practice, maintaining the treatment efficacy when 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� cannot be sourced.
56) Triphala (Tri-phala):
[see source text or glossary: Triphala]
57) Rasayana (Rasa-ayana):
[see source text or glossary: Rasayana]
58) Scorpion:
础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� roots are used traditionally to counteract the effects of scorpion stings, highlighting its role as an antidote in traditional medicine for treating venomous bites and stings.
59) Sanskrit:
础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� is the Sanskrit name for Aconitum heterophyllum, reflecting its historical and cultural significance in traditional Indian medicine, where Sanskrit terminologies are commonly used.
60) Guggulu:
Yograja Guggul is an 膧yurvedic formulation containing 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�, known for its anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties. It is used to treat conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and skin disorders, leveraging the medicinal properties of 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�.
61) Granthi (Gramthi):
[see source text or glossary: Granthi]
62) Prameha:
[see source text or glossary: Prameha]
63) Vrishya (Vrsya):
Chandraprabha Vati, which includes 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�, is noted for its Vrishya or aphrodisiac properties in 膧测耻谤惫别诲补. This formulation is used to improve sexual health and manage conditions like erectile dysfunction.
64) Ashmari (Asmari):
Chandraprabha Vati, which contains 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�, is used to treat Ashmari (renal calculi or urinary stones) in 膧测耻谤惫别诲补. This highlights the herb's role in formulations aimed at managing and treating urinary tract disorders.
65) Kushtha (Kustha):
Chandraprabha Vati, incorporating 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�, is used to treat skin conditions classified as Kushtha in 膧测耻谤惫别诲补. This highlights the traditional therapeutic application of 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� in managing various dermatological issues.
66) Chandra:
One of the authors mentioned in the source text is Dinesh Chandra Singh, who has contributed to the review of 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�, focusing on its propagation, traditional uses, and pharmacology.
67) Mishra (Misra):
Rajesh Kumar Mishra is another contributing author of the comprehensive review on 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�. His work includes exploring the traditional and pharmacological aspects of this medicinal plant.
68) Ankola (Amkola):
[see source text or glossary: Ankola]
69) Arbuda:
[see source text or glossary: Arbuda]
70) Edema (Oedema):
Panchtikta Guggulu Ghrita, an 膧yurvedic formulation containing 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�, is used to treat conditions associated with oedema. It targets diseases arising from vitiated Vata located in joints, bones, and marrow, emphasizing the anti-inflammatory and therapeutic effects of 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�.
71) Dhatu:
Sudarshana Churna is known for treating chronic fever associated with vitiation in Dhatus. 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�, as a component of this formulation, helps in addressing these deeper tissue level imbalances in traditional 膧yurvedic practice.
72) Campu:
[see source text or glossary: Campu]
73) Indus:
础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ� is naturally found in regions extending from the Indus to Kumaon, highlighting its geographical distribution in the Himalayan areas. This distribution contributes to its traditional use in medicine derived from these regions.
74) Kumar:
Rajesh Kumar Mishra is one of the researchers who authored the review article on 础迟颈惫颈峁Ｄ�. His expertise contributes to the understanding of its propagation, traditional uses, and pharmacology.
75) Ayus (Ayush):
[see source text or glossary: Ayush]
[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 90]
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