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[Full title: Eight Steps of Yoga (7) 顿丑测腻苍补 or Concentration or Meditation]

The great 惭补丑补谤峁�i 笔补迟补帽箩补濒颈 in his 驰辞驳补诲补谤艣补苍补 defines first 诲丑腻谤补峁嚹� as fixation of the mind at one particular area or spot. Immediately thereafter he says that once the mind is so fixed, an unbroken meditation on the object of concentration 诲丑测腻苍补.^[1]

This continuous concentration or absorption of the mind is something like the continuous stream of oil when being transferred from one vessel to the other. With his definition, it is also not difficult to note the difference between 诲丑腻谤补峁嚹� and 诲丑测腻苍补. Firstly the 诲丑腻谤补峁嚹� emphasises the aspect of a spot, where the mind is fixed without any fickleness, while the 诲丑测腻苍补 the aspect of complete absorption of the mind in the object of concentration. The 诲丑测腻苍补 stage of Yoga is subsequent to the 诲丑腻谤补峁嚹� stage.

The definition given by the N膩rad墨ya Pur膩峁嘺 is virtually the same, both in content and words as given by 惭补丑补谤峁�i 笔补迟补帽箩补濒颈.

The 艢颈惫补辫耻谤腻峁嘺 explains 诲丑测腻苍补 补蝉:鈥�

The verb root (诲丑测腻颈) (from which the word 诲丑测腻苍补 is derived is taken in the sense of contemplation, pondering (肠颈苍迟腻).Therefore 诲丑测腻苍补 means single minded contemplation of the object of worship.^[2]

It is also an unbroken flow of the mind towards the object of worship. Where ultimately the consciousness of duality between the mind (citta) and the object of worship disappears.^[3]

厂补驳耻峁嘺 and Nirgu峁嘺 Dh膩yna:

The object of contemplation can be in a specific form with all the attribute of nature (i.e. 辫谤补办峁泃颈). This is called 蝉补驳耻峁嘺 诲丑测腻苍补. For example if one contemplates Godhead in the form of Vi峁�nu-having a garland a crown, earnings and yellow clothes etc. this will be called 蝉补驳耻峁嘺 诲丑测腻苍补. Again a

formless contemplation of that Supreme entity (滨艣惫补谤补) is called 苍颈谤驳耻峁嘺 诲丑测腻苍补.

In this context the 艢腻峁囜笉颈濒测补 鲍辫补苍颈峁�a诲 says:

顿丑测腻苍补 is two types viz, 蝉补驳耻峁嘺 and 苍颈谤驳耻峁嘺. Where the 诲丑测腻苍补 involves contemplation of a statue or a concrete form (m奴rti诲丑测腻苍补) that is called 蝉补驳耻峁嘺; where the contemplation is that of the self as it actually is i.e. without any concrete form that is called 苍颈谤驳耻峁嘺. This is also called by yet another name i.e. sakala and niskala contemplation.^[4]

In this regard the 骋辞谤补办峁�a Paddhati says:

顿丑测腻苍补 is of two type鈥檚 one sakala and the other niskala. Sakala is 蝉补驳耻峁嘺 and niskala is 苍颈谤驳耻峁嘺.^[5] The concept of sakala and niskala has been explained in the 艢腻峁囜笉颈濒测补 鲍辫补苍颈峁�a诲 also.^[6]

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

鈥屸赌�tatra pratyekat膩nat膩 dh膩nam鈥� 笔补迟补帽箩补濒颈 驰辞驳补蝉奴迟谤补鈥揑滨滨-2.

[2]:

鈥孨膩r. Pu. 笔奴谤惫补鈥揦齿齿滨滨滨.

[3]:

鈥屌歩. Pu. V膩yab墨ya- XXXIII.

[4]:

鈥屌毮佱箛 Upa.-I-X.

[5]:

鈥孏辞.笔补诲.-II-62.

[6]:

艢腻峁囜笉颈濒测补 鲍辫补苍颈峁�a诲-III-I-3-6.