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As stated before, Kau峁璦lya鈥檚 础谤迟丑补艣腻蝉迟谤补 is the available earliest treatise in the field. But, it is sure that there is a vast tradition behind the formation of 础谤迟丑补艣腻蝉迟谤补. Some information is available from 础谤迟丑补艣腻蝉迟谤补 itself about the tradition of the science of wealth. At the very outset Kau峁璦lya has stated that he has consulted many works relating to the field and promulgated by ancient preceptors. In discussing various points he has quoted their views and stated his own position whether he agrees with them or not. In stating his disagreement he uses the words 鈥�neti Kau峁璦lya岣モ��. Some of the preceptors mentioned by him are not writers of any particular works, though they have made their positions clear in other works on polity. The following are the authorities referred to by him on several occasions. They are; 惭腻苍补惫补蝉, 叠腻谤丑补蝉辫补迟测补蝉, 础耻艣补苍补蝉补蝉, 叠丑腻谤补诲惫腻箩补, 痴颈艣腻濒腻办峁�a, 笔腻谤腻艣补谤补, 笔颈艣耻苍补, Kau峁嘺padanta, 痴腻迟补惫测腻诲丑颈, B膩hudant墨putra and 膧mbh墨y膩岣� (Unni N. P., 2012: xxxvii-xxxviii).

S. R. Goyal has quoted a story related to the tradition of 础谤迟丑补艣腻蝉迟谤补 from the epic 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补;

鈥淎ccording to 惭补丑腻产丑腻谤补迟补 legend this work of 叠谤补丑尘腻 was abridged by 艢补峁卥补谤补 痴颈艣腻濒腻办峁�a (in abridged form it was called 痴颈艣腻濒腻办峁�a) into ten thousand chapters, which in turn was reduced to 5000 chapters by Indra (whose work was called 叠腻丑耻诲补苍迟补办补). Indra鈥檚 work was further compressed to 3000 补诲丑测腻测补蝉 by 叠峁沨补蝉辫补迟颈 which in turn was abridged into 1000 补诲丑测腻测补蝉 by Kavya (鲍艣补苍补蝉 or 艢耻办谤补). The tradition that 叠峁沨补蝉辫补迟颈 and 鲍艣补苍补蝉 were the founders of this 艣腻蝉迟谤补 has also been reproduced by 础艣惫补驳丑辞峁�a, who says that 艢耻办谤补 and 叠峁沨补蝉辫补迟颈 created the R膩ja艣腻蝉迟谤补, which their fathers, 叠丑峁沢耻 and 础峁単颈谤补蝉 respectively, had not done though they were the founders of celebrated families鈥� (2000: 4).

There exist similar stories behind the origin of Dharma and 碍腻尘补艣腻蝉迟谤补.

Goyal analyses that these stories are entirely unbelievable and he then quotes:

鈥淭hese stories do not at all prove that a work on trivarga consisting of one lakh chapters did indeed exist at any time. It is not possible to even imagine the existence of a voluminous work consisting of one lakh 补诲丑测腻测补蝉 (not verses). The story merely testifies to the facts that the early treatises on the three sciences of trivarga were prepared by collecting and collating the floating literature on these subjects (as is specifically said about 碍腻尘补奴迟谤补 of 痴腻迟蝉测腻测补苍补) and that all these three sciences were originally one undifferentiated whole and only gradually emerged as different subjects鈥� (2000: 5).

This finding of Goyal gives sufficient to an extent for the confusing problem that the mythical conception or exaggerated story on the tradition of the sciences.

Artha is not well treated as a pursuit or as a science of wealth in its textual form. We do not find any 艣腻蝉迟谤补 to teach how to pursue Artha as a 笔耻谤耻峁Ｄ乺迟丑补 in the sense of wealth. In course of time, the word Artha was transformed and narrowed in the meaning of political power as stated in 础谤迟丑补艣腻蝉迟谤补. One of the important reasons for this problem is the 础谤迟丑补艣腻蝉迟谤补 itself. Because, comparing with the texts on 笔耻谤耻峁Ｄ乺迟丑补s, Artha is limited in Kau峁璦lya鈥檚 text only and is concentrated in the subject of statecraft. Artha signifies the acquisitive principle in man. It is considered a 笔耻谤耻峁Ｄ乺迟丑补 because for the satisfaction of the human needs and wants, material aids are a must. Also, the development of moral virtues, to a great extent, depends on economic well-being^[1]. Artha denotes all types of material goods needed for our normal living. It includes the material means for the performance of religious, social, legal and moral duties (George V. C., 1995: 52-53).

Eminent scholars like R. P Kangle and Shamasastry have discussed only about the text 础谤迟丑补艣腻蝉迟谤补 written by Kau峁璦lya and they do not mention about Artha in the sense of 笔耻谤耻峁Ｄ乺迟丑补. All of them seem to be bewildered in front of the text 础谤迟丑补艣腻 stra. So, there are not much serious studies are available on this field and it is the need of this hour. Only peripheral descriptions are seen in all the books about Artha and 碍腻尘补. Scholars concentrate upon Dharma and 惭辞办峁�a mostly. There may be a reason for such a situation of negligence as well as misconceptions about both the 笔耻谤耻峁Ｄ乺迟丑补s.

Footnotes and references:

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[1]:

The luxurious and wealthy society that developed through the merchant community proclaims about the importance of utilization of prosperous resources and it is to be considered as a practical approach towards the conceptualized 笔耻谤耻峁Ｄ乺迟丑补 called Artha and the elaborate depiction of urban culture in the first chapter of this thesis is the its material representation.