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20. Some Distinctive Names of Horses recorded by Hemacandra in his Abhidhanacintamani, by Somesvara in his Manasollasa and by Jayadatta in his Asvavaidyaka between A. D. 1000 and 1200 * Hemacandra (A. D. 1088 - 1172) records in his lexicon, AbhidhanaCintamani the following names of horses according to their colours ( varna ) :No. Name Colour Hemacandra's explanation J = jayadatta ; S = somesvara 1 karkah sita 2 kokahah Do (J-1) 3 khongahah svetapigla (J-2) 4 serahah piyusavarna karoti pramodam karkah " krgo va " ( una-23 iti kah ( Amarakosa mentions karka as the name of a white horse faa: karkah ) kokavat ahanti bhuvam kokahah khamudgahate khongahah, prsodaraditvat, icasau pingalasca svetapingalah sveta- piyusam amrtam dugdham va tadvadvarno'sya piyusavarnah (J-6) tatra siravadahanti bhuvam serahah (S-5) 5 66 hariyah pita hari varnam yati hariyah (J-3) khunngahah krsnavarna khurairgahate khungahah (J-2) 7 18 kriyahah lohita kriyam na jahati bhanilah nilaka nila eva nilakah (J-8) (S-7) 6 triyuhah kapila trin yuthati triyuhah (J-9) 10 vollahah kapila ayam triyuhah eva vyomni ullanghate vollahah (J-21) and dukesaravaladhi * Journal of U. P. Historical Society, Vol XIV, Parts 1 and 2, pp. 99-108.

Joyner crowat No. Name Some Distinctive Names of Horses Colour Hemacandra's explanation J= jayadatta ; S= somesvara 173 11 urahah (J-14) (S-13) mana pamdu and krsnajangha urasa ahanti urahah 12 suruhakah gardabhabha sukhena rohati suruhakah Cf sarurahaka 220 (J-21) daquelco bes 13 vorukhana patala patala vairinah khanati vorukhanah va (J-15) 14 kulahah manak pitah kulam ajihite kulahah zemed IT Fidone(J-13) (J-13) krsnah syat Lismelloon as gir yadi januni bod adt go exfentr 15 ukanahah pitaraktacchayah (J-16) krsnaraktacchayah ducya 16 17 19 6789 sonah kokanadacchavih sonah sonavarnah harikah pitaharitacchayah harireva harikah (J-3) 18 halakah pamgulah Do sitakacabhah halati ksmam halakah and uccairnahyate ukanahah | sa eva ukanahah krsnaraktacchayah san kvaci staib to pohtanilness sindi to doitamic od to aboege of seasod hed to angle s pagun lati pangula 20 20 Cf. pigla (S-20) halahah citritah citrito karburavarno halavadahanti halahah (J-11) (S-18) 298101 " Hemacandra concludes the above list of different horses (Bhumiudes the above kanda, verses 303-309) with the remark " khognhadayah sabda desiprayah | vyutpattistvesam varnanupurvi niscayartham " ( These names khongaha and others are for the most part at. Their derivation is based on the different colours of horses for distinctive purposes). The statement of Hemacandra that these names for differently coloured horses are " desiprayah " shows that he was not sure that they were definitely at words in all cases. It is, however, clear that these names were current in Heinacandra's time, i.e., in the 11 th century. Let us now see if these names, or at least some sure th

of them are traceable in other Sanskrit texts, not much removed in point of chronology from Hemacandra's time. In fact in the Section on the game of Polo called the aft in the encyclopaedic work manasollasa 1 (or abhilasitarthacintamani ) composed about A. D. 1180 (ie, when Hemacandra was about 42 years old) by King Somesvara of the Calukya dynasty we find some of these names recorded. In this section the king is advised to examine the different kinds of horses of different breeds and colours brought before him by the officer in charge of the horses. The king was to understand their kinds by the countries they came from. The names of different countries from which the horses took their origin are mentioned by Somesvara. He also mentions the distinctive marks on the body of a horse and classifies the horses according to colours and castes, which are four in number. He mentions further the peculiarities of different kinds of horses including those in respect of the formation of their bodies. Here he describes the q horses. The speeds of horses are then classified a high, middling and low. Signs of bad horses are also recorded. The methods of punishing and breaking raw horses to make them fit for training are enumerated. When the training is complete these horses were to be used by the king. The best horse was to be fitted with the best saddle, ornaments, etc. and used by the king. Before recording the names of horses according to colour (at) Somesvara observes:lib " svetah krsno'runah pitah suddhasvatvarah eva hi | misrastvanekadha varnastesam bhedah pravaksyate || 82 || " escor(White, black, red and yellow are four pure colours. Mixtures of these are numerous and they will be stated and their distinctions pointed out). ed tads awoda names The following table will show at a glance the names recorded by Somesvara for horses of different colours and castes :-eeds tad zaslo 1. Ed. in G. O. Series, Baroda, Vol. II (1939), pp. 211 ff. See also Intro., p. 34.

