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In the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉, various epithets are used for rivers in general. Some of them are really remarkable and striking, such as 艣颈惫腻, 辫耻峁噛腻 and 艣颈惫补箩补濒腻. Usually, such adjectives imply the munificence and benevolent nature of rivers. They flow and give water to the earth. The rivers bring along with them many beneficial boons for human happiness. They feed the world as if it were their own children. Perhaps, it is due to this fact that they are affectionately called mothers of the world.^[1]

In the 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉, there are two types of rivers. They are those which flow only in the rainy season and the others, which are always in transition. 厂补谤补蝉惫补迟墨 is considered to be of the latter type. The 痴腻尘补苍补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 says that it is the 厂补谤补蝉惫补迟墨 alone, which, irrespective of seasons, never ceases to flow.^[2] It is probably to denote this very character of the 厂补谤补蝉惫补迟墨 that the various Pur膩峁噄c adjectives such as 辫谤补惫腻丑补蝉补峁儁耻办迟腻,^[3] 惫别驳补测耻办迟腻,^[4] srotasyeva^[5] etc., have been designated for it. By 苍补诲墨迟补尘腻,^[6] the 厂补谤补蝉惫补迟墨 was known as 苍补诲墨尘腻迟腻 in the 峁歡vedic times. The 笔耻谤腻峁嘺蝉 consider the 厂补谤补蝉惫补迟墨 as a mighty river and let it retain its former position; they only substitute 苍补诲墨迟补尘腻 with 惭补丑腻苍补诲墨 (a great river).^[7] Mighty rivers have several characteristics of their own as distinguished from those of smaller ones.

It is generally said that small rivers originate either from the Mountains or from the big rivers. If they originate from big rivers, they flow as their tributaries. Likewise, if they originate from the Mountains, they run down and join big rivers. In both the circumstances, they have but a little life. But such an opinion cannot be advanced against big rivers. These rivers originate from the Mountains and ultimately made their way to the oceans. That is why, a big river is called 蝉补尘耻诲谤补驳腻,^[8] flowing up to the ocean. For this reason, 厂补谤补蝉惫补迟墨 river is also called 蝉腻驳补谤补驳腻尘颈苍墨 (flowing to the ocean).^[9]

厂补谤补蝉惫补迟墨 river contains auspicious waters (辫耻峁噛补箩补濒腻惫补丑腻).^[10] Because of its sacredness, various epithets have been used for it, e.g. 辫耻峁噛补诲腻,^[11] 辫耻峁噛补箩补苍补苍墨, 辫耻峁噛补迟墨谤迟丑补蝉惫补谤奴辫颈峁嚹�, pu峁噛avdbhir ni峁�evy膩, 蝉迟丑颈迟颈岣� 辫耻峁噛补惫补迟腻峁�,^[12] 迟补辫补蝉惫颈苍腻峁� 迟补辫辞谤奴辫腻, 迟补辫补蝉测腻办腻谤补谤奴辫颈峁嚹�, 箩惫补濒补诲补驳苍颈蝉惫补谤奴辫颈峁嚹�,^[13] 迟墨谤迟丑补谤奴辫腻迟颈辫腻惫补苍墨,^[14] 艣耻产丑腻,^[15] 辫耻峁噛腻,^[16] 辫耻峁噛补箩补濒腻,^[17] 辫腻辫补苍颈谤尘辞办腻,^[18] 蝉补谤惫补辫腻辫补辫谤补峁嘺艣颈苍墨,^[19] ati辫耻峁噛腻,^[20] 辫耻峁噛补迟辞测腻,^[21] etc. A collective epithet 蝉补谤颈诲惫补谤腻岣� has been used for the 厂补谤补蝉惫补迟墨.^[22] Besides this, a most striking epithet for the 厂补谤补蝉惫补迟墨 is 产谤补丑尘补苍补诲墨.^[23] It was the 产谤补丑尘补苍补诲墨 厂补谤补蝉惫补迟墨 wherein sage 笔补谤补艣耻谤腻尘补 took his 补惫补产丑峁泃丑补 bath. Thus, the 厂补谤补蝉惫补迟墨 was closely associated with 叠谤补丑尘腻.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

Bha峁�峁�膩c膩rya, Ranasa峁卥ara, 滨迟颈丑腻蝉补-笔耻谤腻峁嘺 K膩 Anu艣墨lana, p.219

[2]:

诲峁涐梗补诲惫补迟墨 mah膩辫耻峁噛腻 tath膩 hira峁噕at墨 苍补诲墨 | var峁Ｄ乲膩lavah膩岣� 蝉补谤惫腻 varjayitv膩 sarasvat墨 || 痴腻尘补苍补 笔耻谤腻峁嘺,34.8

[3]:

颈迟测补峁涐梗别谤惫补肠补苍补峁� 艣谤耻迟惫腻 m膩rka峁囜笉eyasya dh墨mat膩岣� || 苍补诲墨 辫谤补惫腻丑补蝉补峁儁耻办迟腻 办耻谤耻办峁�e迟谤补峁� vive艣a ha || Ibid., 33.1

