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Somesvara mentions five kinds of marriage, Brahma, Raksasa, Gandharva, asura and Paisaca (3.12.1515 - 1519). 159 Manu and Yajnavalkya (1.59-61) have mentioned eight kinds of marriages. In any society, marriage is one of the most important institutions. It was sanctioned by Dharma. B 160 Brahma, Prajapatya, Arsa, and Daiva were the traditionally approved forms of marriage, while Raksasa, Paisaca, Gandharva, and Asura were the four unapproved forms. Further Somesvara gives the definition and some preference to the Gandharva type of marriage. The Arsa marriage is marked by the This was 161 gift of a couple of cows to the bride's father. the most usual form of those days and is mentioned by 159. manusmrti 3.21. brahmo daivastathaivarsah prajapatyastatha'surah | gandharvo raksasascaiva paisacasvastamo'dhamah || 160. vijitya samare suran kanyam yatra harennrpah | vivaho raksasah prokto nindito hi mahibhujam || pitrbhyam dravinam datvam kanyam yatra samudvahet | asuroyam vivahah syat ksatriyanamaninditah || paisacadivivaha ye dharmasastresu ninditah | varjaniya mahipalairvivahotsavakarmani || 3.12.1516.18. 161. parasparanuragena gandharvassamayanmiyah so spi sasto narendranam data yatram na vidyate || 3.12.1514.

162 Magasthenes who refers to a gift of "a yoke of oxe n. 162 In the Asura form, the father receives a consideration (Sulka) in return for which he gives away his daughter in marriage to the bridegroom. 163 Marriage was sacramental and all formalities were gone through. Marriage contracted in accordance with Dharma could not be dissolved. Marriage was one of the important Samskaras. Somesvara's Manasollasa describes the characteristics of the bride. "She must be beautiful and charming, born in a loyal family, belonging to the same caste, and having auspicious marks on her body." A maiden, who is neither a Sapinda on the mother's side, nor belongs to the same family on the father's side, is recommended for wedlock. Somesvara gives information about the girls to be avoided A maiden from a family which neglects (3.12.1455-1472). 164 162. Radhakrishna Choudhary: Kautilya's Political Ideals and Institutions. (Chokhamba Sanskrit Series, Varnasi 1971), p.260. 163. Kautilya: Arthasastra. III. 2. 164. chayalaksanamevam tu kathitam tam subhasubham | samantadbhumisamlagnam yasyascaranayostalam || 3.12.1455. dirgha syanmadhyama yasyassarva va caranangulih | " dussila durbhaga nityam kanya sa nindita budhaih || 3.12.1458. uru krsau romasau va yasyah syatam bhujavrpi | bhartaram tvaritam hanti vivahe sa vivarjita || 3.12.1464. kulata sa parikhyata nari laksanavedibhih | saroma kakudau yasya uttarosthe nata ca ya || 3.12.1472.

163 the sacred rites, in which no male children are born, in which the Veda is not studied, the members of which have thick hair on the body or are subject to hemorrhoids, phthisis, weakness of digestion, white and black leprosy should be avoided. Let him not marry a maiden with reddish hair, nor one who has a redundant member, nor one who is sickly, nor one either with no hair on the body or too much, nor one who is garrulous or has red eyes. Let him wed a female free from bodily defects, who has an agreeable name, the graceful gait of a swan or of an elephant, a moderate quantity of hair on the body and on the head, small teeth, and soft limbs, and so on. In the Manasollasa, Somesvara gives the characteristics of a bridegroom also. He must be 165 (3.12.1344-1360). handsome, born in a loyal family, and having all types of knowledge viz., Gaja, Asva, Ratha, Sastra, Sastra, sruti, Niti, Tarka, Kavya, Dhanurveda, and so on. Without breaking 165. gajasvarohane tadvadrathayane visaradan | | sastrasastrakrtabhyasangajarohavisaradan || 3.12.1345. patavam ca balam prajnam kalakausalameva ca | srutau nitau tatha tarphe kavye vyakarane'pica || dhanurveda bhumibale svarasastre kalasvapi | drdhadhate durapate laghusandhanamoksane 11 3.12.1347-1348.

164 the rules of studentship, he should enter the order of householders. 166 Just In Somesvara's Manasollasa a marriage ceremony is described at length. In the marriage pavilion, there are to be made two heaps of rice grains with a curtain drawn north to south between them. The bridegroom wearing a ring has to stand facing the east on the one and the bride facing the west on the other of the heaps, both holding rice grains mixed with Jiraka seeds in their hands. at the appointed time of marriage, the curtain is removed and the couple looking at the face of each other, sprinkle the rice grains over the head of each other. father of the bride places the bride's hand on the palm of the bridegroom and pouring water over it, hands over the bride to the bridegroom. Then fine pieces of cotton thread are taken and wound round the person of the bride and bridegroom standing together. 167 Then the The same threads 166. yajnavalkyasmrti - 1.55. etairevagunairyuktah savarnah srotiyo varah | yatnatpariksitah pumstve yuva dhiman janapriyah || manusmrti - 3.2. vedanadhitya vedau va vedam va'pi yatha kramam | avighnurbraddamacaryo grhasthasramamavaset || la 167. krtva kanyapita kanyam dharapurva samarpayet | kumaram ca tatha kanyam vestayet pancatantubhih || pradaksinyat pancavaran krtasutram samacaret | niskasitam prayatnattadubhabhyam padayoradhah || 3.12.1493-14940

165 taken from under their feet are coloured with wet saffron powder and made into amulet threads which are tied round the wrists of the left hand of the bride and the right hand of the bridegroom. A Brahmana priest meanwhile pours oblations into the fire. Then holding the little finger of the right hand of the bridegroom, the bride goes thrice round the fire. She touches with her feet seven heaps of rice grains (saptapadi). Returning to the seat she should sit to the left of the bridegroom. Now the couple are presented with garments, 168 鈥� gems, jewels, ornaments, elephants, horses, cows, buffaloes, maid-servants, slaves and lands. Brahmanas as well as others receive gifts of garments and gold-ornaments according to their merit. All the while bands of music, drummers and singers play on their musical instruments or sing sweet songs and heralds sing the songs of heraldry. At the same time all are entertained with dinner and with betel leaves Women are served with various kinds of liquor. and nuts. 169 168. pradaksinakramenaiva krte home yathavidhi | vastrayam bhramitva tu sapta tandulaputra-jakan | akrametpadavinyataih tatah patasane viset | vamaparsve vidhatavya patyuh patni subhanana || 3.12.1497-1498. 169. harsayeda savairmadyah kantavrndam manoharam | gokulam dhasadanaisca paritosam nayennrpah || 3.12.1503-1504.

166 Cows are sumptuously fed. Similar entertainments are given on all the four days of the marriage. At night on the fourth day having mounted the state elephant decked with its ornaments, the bridegroom followed by the bride mounted on a female elephant equally decked with ornaments is taken in procession through the main streets of the city, glowing 170 (3.12.1485-1512). In this way, with illumination. Somesvara has described the gorgeous marriages in the prosperous society of the Calukyan period.