Pharmacognostical standardization of Kadamba leaf (Anthocephalus cadamba)
Journal name: Ayushdhara
Original article title: Standardization of kadamba (anthocephalus cadamba(roxb.)miq leaf w.s.r. to its pharmacognostical evaluation
AYUSHDHARA is an international peer-reviewed journal. It focuses on research in Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy, Allopathy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
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Swetha.Chalamalasetty*
PG Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, Dr.B.R.K.R. Govt. Ayurvedic College, Hyderabad, Telangana
V.Narasimha
Asst.Professor, Department of Dravyaguna, Dr.B.R.K.R. Govt. Ayurvedic College, Hyderabad, Telangana
Ayushdhara:
(A peer-reviewed, bi-monthly open-access journal)
Full text available for: Standardization of kadamba (anthocephalus cadamba(roxb.)miq leaf w.s.r. to its pharmacognostical evaluation
Year: 2018
Copyright (license): CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Kadamba (Anthocephalus cadamba), a tree belonging to the Rubiaceae family, is recognized for its numerous medicinal properties and cultural significance. The plant has various uses in traditional medicine, particularly in treating various ailments such as metabolic disorders, inflammatory conditions, and more. Given the increasing demand for herbal products and the challenges associated with the quality of raw materials, standardization and rigorous pharmacognostical evaluation of medicinal plants like Kadamba have become crucial. The study aims to establish systematic parameters to ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy of Kadamba leaves.
Pharmacognostical Evaluation of Kadamba Leaves
The pharmacognostical evaluation of Kadamba leaves included detailed macroscopic and microscopic analyses, along with organoleptic properties and powder microscopy. The leaves were characterized as glossy green with a simple, entire margin and acute tips. Microscopic studies revealed a complex internal structure, including palisade and spongy parenchyma, unique stomatal features, and a vascular system. Additionally, organoleptic properties of the leaf powder indicated its fine texture, strong odor, and pungent taste, emphasizing its potential use in herbal formulations.
Physico-Chemical and Phytochemical Analysis
The study conducted extensive physico-chemical analyses of Kadamba leaves, measuring moisture content, total ash, and extractive values in various solvents. Results indicated moisture content at 4.0% and total ash at 6.29%. Extracts were evaluated to assess the presence of phytochemicals such as flavonoids, steroids, and phenols across different solvents. Notably, the aqueous and alcoholic extracts revealed a rich profile of bioactive components, with significant implications for their therapeutic use. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) studies further characterized the extracts, identifying distinct peaks that could contribute to the plant's pharmacological efficacy.
Conclusion
The comprehensive pharmacognostical, physico-chemical, and phytochemical studies conducted on Kadamba leaves serve as a foundational step toward standardization. The insights gained from the research highlight the importance of establishing reference standards for quality control in herbal medicines. To further facilitate the safe and effective use of Kadamba in various medicinal applications, additional studies are warranted to explore other aspects of its standardization and therapeutic potential. This research paves the way for ensuring the quality and reliability of Kadamba as a crucial resource in herbal medicine.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is Kadamba and its significance in herbal medicine?
Kadamba, scientifically known as Anthocephalus cadamba, is a vital medicinal plant with numerous health benefits. It is used in treating various disorders like Medoroga, Prameha, and Atisara, and is recognized for its potential medicinal properties, making its standardization essential.
What methods were used for the pharmacognostical evaluation of Kadamba leaves?
The study involved macroscopic and microscopic examinations, organoleptic testing, powder microscopy, physicochemical analysis, and phytochemical evaluation of Kadamba leaves. Techniques like TLC and HPTLC were also employed for detailed analysis of extracts in different solvents.
What were the key findings of the study on Kadamba leaves?
The study found that Kadamba leaves possess significant components like flavonoids, carbohydrates, and phenols in various extracts. Furthermore, the physico-chemical parameters, including moisture content and ash values, were established, forming a basis for its standardization.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for 鈥淧harmacognostical standardization of Kadamba leaf (Anthocephalus cadamba)鈥�. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Kadamba:
Kadamba is a plant known for its medicinal properties. Botanically, it is identified as Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq and belongs to the Rubiaceae family. It is used in traditional systems of medicine to treat various disorders such as medoroga, prameha, and mutrakrchra.
2) Powder:
Kadamba leaf powder is used for its medicinal benefits. In the study, the leaf powder was examined for its organoleptic characters, which included its fine texture, strong odor, pungent taste, and dark green color.
