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The epic bears testimony to the long living tradition of Music and Musical Instruments. The use of Musical Instruments in festivals and other social occasions as mentioned in the epic, brings out the importance given to music in human life. The Musical Instruments such as Sankha is replicated as being an integral element such as in the beginning of the war or to announce victory. Many drums are also referred in the episodes of battle. Sankha and Dundubhi were sounded when the Pandavas entered Hastinapura. puspavrstim subha gandhah sankhadundubhinisvanah | asan paravese parthanam tathadbhutanaivabhakta || (Book I - Chapter 1- Verse 77) When the Kauravas saw them introduced as the sons of Pandu, the distinguished class of citizens shouted exceedingly for joy. There were showers of sweet-scented flowers, and the sound of shells and kettledrums. Such were the wonders that happened on the arrival of the young princes. The joyful noise of all the citizens, in expression of their satisfaction on the occasion, was so great that it reached the very heavens in magnifying plaudits. There is an interesting verse about Krsna's conch Pancajanya. candra vrddhiksayavasasaduvrttormi turagasayam | pancajanyasya jananam ratnakaram anuttamam || (Book 1 - Chapter 19 - Verse 10) Full of swelling billows caused by the waxing and waning of the moon the parent of Vasudeva's great conch called Pancajanya, the great mine of gems, its waters were formerly disturbed in consequence of the agitation caused within them by the Lord Govinda.

158 During Svayamvaras, actors, bards and dancers gave a number of performances entertaining princes gathered for the event. nata vaitalikasa caiva nartakah sutamagadhah | niyuthakasa ca thesebhyah samesyati mahavratah || (Book 1- Chapter 175 - Verse 16) And taking all they will give away and witnessing the Svayamvara, and enjoying the festivities, we shall go where so ever we like. And there will also come unto that Svayamvara, from various countries, actors, and bards singing the glory of kings, and dancers, and reciters of Puranas, and heralds, and powerful athletes. turyodhasatasamkirnah paradhyoguru dhupitah | candanokasiktasca malyadamaisa ca sobhita || (Book 1 - Chapter 176 - Verse 18) All those mansions adorned with wreaths and garlands of flowers and rendered fragrant with excellent aloes, were all white and spotless, like unto the necks of swans. And the fragrance therefrom could be perceived from the distance. The musical instruments were sounded. The Pandavas, too, entering that amphitheatre, sat with the Brahmanas and beheld the unequalled affluence of the king of the Panchalas, looking gay at the performances. mahasvanairdundubhinabhitaisca ca babhruva tata sakumtramantariksam | vimanasambadhana abhuta samantatah savenu vina panavanunadan || (Book I - Chapter 178 - Verse 14) The resounding with the kettle-drum and the deep hum of infinite voices, and echoing with the softer music of the flute, the Vina, and the tabor, the cars of the celestials could scarcely find a passage through the firmament.

159 syuh anyesu silpesu ca yanya api sayuh sarvani kaltanya akhilena tatra | kerida nimitani ca yani tani sarvani tatropajahara raja || krida (Book I - Chapter 186- Verse 6) King Drupada, in order to ascertain the order to which those heroes belonged, kept ready a large collection of articles as required by the ordinance for the wedding. And he kept ready fruits, sanctified garlands, and coats of mail, and shields, and carpets, and kine, and seeds, and various other articles and implements of agriculture. And the king also collected, O monarch, every article appertaining to other arts, and various implements and apparatus of every kind of sport. (Here the word 'Silpa' is refered as various artifacts). The cities were always filled with sounds of drums and trumpets. sostrika bharatasrestha sabheripanavanaka | smita trnakusa rajana sasataghnika langula || (Book 3 - Chapter 16 - Verses 7) And that encounter commenced with a thick shower of weapons from all sides. And, O bull of the Bharata race, the city at that time was well-fortified on all sides, filled with sounds of trumpets, tabors, and drums, lances and forks, and Sataghnis, and plough-shares, rockets, balls of stone and battle-axes and other weapons and shield embossed with iron, and hurling balls and bullets and hot liquids!