Some Distinctive Names Of Horses 175 Description vivarana 60161 vipra kesa valasca romani varma caiva khurastatha | jati No. Name Colour Caste krama nama varna jati 1 kaka (ka) sveta (he- 1 ) 2 kattala sukla or sveta 3 kala krsna sudra 4 kapaha (v. rohita ksatra- 1. kavaha ) 鈥� (hai-7 ) 5 seraha (he-4 ) 6 cora lohita no nila sita + (he-8 ) krsna 8 kaya krsna (pa ) ha etc. 9 moha 10 jamba 11 harita kancanabha vaisya sita + madhuka valkala-varna pakka jambu- phala varna pita + lohita 306 (he-5 ) (he- 17 ) 12 sapta (pti ) - undura varna 13 mecaka + rundira uraha od.(he-11 ) pita + lohita sona etc pandura ... 14 ganthi (mantha ) varna 15 panca- kalyana- 16 astamantha pandura (nga ) la 17 dhautapada sveta etc ... 18 halaha sveta etc (he-20 ) 19 taraja citrita ivaitairetairbhavedasvah kaka (rka ) hno viprajatijah || 83|| 0 purvavatsarvasuklangastvaca krsno bhavedyadi | varnanamna sa vijneyah kattalo'yam turangamah || 84 || lomabhih kesavalaisca tvaca krsnah khurairapi | kala ityucyate vaji sudrah sauryadhikastatha || 85 || kesaprabhrti valantah sarvange rohito yadi | kapaha iti vikhyatah ksatrajati turangamah ||86 || kesaistanuruhairvalaih kancanabhaisturangamah | | seraha iti vikhyatah vaisyajatisamudbhavah || 87|| sitalohitaromani sarvange misritani ca | mukhamghrivala kesesu lohitascora ucyate || 88 || kesavalamghritunde ca mecako rurusannibhah | nila ityucyate vaji sitakrsne tanuruhe || 89 || patali puspasamka (so ) sanalakesu sitetarah | krsnagranthikaya (pa ) hosvah samgrame vijayapradah || 90 || madhukavalkalacchayo moha ityucyate hayah | pakva jambuphalacchayo jamba ityabhidhiyate || 91 || kesavalesu pitasca lohito harito matah | ma 2197 9317 bits undurena samacchayah sapta (pti ) rundira ucyate ||92|| kesa kesarapucche ca januno'dhasva mecakah | na fath sarvangalo hitaih pitairurahah kathyate hayah || 13 || de to tail sesa (sona ) stesveva desesu sarvange kincidujvalah | raktarekhankitah prsthe ganthi (mantha ) varnasturangamah||94|| yena kenapi varnena mukhe pucche ca (padesu ) pandurah | pancakalyana namayam bhasitah somabhubhuja || 95|| kesesu vadane pucche vamse pade ca pandurah | astamamantha (nga ) lanama ca sarvavarnesu sasyate || 96 || svetah sarvesu padesu padayorvapi yo bhavet | dhautapadah sa vijneyah prasasto mukhapundukah ||97|| visalaih pattakaih svetaih sthane sthane virajitah | Inga yena kenapi varnena halaha iti kathyate ||98|| citritah pasrvadese ca svetabindu kadambakaih | yo va ko va bhavedvarnastaranjah kathyate hayah || 99 ||