3) Phytochemical:
Phytochemical analysis involves examining the chemical compounds present in plants. The study of Kadamba leaf included testing for steroids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, tannins, saponins, phenols, proteins, and alkaloids in different extracts.
4) Pharmacognostical:
Pharmacognostical evaluation refers to the study of the physical and chemical properties of medicinal plants. The study on Kadamba leaf included macroscopic and microscopic examination, organoleptic study, powder microscopy, and physicochemical analysis.
5) Drug:
In the context of the study, Kadamba is referred to as a drug due to its medicinal properties. It has been mentioned in various Ayurvedic texts for its therapeutic uses in treating a wide range of diseases.
6) Narasimha (Narasingha, Nara-simha):
V. Narasimha is one of the authors of the study on the standardization of Kadamba. He is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Dravyaguna at Dr. B.R.K.R. Govt. Ayurvedic College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
7) Dravyaguna (Dravya-guna):
Dravyaguna is the branch of Ayurveda that deals with the study of medicinal plants and their properties. The research on Kadamba was carried out by the Department of Dravyaguna at Dr. B.R.K.R. Govt. Ayurvedic College.
8) Varga:
[see source text or glossary: Varga]
9) India:
The study on Kadamba leaf was conducted in India, specifically at Dr. B.R.K.R. Govt. Ayurvedic College in Hyderabad, Telangana. Kadamba is also found in various regions of India, including the sub-Himalayan tract, Karnataka, and Kerala.
10) Tree:
Kadamba is a tree that is frequently found in moist and warm deciduous and evergreen forests. It is also cultivated for ornamental purposes and as a shade tree. Its wood is useful for timber and paper making.
11) Vedanasthapana (Vedana-sthapana):
[see source text or glossary: Vedanasthapana]
12) Vatarakta (Vata-rakta):
[see source text or glossary: Vatarakta]
13) Nighantu (Nighamtu):
[see source text or glossary: Nighantu]
14) Vidradhi:
[see source text or glossary: Vidradhi]
15) Apasmara:
[see source text or glossary: Apasmara]
16) Upadamsha (Upadamsa):
[see source text or glossary: Upadamsa]
17) Prameha:
Prameha is a term used in Ayurveda to describe urinary disorders, including diabetes. Kadamba is mentioned as being beneficial for treating prameha in several Ayurvedic texts such as Chakradatta.
18) Raktaja:
[see source text or glossary: Raktaja]
19) Disease:
Kadamba is used in the treatment of various diseases. These include Medoroga, Prameha, Atisara, Grahani, Mutrakrchra, and many others, as mentioned in traditional Ayurvedic texts like Charakasamhita and Susruta Samhita.
20) Unmada:
[see source text or glossary: Unmada]
21) Arshas (Arsa, Arsas, Arsha):
[see source text or glossary: Arsha]
22) Forest:
Kadamba trees are commonly found in moist and warm deciduous and evergreen forests. The leaves used in the study were collected from the Vikarabad Forest near Hyderabad, Telangana state.
23) Pitta:
[see source text or glossary: Pitta]
24) Gulma:
[see source text or glossary: Gulma]
25) Shotha (Sotha):
[see source text or glossary: Sotha]
26) Hair:
Powder microscopy of Kadamba leaf powder revealed isolated fragments of uniseriate conical hairs. These hairs are part of the microscopic characteristics used in the pharmacognostical study of the leaf.
27) Dhanvantarinighantu (Dhanvantari-nighantu):
[see source text or glossary: Dhanvantarinighantu]
28) Prabhadradivarga (Prabhadradi-varga):
[see source text or glossary: Prabhadradi-varga]
29) Kaiyadevanighantu (Kaiyadeva-nighantu):
[see source text or glossary: Kaiyadevanighantu]
30) Sushruta-samhita (Susruta-samhita):
Susruta Samhita is an ancient Ayurvedic text. Kadamba is mentioned in this text as part of the Lodhradigana and Nyagrodhadigana groups of plants.
31) Rajanighantu (Raja-nighantu, Rajan-nighantu):
[see source text or glossary: Raja-nighantu]
32) Shukrashodhana (Sukrasodhana, Shukra-shodhana):
[see source text or glossary: Sukrasodhana]
33) Prabhadradi (Prabhadra-adi):
[see source text or glossary: Prabhadradi]
34) Amradivarga (Amradi-varga):
[see source text or glossary: Amradivarga]
35) Mutrakrichra (Mutrakrchra, Mutra-krichra):
Mutrakrchra refers to painful urination. Kadamba is noted in Ayurvedic texts for its usefulness in treating this condition.