160 During the life of incognito, Arjuna got a job in the Virata court on account of his skills in music and dance. gayami nrtyamyatha vadayami bhadro'smi | nrtte kusalo'smi gite tava uttarayah paridatsva mam svayam || bhavami devya naradeva nartakah | sa siksayamasa ca gitavaditam || (Book 4 - Chapter 10 - Verses 8 & 12) Arjuna said, 'I sing, dance, and play on instruments. I am proficient in dance and skilled in song. O lord of men, assign me unto (the princess) Uttara. I shall be dancing-master to the royal maiden. As to how I have come by this form, what will it avail thee to hear the account which will only augment my pain? Know me, O king of men, to be Vrihannala, a son or daughter without father or mother' and taught the lessons by singing along with the musical instruments. There is an interesting comparison between the bow and the Vina. pasopadhanam jayatantrim capadandam mahasvanam | saravana dhanurvina satrumadhde paravadaya || (Book 4 - Chapter 33 -Verse 16) Do thou like a leader of elephants rushing at a herd, pierce the ranks of the foe with straight arrows of golden wings, discharged from thy bow. Thy bow is even like a Vina. Its two ends represent the ivory pillows; its string, the main chord; its staff, the finger-board; and the arrows shot from it musical notes. Do thou strike in the midst of the foe that Vina of musical sound.

161 Turya, Bheri and other instruments were used as war instruments as is evident from the Mahabharata reference. tatasturyanadaisca bherinam ca mahasvanaih | tavakanama anekani perasam capi niryayuh || (Book 7 - Chapter 1 - Verses 19) Then those tigers among men contrived for Bhisma of immeasurable prowess a bed with a pillow made of straight shafts. And having made arrangements for Bhisma's protection, they addressed one another (in pleasant converse). Then by the blare of trumpets and the beat of drums, the divisions of thy army as also those of the foe, marched out. Bheri, Mrdanga and Musical instruments tato vyuhesvanikesu samutkrstesu marisa | tadyamanasu bherisu mrdangesu nadatsu ca || anikanam ca samhade vaditranam ca nisvane | & paradhmapitesu sankhesu samnade lomaharsane | (Book 7 - Chapter 64 - Verses 1 & 2) Sanjaya said, 'After the divisions of the Kuru army had been (thus) arrayed, and a loud uproar, O sire, had, arisen; after Bheris and Mrdangas began to be beaten and played upon, after the din of the warriors and the noise of musical instruments had become audible; after conch began to be blown, and an awful roar had arisen, making the hair stand on end.

162 Sankha, Bheri, Mrdanga and Anaka tatah sankhasa ca bheryasaca mrdangasca canakaih saha | punahevabhyahanyanta tava sainyapraharsanah || nana vaditrasamhradaih kasveditasphotitakulaih | simhanadaih sa vaditraih samahrtairmaharadaih || (Book 7 -Chapter 64 - Verses 26 & 27) Then conchs and horns and cymbals and Anakas were once more blown and beat for cheering thy warriors. And that noise mingled with the noise of diverse (other) musical instruments, with the shouts of warriors and the slaps of their armpits. Sankha and Dundubhi samvada h garjitotkrsta samnathah sankhadundubhinisvanah | uparamana maharaja vyajahara na kascana || (Book 7 -Chapter 73 -Verse 21) The roars and shouts and other cries of the soldiers, the blare of conchs and the beat of drums ceased, O king, for none uttered any sound Sankha, Dundubhi and other instruments tatah sarvasu sainyesu vaditrani parahrstavata | paravadyan samatikrante tava putre dhanamjayam || simhanada ravascasasankhadundubhibhisritah | drstva duryodhanam tatra krsnayoh paramukhe saditam || (Book 7 - Chapter 76 -Verses 39 & 40)