[4]:

迟补峁� 诲峁涐梗峁璿腻 尘耻苍补测补岣� 辫谤墨迟腻 惫别驳补测耻办迟腻峁� 蝉补谤补蝉惫补迟墨峁� | 辫颈迟腻尘补丑补峁� m膩nayant墨峁� te tu t膩峁� bahumenire || Ibid., 37.22

[5]:

蝉补谤惫补峁� 惫颈艣惫补峁� parivy膩pya srotasyeva hi d峁浥泍ate | 丑补谤颈岣� sarassu tasyeya峁� tena namn膩 sarasvat墨 || Brahmavaivarta 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, 2.7.3

[6]:

ambitame 苍补诲墨tame devitame sarasvat墨 | apra艣t膩 iva smasi pra艣astima峁僾a nask峁沝hi || 峁欢惫别诲补 厂补峁僪颈迟腻, 2.41.16

[7]:

sarits膩 hi sam膩h奴t膩 ma峁卥a峁噀na mah膩tman膩 || 办耻谤耻办峁�e迟谤补峁� sam膩y膩t膩 辫谤补惫颈峁ａ弓腻 ca mah膩苍补诲墨 || 痴腻尘补苍补 笔耻谤腻峁嘺,37.31,40.8;叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补 笔耻谤腻峁嘺.,5.19.18

[8]:

cf., Bhattacarya, Ramasankara, 滨迟颈丑腻蝉补 笔耻谤腻峁嘺 K膩 Anu艣墨lana, p.223

[9]:

Padma 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, 5.27.119

[10]:

痴腻尘补苍补 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, 32.24

[11]:

辫耻峁噛补诲腻 辫耻峁噛补箩补苍补苍墨 pu峁噛at墨rthasvar奴pin墨 | pu峁噛avadbhirni峁�evy膩 ca st岣�iti岣� punyavat膩峁� mune || Brahmavaivarta 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, 2.6.2,12 办补迟丑补峁� sarasvat墨dev墨 ga峁単膩艣膩pena bh膩rate | kalay膩 kalahenaiva sambh奴t辫耻峁噛补诲腻 sarit ||

[12]:

Ibid., 2.6.2

[13]:

迟补辫补蝉惫颈苍腻峁� 迟补辫辞谤奴辫腻 tapasy膩k膩rar奴pin墨 | k峁泃apedhmad膩h膩ya 箩惫补濒补诲补驳苍颈蝉惫补谤奴辫颈峁嚹� || Ibid., 2.6.3

[14]:

sarasvat墨 苍补诲墨 s膩 t墨rthar奴p膩van墨 | papip膩pedhmad膩h膩ya jvaladagnisvarupi峁嚹� || Ibid., 2.7.4

[15]:

办补迟丑补峁� ca sara 腻蝉腻诲测补 办峁泃惫腻 t墨rth膩ni par艣vata岣� | pray膩t膩 pa艣cim膩m膩艣膩峁� d峁浥泍膩d峁泂yagati岣� 艣耻产丑腻 || atadvistarato br奴hi 迟墨谤迟丑补峁� 产谤补丑尘补惫颈诲腻峁� vara || 痴腻尘补苍补 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, 32.2

[16]:

腻诲测补峁� 产谤补丑尘补蝉补谤补峁� pu峁厃a峁� tato n膩gahrada峁� sm峁泃am || 办补谤耻峁嚹� 峁涐梗颈峁嚹� 办峁涐梗峁璦峁� 办耻谤耻办峁�e迟谤补 迟补迟补岣� sm峁泃am || tasya madhyena vai y膩hi 辫耻峁噛腻 辫耻峁噛补箩补濒腻惫补丑腻 || Ibid., 32.24;34.6

[17]:

测补箩帽补惫颈诲测腻 尘补丑腻惫颈诲测腻 驳耻丑测补惫颈诲测腻 ca 艣辞产丑补苍腻 膩nvik峁�ik墨 tray墨vidy膩 da峁囜笉an墨ti艣ca kathyate || Padma 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, 5.27.119

[18]:

Ibid.

[19]:

Skanda 笔耻谤腻峁嘺, 7.34.31

[20]:

bividyam膩n膩 salilaistaijasen膩nilena ca | meroruttark奴峁璭峁�u 辫补迟颈迟腻鈥檛ha catur峁�vapi || V膩yu 笔耻谤腻峁嘺,42.9

[21]:

蝉补谤惫腻 hyeka艣il膩 bh奴mirv峁沰峁�av墨rudvivarjit膩 | 膩plut膩 padam膩tre峁嘺 dyudakena saman迟补迟补岣� || Ibid., 37.29

[22]:

Ibid.133. 24

[23]:

t膩ta艣c膩 vabh峁泃ha sn膩navidh奴t膩艣e峁�a 办颈濒产颈峁�a岣� | sarasvaty膩峁� brahmanady膩峁� reje vyabhra iv膩峁兣泆m膩n || 叠丑腻驳补惫补迟补 笔耻谤腻峁嘺., 9.16.23