Description vivarana 176 Studies in Indian Literary History No. Name krama nama Colour Caste varna jati 20 pimgala (cf. sita + 21 he 19 ). bahula or malina kr0 i0 sveta + syamala sitasya bindunah krsnah sthulah suksmah samantatah | drsyante vajino yasya pingalah sa nigadyate || 100 || svetasya sarvagatresu syamala mandala yadi | eke tam bahulam prahurapare malinam budhah || 101 || || On a comparison of the above list of Somesvara with that of Hemacandra we find that the following names of horses are common to both the lists:- (1) karka, (2) seraha, (3) nila or nilaka, (4) uraha, (5) halaha and possibly (6) pingala or pamgula 9 This is not a mere coincidence. Though Somesvara was ruling in the Deccan and Hemacandra was living in Gujarat, there was constant mutual contact of both these provinces. Hemacandra's patron king Kumarapala twice invaded Konkon and king Mallikarjuna of the Silahara dynasty was killed in one of these invasions.1 It is just possible to suppose that some of the horse-lore of the Deccan must have migrated to Gujarat and vice versa as it was of great value to kings engaged in constant warfare. Some of the names of horses recorded by Somesvara and Hemacandra in the 11 th century are also found in a special treatise on horses called the Ashvavaidyaka 2 of Mahasamanta Jayadatta, son of Vijayadatta. In the list of drugs at the end of the edition, which the editor states, have been mentioned by Jayadatta, I find ahiphena or opium ( on p. 3 ). If this statement is correct I have to observe that this treatise was composed after the Muslim advent in India as opium is not known to Indian literature prior to the Muslim advent 3 in the 8 th century A. D. Perhaps this treatise was 1 Vide madhyayugina caritrakosa by S. Chitrav Shastri, Poona, 1997, p. 240 - See verses 41-70 of prakrta dvayasrayakavya ( Canto VI ) which describe Kumarapala's march to Konkan. 12 Ed. by Umefa Candra Gupta, Bib. Indica Calcutta. 1886. - Verses 98--110 of Chapter 3 deal with kinds of horses according to colour (or qui), pages 38-48. 3 The geographer Al-Idrisi visited Anahillapura, the capital of Jayasimha Siddharaja ( A. D. 1098-1148), the patron of hemacandra . ( Continued on the next page )

Some Distinctive Names Of Horses 177 composed between c. A. D. 800 and 1200 A. D. The treatise on horses called the asvacikitsita by nakula edited in 1887 by the editor of Jayadatta's work in the Bibliotheca Indica does not contain the names of horses recorded by Hemacandra, Somesvara and Jayadatta. Chapter & of Nakula's work contains, however, a description of horses according to colours (varna ) with different names but these names are Sanskrit and not "desiprayah " as those mentioned by Hemacandra. I record in detail in the following table the special names of horses according to their colours mentioned SP -TE by Jayadatta in his asvavaidyakah- 1 krama nama varna eka vivarana 1 kokahah svetasvetah kokahah ityuktah (he-2 ) 啶� 4332 t/s + 41 rupae - 1.v) 2 khanagahah krsna krsnah khungaha ucyate pha (5 v.l.- (ee-9) pingaha ) (SP-TP) (hai-3 )| SIP 3 haritah || pitaka pitako haritah proktah - 1 v) (he-5 (ga aura 17 ) (1-5) 29 5 kasayah kayahah raktakakasayo raktakah smrtah re. pakkatala- pakkatalanibho vaji kayahah parikirtitah 6 (so-8 ) serahah (he-4 ) (so-5 ) nibha Marw piyusavarna piyusavarnah seraha (ta) siru suruhakah garddabhabha gardabhabhah suruhakah (he -12 ) 8 nilah nilaka nilo nilaka evasvah (he-8 ) (so-7 ) (op CHITTR 29 of 10). (Continued from the previous page. ) He states: "The city is frequented by a great number of Musalman merchants who resort to it in business. They are well received by the King. " ( Vide p. oxoiv of Intro to kavyanu- sasana by R. O. Parikh, Bombay, 1988 ). CFFS = 3 23

