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Krama is a T膩ntric school independently existed in Kashmir 艢补颈惫颈蝉尘, but later it included in the Trika. The meaning of the term Krama includes sequencing and it is said that the realization happens only through successive stages. In this system worship is done to 艢补办迟颈, the Goddess, and the 艢膩ktop膩ya or the path of knowledge of 艢补办迟颈 is considered as the best to attain the goal. For the realization of the absolute, the individual should attain the knowledge of the true nature of the Cakras.

Krama system admits 碍腻濒墨 or 笔补谤腻 厂补峁僾颈诲 as the highest reality. So it bears names like 碍腻濒墨naya, Dev墨naya, 惭补丑腻苍补测补 or Mah膩rthadar艣ana.^[1] It is also called Auttar膩naya because it started in Kashmir, the 鲍迟迟补谤补辫墨峁环补.^[2] This system is based on 膧gamic literature.

Some of the 膧驳补尘补蝉 depended by the system are:

1. 碍谤补尘补蝉补诲产丑腻惫补,
2. Kramasiddhi,
3. 叠谤补丑尘补测腻尘补濒补,
4. 罢补苍迟谤补谤腻箩补产丑补迟迟腻谤补办补

Abhinavagupta鈥檚 罢补苍迟谤腻濒辞办补 made the doctrines of Krama system very clear.^[3] The study of K.C.Pandey made it clearer and he proclaimed that the propagator of the system is 艢颈惫腻苍补苍诲补, also called Avat膩rakan膩tha.^[4] Eraka was another teacher who was the grand-pupil of 艢颈惫腻苍补苍诲补. Hrasvan膩tha and 厂辞尘补谤腻箩补 are other earlier teachers of Krama system.

Well-known works belonged to this system are:

1. 碍谤补尘补蝉奴迟谤补,
2. Kramodaya,
3. 笔补帽肠补艣补迟颈办补,
4. 厂腻谤诲丑补艣补迟颈办补,
5. Kramastotra,
6. 惭补丑腻苍补测补prak膩艣a, etc.

According to Krama system, 碍腻濒墨 is the ultimate principle, performing five functions 碍峁�e辫补, 闯帽腻苍补, 笔谤补蝉补峁卥丑测腻苍补, Gati and 狈腻诲补. 鈥�Kala鈥� to throw, 鈥楰ala鈥� to go or to know (kala gatau), 鈥楰ala鈥� to count (kala sa峁卥hy膩ne) and 鈥楰ala鈥� to sound (kala 艣abde) are different meanings of the root word Kala of 碍腻濒墨.

Her functions are:

1. that eternally manifests what lies within (K艣epa)

2. that grasps what is so manifested as identical with itself (闯帽腻苍补)

3. that marks out the manifested as distinct from one another as it is this and not-this (笔谤补蝉补峁卥丑测腻苍补)

4. that manifested as related to itself much in the same manner as the reflection is to the reflecting surface such as mirror etc.(Gati)

5. that brings about the disappearance of all that is manifested and shines in its true original form as pure self-consciousness (狈腻诲补).^[5]

Due to the manifestation of the objects and transcends time, 碍腻濒墨 gets the name 惭腻迟峁泂补诲产丑腻惫补 and 碍腻濒补蝉补峁卥补谤峁�i峁嚹�. The concept of twelve forms of 碍腻濒墨 occupies an important place in Krama.^[6] They are related to the knower, known and the means of knowledge.

Twelve forms are:

1. 艢峁涐梗峁璱办腻濒墨,
2. 搁补办迟补办腻濒墨,
3. 厂迟丑颈迟颈苍腻艣补办腻濒墨,
4. 驰补尘补办腻濒墨,
5. 厂补峁僪腻谤补办腻濒墨,
6. 惭峁泃测耻办腻濒墨,
7. 搁耻诲谤补办腻濒墨,
8. 惭腻谤迟腻峁囜笉补办腻濒墨,
9. 笔补谤补尘腻谤办补办腻濒墨,
10. 碍腻濒腻苍补濒补谤耻诲谤补办腻濒墨,
11. 惭补丑腻办腻濒补办腻濒墨,
12. 惭补丑腻产丑补颈谤补惫补肠补峁囜笉辞驳谤补驳丑辞谤补办腻濒墨.

The empirical world is the grossification of 厂补峁僾颈诲, the universal conscious energy, through obscuration or concealment of its essential nature.^[7] According to the difference of capacities and tendencies of the individuals the means for liberation differ. The realization of the true nature of the sense organs and the true knowledge of the empirical world are some means to liberation.^[8] Initially the Krama system belonged to a group in which 笔谤补迟测补产丑颈箩帽腻 also included. Both have the same 膧驳补尘补 base and monistic nature.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

Vide 罢补苍迟谤腻濒辞办补, 3.193-196. Also vide Sarma, L.N., Kashmir 艢补颈惫颈蝉尘, p. 57.

[2]:

Pandey, K.C., Abhinavagupta, p. 463.

[3]:

罢补苍迟谤腻濒辞办补, 3.197.

[4]:

Pandey, K.C, Abhinavagupta, p. 471.

[5]:

罢补苍迟谤腻濒辞办补, 3.203-205; Also Vide Pandey, K.C., Abhinavagupta, pp. 504-505.

[6]:

Sarma, L.N., Kashmir 艢补颈惫颈蝉尘, P. 58.

[7]:

Pandey, K.C., Abhinavagupta, p. 539.

[8]:

Ibid., p. 538f. Abhinavagupta has given a detail description of the system in his 罢补苍迟谤腻濒辞办补 and the same has been highlighted by K.C.Pandey in his voluminous work Abhinavagupta, pp. 461-541. For further details of the system also vide Navjivan Rastogi鈥檚 monumental work, The Krama Tantricism of Kashmir, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Delhi, 1979.