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According to the Paumacariya Jambudvipa is circular in shape. In the centre of it stands the great mountain, Mandara.8 It is further said that there are six mountains, three to the south, and the other three to the north of Mandara. They all touch the Lavana ocean on both the sides. They are named as Himavat, Mahahimavat Nisadha, Nila, Rukmin and Sikharin, These mountains thus divide Jambudvipa into seven regions viz. Bharata, Haimavata, Harivarsa, Mahavideha, 1. Tiloyapannatti, 1. 136f. 4. 2-11; 5. 8f; Jambudivapannatti Sangaho, 4. 4, 20; 11. 2, 49, 84f; and Jambudivapannatti, 3. 2. Vishnu Purana 2. 2. 5-7; Markandeya Purana 50. 11, 17f and 51. 7. 3. See Tiloyapannatti, II. Int. p. 82. 4. Markandeya Purana 51. 8. 5. Vishnu Purana 2. 4. 74. 6. Historical Geography of Ancient India, p. 8; India as Described in Early Texts of Buddhism and Jainism, p. 2; Tiloyapannatti, II, Int. p. 88. 7. Chs, 6 & 7. 8. It is also called Meru (2.24,26).

GEOGRAPHICAL PLACES, PEOPLES AND TRIBES 503 Ramyaka, Hairanyavata and Airavata. There are fourteen rivers which flow in Jambudvipa. They are Ganga, Sindhu, Rohita, Rohitamsa, Hari, Harikanta, Sita, Sitoda, Nari, Narakanta, Rupyakula, Suvarnakula, Rakta, and Raktavati, two rivers flowing in each country respectively. According to the Tiloyapannatti (4. 12f, 90f) the seven countries and the six mountains as mentioned above are said to be successively occupying Jambudvipa from south to north, stretching from east to west and touching the Lavana ocean on both the sides. The Jambudivapannatti (10) gives a detailed account of these countries. According to the Brahmanical literature also the Jambudvipa has got the Meru mountain situated in its centre (Vishnu Purana 2. 2. 7f). There are also other six mountains, three to the south and the other three to the north of the Meru mountain. They are the Himavat, Hemakuta, Nisadha; and Nila, Sveta, and Srngin. The last, Srngin is identical with Sikharin and the Sveta with Rajatamaya or Rukmin of the Jaina tradition respectively. Thus the names of all the six mountains of the Brahmanical account agree with those of the Jaina tradition. The seven countries of Jambudvipa are mentioned as Bharatavarsa, Kimpurusa Harivarsa, Ilavrtavarsa, Ramyaka, Hirranyamaya and Uttarakuru (Vn.2. 2. 12f). The first, third, fifth and the sixth country are identical with those of the Jaina tradition. Uttarakuru is called as Airavatavarsa in the Mahabharata (VI. 6. 37) and the latter is identical with Airavata of the Jaina tradition. The second country namely, Kimpurusa is named as Haimavatavarsa in the Mahabharata (VI. 6.7) which is identical with Haimavata of the Jaina tradition. Thus the names of six countries out of the seven of the Jaina tradition are in agreement with those of the Brahmanical tradition¹. In the Buddhist literature the Meru mountain is said to have been situated in the middle of the four islands or continents². The four countries are named as Pubbavideha, Aparagodana, Uttarakuru and Jambudvipa³. 1. Shri Ramakrsnadasji in his article named 'Caturdvipaka Bhugola', identifies the Himavat with the Himalayas and the Hemakuta with Tibet. This Hemkuta of the Brahmanical literature is the Mahahimavat (Mahahimavanta) of the Jaina tradition. It is said that the country lying between Himavat and Mahahimavat always has a great snow-fall, hence it is called Hemavaya (Jambu, Su. 78). The Nisadha is further identified with the Hindukusa range and the Uttarakuru with the western Turkistan (Vide Jambudivapannatti Sangaho, Intro). 2. Vide Historical Geography of Ancient India, p. 8. 3. India as Described in Early Texts of Buddhism and Jainism, p. 2.