2001 bas 008. As we becom a'atabayet to rotibe od 1881 ni betibe vd geedt belles triyuhah kapilah smrtah nibur positiligodi ni drow that the graveemo be yd bob khilahah kapilo vaji pandukesaravaladhih Cain (he-9 ) 9 triyuhah kapila rate khilahah kapila (V. I. - 10 D 20000 b sow silaha ) bastinalen or asman sandt tud aorwsn Inogolis diw (low) 11 halahah citrala 19 halahah citralascaiva baseenaH evam bemo is necteroidt an bon (6-20 ) Pamuoloo sieds of gaibyooosexord to pomen Isionge oily alfat (so- 18 ) -: aid mai aabegat purva 12 khadgahah svetapitaka khangahah svetapitakah (v. 1. - svagaha 13 kulahah isatpita 14 (he-14 ) urahah (v. 1. - krsna + isatpritah kulahastu yo bhavetkrsnajanukah . pandu krsna casye bhavelekha prsthavamsanugamini | urahah krsnajanustu manakpandustu yo bhavet 104h- 5) ku beruhanah smrto vaji patalo yah prakirttitah | raktapitakasayotthavarnajo yasya drsyate || 105 || - .v P udahah ) ityadi (he - 11 ) (so- 13 ) 15 veruhanah patala (mai (-) (v. 1. - viruhanah ) 7-8) (he-13 ) (er stie 16 ukanahah | dehaja varna ukanahah sa vikhyato varno vahasya dehajah | ( v. 1 . - dukulahah he - 15 ) kali with (--) 17 kokurahah mukhapumdraka kokahah pundukrenasvah kokurahah prakirttitah 18 khararahah khararahasca khangaho (pundrakena ) (x-5) (-10) 19 harirohakah 20 surahah 21 sururahakah ( cf suruhakah he - 12 ) 22 vorurahah 23 dururahah hariko harisehakah (pundrakena ) kulahah ... surahah ( pundrakena ) (9 P-5) vollahah sarurahakah ( pundrakena ). (he-10 ) (1-3) (e-f) virurahah ..... vorurahah ( pundakena ) dukulahah ... dururahah ( pundrekena ) 24 . triyurahah - citralanga triyuhah triyurahasca citralangasca yo bhavet "--.goada he = hemacandra so = somesvara (8801 zadaro da.0. y 88

Some Distinctive Names Of Horses 1 179 sd I have tried to tabulate the horse-nomenclature in Jayadatta's sau as best as I could understand it. This nomenclature is different from that given in the treatise on horses by far which is frequently referred to by Jayadatta. In Jayadatta's time the old terminology had fallen into disuse and consequently Jayadatta has recorded the nomenclature that was current in his time, as such a record had a practical utility. In fact Jayadatta expresses this object of his nomenclature in the following verses: ezodai moiger aids to obat adi qizodiac emsa edt of gaibrodos mada" cakravakadibhirvarnaih salihotradibhih smrtaih qulovai diod jaarg (17 pataladyaisca lokasya vyavaharo na sampratam || 98 || berband sendi vine (orolla main mol digael ai abasiz蓹 bo sdt gaole somentoq gaid adi yatago Boasition tasmatprasiddhakanvarnan vajinam dehasambhavan | doidwww agide agual mo samasena yathayogyam kathayamyanupurvasah || 99 || do to aja 916 9007) bolleo of as wi no aba It will be seen from the three lists of the names of horses according to colours (a) tabulated by me in this paper that the lists of Jayadatta and Somesvara (A. D. (A. D. 1130) are more exhaustive than that of Hemacandra. These three lists together containing many common names give bai do us a vivid idea of the horse-lore current say in the 11 th and 12 th centuries. This horse-lore, is definitely connected with the forei foreign in ports after about 800 A. D. as I have shown elsewhere.1 Hemacandra says that this nomenmacanthus as one clature is "af". to of these names desipraya ". Paolo believe that some 000,01.10 usd desist leicega drive elon stteboval bus sto are either Persian or Arabic and they may have come to India along aye olar betono with Persian, Arabic, Turkish and other foreign breeds of horses that were imported to India as vouched in detail by Marco Polo's Travels RODOLFO PRO horse trade with India that was ooilandian w juoda (A. 1). 1298). Marco Polo's account of the foreign import of horses is meil Joe, of balai samive aidj FID IF ONIO, ed further supported by the following account of the horse-trade at a Malabar port called kayal about A. D. 1290 recorded by Dr. S. K. Aiyangar 2.1.0 mid Kayal was a well-sheltered port at the mouth of Tamaraparani in the Gulf of Manar in the south, not far from the far-famed Korkai (Kolkhoi of the classical geographers). There was a prominent trade-settlement at Kayal about A. D. 1290, where an agency was established by an Arab Chieftain, Maliku-l-Islam Jamalu-d-din ruler of Kis, and later the farmergeneral of Fars. According to Wassaf, about this time as many as 10,000 horses were imported into Kayal and other ports of India of which 1400 were to be of Jamalu-d-din's own breed. The average cost of each horse of each well a suolored teda della than in oil to asmen Op to two I mol 1 Vide Annals (B. O. R. Institute, Poona ), Vol. XXVI, pp. 103-105. intersorge aldT Eebion 2 Vide pp. 70-71 of South India and the Muhammadan Invaders, Oxford University Press, 1921. (og inn sul no Bonino)

