Jain Remains of Ancient Bengal
by Shubha Majumder | 2017 | 147,217 words
This page relates ‘Rishabhanatha sculptures with miniature Tirthankaras and Dikpalas� of the study on the Jain Remains of Ancient Bengal based on the fields of Geography, Archaeology, Art and Iconography. Jainism represents a way of life incorporating non-violence and approaches religion from humanitarian viewpoint. Ancient Bengal comprises modern West Bengal and the Republic of Bangladesh, Eastern India. Here, Jainism was allowed to flourish from the pre-Christian times up until the 10th century CE, along with Buddhism.
Ṛṣٳ sculptures with miniature īٳṅks and پ
[Full title: Images of īٳṅk Ṛṣٳ (5b): Ṛṣٳ sculptures with miniature īٳṅks and پ]
The Rṣabhanāthạ (96.5 x 48.3 cm) image from Bhelua (Pl.XXIII.E) is the only example of this group presently preserved in the Dinajpur museum, Bangladesh (Dasgupta 1976: 153, Mevissen 200: 351). The ū-ⲹ첹 stands in rigid dzٲ pose on a ś貹峾. His hair is arranged in regular strands with two locks falling on each shoulder. The throne-back behind his body is reduced to a horizontal bar from which rises a tri-foil arch of peculiar asymmetrical rendering. He is flanked by twenty four miniature Jinas, twelve on either side arranged in rows of three, all equipped with small triple umbrellas above their heads. One miniature Jina lacks the triple umbrella: The middle figure in the bottom register on the proper left is śٳ backed by a seven-hooded snake-canopy. The number of twenty four miniature Jinas instead of the correct twenty three is certainly due to reasons of symmetry, a feature frequently found on ٳܰṃśaپ貹ṭṭ from ancient Bengal. Ṛṣٳ is accompanied by two 峾-bearing attendants, standing in a graceful flexed pose. Form behind their lotus stands rise two more double-lotuses serving as seats for a small ۲ṣa/Y akṣiṇi pair, both four-armed, the ⲹṣi on the proper left seated in 貹峾Բ, the ۲ṣa on the opposite seated in ᲹīԲ. The centre of the pedestal is marked with Rṣabhạ 's bull ñԲ. In the recess below, the eightarmed goddess 䲹śī appears within a circle backed by two pillars (Pl.XXIII.F1). She is shown riding on a winged figure of Ҳḍa and flanked by a pair of lions, then by two human figures, both shown in animated poses as if dancing. These are again flanked by vividly depicted elephants and, in the extreme corner, by a worshipper, perhaps the donor of the sculpture. Behind the head of Rṣabha rises a ̣ disproportionate thick shaft surmounted by a small triple parasol, the upper one decorated with garlands and crowned with a flower blossom. From the shaft issue two branches of a tree. They support a separate pedestal serving as a seat for eight miniature figures.
On close inspection it becomes clear that they represent the gods of the eight directions (Aṣṭadikpālas) (Pl.XXIII.F2). The sequence starts on the extreme right with Indra, the regent of the East, holding a small vajra in his right hand; next comes Agni (Southeast), pot-bellied with a pointed beard and a water-pot in his left hand; Yama (South) is also pot-bellied, holding his ⲹ岹ṇḍ in the right hand; and ṛt (Southwest), of demonic appearance, holds a sword. The sequence continues of the other side with ղṇa (West) holding a snake; (Northwest) with a billowing scarf encircling his head; Kubera (North), pot-bellied with a staff in his right hand; and finally ĪśԲ (Northeast) holding a śū.
The representation of the پ is an extraordinary feature. پ are rarely found as subsidiary figures on Jain images; so far only three such sculptures are known from the present study region.