36) Vijayawada (Vijayavada, Vijaya-vada):
Vijayawada is the location from which one of the study鈥檚 authors, Dr. Swetha Chalamalasetty, is based. She provided contact information for correspondence related to the study.
37) Discussion:
The study included a discussion section where the results of the pharmacognostical, physico-chemical, and phytochemical analyses of Kadamba leaf were deliberated upon, emphasizing the need for standardization.
38) Karnataka:
Kadamba trees are found in Karnataka, particularly in moist and warm deciduous and evergreen forests. This geographical distribution is important for sourcing the plant material.
39) Flavonoid:
Flavonoids are one of the phytochemical constituents present in Kadamba leaf. These compounds were detected in the aqueous and ethanolic extracts during the phytochemical analysis.
40) Prabhava:
Prabhava refers to the unique effect or specific action of a medicinal plant. Kadamba鈥檚 prabhava is noted as 'Vedanasthapana,' meaning it has pain-relieving properties.
41) Masurika:
[see source text or glossary: Masurika]
42) Mandagni (Manda-agni, Mamdagni):
[see source text or glossary: Mandagni]
43) Medoroga (Medas-roga):
Medoroga refers to obesity or metabolic disorders related to fat. Kadamba is noted for its usefulness in treating Medoroga due to its medicinal properties.
44) Vatahara (Vata-ahara):
[see source text or glossary: Vatahara]
45) Samhita:
Samhita refers to a collection of ancient Ayurvedic texts. Kadamba is mentioned in various Samhitas such as Charaka Samhita and Susruta Samhita for its medicinal properties.
46) Atisara:
Atisara refers to diarrhea. Kadamba is noted in Ayurvedic literature for its effectiveness in treating atisara among other digestive disorders.
47) Grahani:
Grahani refers to chronic digestive disorders. Kadamba is used in Ayurveda for treating grahani and related symptoms.
48) Madhava:
[see source text or glossary: Madhava]
49) Sodhala:
[see source text or glossary: Sodhala]
50) Ashmari (Asmari):
[see source text or glossary: Ashmari]
51) Ashthila (Asthila):
[see source text or glossary: Asthila]
52) Kashaya (Kasaya):
Kashaya refers to the astringent taste. Kadamba is noted to possess a kashaya rasa, which contributes to its various medicinal properties.
53) Kerala:
Kadamba trees are found in Kerala, especially in moist and warm deciduous and evergreen forests. This region contributes to the geographical distribution of the plant.
54) Utpata:
[see source text or glossary: Utpata]
55) Chardi:
[see source text or glossary: Chardi]
56) Bengal (Bemgal):
Kadamba is found in the lower hills of the Darjeeling Terai in West Bengal. The region provides suitable conditions for the growth of this medicinal plant.
57) Family:
Kadamba belongs to the Rubiaceae family, which includes many plants known for their medicinal properties. This classification is important for the botanical identification of the plant.
58) Timber:
Apart from its medicinal uses, Kadamba wood is valuable for timber and paper making. This adds to the economic importance of the tree.
59) Kapha:
Kapha is one of the three doshas in Ayurveda. Kadamba has properties that help in balancing Kapha, making it useful in treating Kapha-related disorders.
60) Udara:
[see source text or glossary: Udara]
61) Tikta:
Tikta refers to the bitter taste. Kadamba possesses a tikta rasa, which contributes to its medicinal properties in treating various diseases.
62) Pliha:
[see source text or glossary: Pliha]
63) Bhava:
[see source text or glossary: Bhava]
64) Vrana:
Vrana refers to wounds. Kadamba is noted for its usefulness in treating wounds and promoting healing due to its medicinal properties.
65) Ayus (Ayush):
[see source text or glossary: Ayush]
66) Raja:
[see source text or glossary: Raja]
67) Rasa (Rasha):
[see source text or glossary: Rasa]
68) Shula (Sula):
[see source text or glossary: Sula]
69) Daha:
[see source text or glossary: Daha]
70) Ghat (Gham):
[see source text or glossary: Ghat]
Other Science Concepts:
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