was 220 dinars of red gold. The coste even of those that died on the way was paid by the Pandya King for whom they were imported. Jamalud-din's agent was a brother as it seems, Takiud-d-din Abdur-Rahman, son of Muhammadu-t-Thaibi described as Marzaban (Margrave). This agent had his headquarters at Kayal, and had the other ports of Fitan and Mali Fitan also under his control. This description means that he was the agentgeneral for the import trade of the Arabs in this part of the country, as according to the same authority the trade of this region in those days was very great, both in volume and value. In the words of Wassaf "Ma 'bar extends in length from Kulam to Nilawar (Nellore) nearly three hundred parasangs along the sea-coast, and in the language of the country the king is called Dewar, which signifies the lord of empire. The curiosities of Chin and Machin, and the products of Hind and Sind laden on large ships (which they call junks) sailing like mountains with the wings of winds on the surface of the water, always arrived there. The wealth of the islands of the Persian Gulf in particular and in part the beauty and adornments of other countries, from Irak and Khurasan as far as Rum and Europe are derived from Ma'bar, which is so situated as to be the Key of Hind" the (Elliot, iii. liot, iii. 32).w betongos vietinite ai solid 008 100 219 vs TER TO COT todile ey The above graphic description of foreign trade of India in general about A. D. 1290 and the horse-trade in particular will explain the genesis of the horse-names according to their colours recorded by Hemacandra, Somesvara and Jayadatta. We note with special interest that out of 10,000 horses imported into Kayal, 1400 were to be of Jamalu-d-din's own breed. In this connection I have to point out that the horse-name "atana" mentioned by Hemacandra may have been derived from some breeder of horses of the name ata. If this surmise is found to be correct, Hemacandra's explanation of this name "a: af atata: " is pedantic and imaginary like his explanations of other horse-names recorded by him. Hemacandra mentions the ata, horse as having a colours. Jayadatta vorukhana, patala mentions veruhana " or " viruhana " horse with patala colour. I think the terms "at" and "" are identical. They may indicate some Arab breeder of horses of this name as I have observed above. aleido 000,01 In the present paper I have succeeded to a certain extent in linking up the hourse-nomenclature as found in three different Sanskrit sources which are more or less contemporary.1 I have now to request all 1 Out of 20 names of horses in in Hemacandra's list about 15 are found in Jayadatta's list. This agreement leads us to infer that Heniacandra and Jayadatta are not much removed from each other in their chronology, especially when we remember that Hemacandra has recorded (Continued on the next page) ' " "

Some Distinctive Names Of Horses 181 scholars interested in this nomenclature to throw more light on it from non-Sanskrit sources, which are likely to contain some special treatises on horses like Xenophon's Greek treatise and the Sanskrit treatises of Salihotra, Jayadatta, and Nakula. woninU ns syab G.A noswis 8) sligobsD sled d at exerts moitosfob eigiama de angaja ads af* IECI ni beximpos moitoallo ebaved edt belles eeM to moitelles fome a intane adtaandga ibna basil dala seve qnt lo novel edt digond s moitanimaxe tol jeg biros I noitelloo evoda odt to ogredo insta beeogatoo pypbothma-boom or balfeo tow Dammi TT Juoda to alaiamo aMedT lib ani 30 ai aM adi lorexia odTogay 86 foods gainielas said dose egil -awollot as anigod I blo 21 o 10 s to ali exa ego yd o-row bas aids go zoilot gode anisinco oilo dos ani! yo de ed of exseqqe e sT arstis! II #Funfe 1:opraline polis || 1: points viversaintsfie tit-ot qg VI janarattirata VII 10 foot - Lodal bataing gaiwollot of saod nodsello oberoda sit at a SAT I ( Continued from the previous ) kitanata usa da these names as current in b his time. Secondly Jayadatta expressly states that he has recorded the current names as the old terminology given by and others had fallen into disuse.