163 When thy son thus outran Dhananjaya, diverse musical instruments were joyfully blown and beat among all thy troops. And leonine roars were uttered mingled with the blare of conchs, beholding Duryodhana staying in the face of the two Krsnas. They also, O king, resembling blazing fires, that stood as the protectors of Jayadratha, were filled with joy upon beholding thy son in battle. Seeing Duryodhana transgress them with his followers, Krsna, O monarch, said unto Arjuna these words suited to the occasion. Pancajanya, Bheri, Jharjhara, Anaka and Mrdanga tadaiva pancajanyo'pi vasudeva samiritah | sarvasabdanatikramya purayamasa rodasi || pravaditasu bherisu jharjharesvanakesu ca | mrdangesu ca rajendra vadayamanesvanekasah || (Book 7 - Chapter 79 - Verses 13 &15) And so Panchajanya also blown by Vasudeva, surpassing all sounds, filled the sky and the earth. And while that awful and fierce noise continued, a noise that inspired the timid with fear and the brave with cheers, and while drums and Jharjharas, and cymbals and Mrdangas, O great king, were beat by thousands, great car-warriors invited to the Kuru side and solicitous of Dhananjaya's welfare, those great bowmen, filled with rage.

sa sena nairti bhima saghantocchritaketana sa bheri sankhamuraja | sayudha sapatakini sarabhri dvayorivabhati jyatibhire upasobhita || di tato deva nikayaste bhutasena ganastada | vadayamasurajyagra bherisankhasca puskalan || patahan jharjharamscaiva krkacan govisanikan | 164 adambaran gomukhamsaca dindimamsca mahasvanam || (Book 9 -Chapter 45 - Verses 49, 50 & 51 ) The terrible host of celestials, furnished with standards adorned with bells, and equipped with drums and conchs and cymbals, and armed with weapons, and decked with many banners, looked beautiful like the autumnal firmament bespangled with planets and stars. Then that vast assemblage of celestials and diverse kinds of creatures began cheerfully to beat their drums and blow their conchs numbering thousands. And they also played on their patahas and jharjharas and krkacas and cow-horns and Adambaras and gomukhas and dindimas of loud sound. Musical Instruments were sounded for expression of joy during wars. tato vaditraghosena saha pumsam mahasvanaih | paradurasita krte drone harsah senapattau tatha || (Book 7 - Chapter 5 - Verse 38) After Drona's installation in the command, the joy of the army expressed itself by the sound of drums and the loud blare of conchs.

165 Musical Instruments were sounded to express joy and happiness. If they were silent, people understood that some mishap had happened. nadya nandanti turyani mangalyani janardhana misra dundubhinirghosah | sankhaya cadambaraihh saha vina va nadya vadyante samya talasvanaih saha || mangalyani ca gitani ma gayanti pathanti ca | stutiyuktani ramyani mamanikesu bandinah || (Book 7 - Chapter 50 -Verses 11 & 12) Then those two heroes (viz., Krsna and Arjuna), having adored the Twilight, mounted on their car and proceeded, talking of the day's battle so destructive of heroes. Then that slayer of hostile heroes, viz., Vibhatsu, beholding the camp joyless and melancholy and everything to be in confusion, addressed Krsna with an agonised heart, and said, 'O Janardana, no auspicious trumpet blows today, its blasts mingled with the beat of drums and the loud blare of conchs. The sweet Vina also is nowhere played upon in accompaniment with slapping of palms. Auspicious and delightful songs fraught with praise are nowhere recited or sung by our bards amongst the troops. The warriors also, all recede hanging down their heads. Arjuna laments by saying that his son possessed a beautiful voice resmbling the sound of Vina. tantri svanasukham ramyam pumskokila samaghvanim | asrrnvatah svanam tasya ka saktirhrdayasya me || (Book 7 -Chapter 50 - Verse 34) Arjuna laments on the death of his son. "Melodious as the voice of the male Kokila, delightful, and sweet as the warbling of the Vina, without listening to his voice, what peace can my heart have?"