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MOST POPULAR GESTURES EMPLOYED IN KATHAKALI AND KUTIYATTOM IN RECENT DAYS AGAINST THEIR REFERENCE IN HASTALAKSANADIPIKA It is known that the mudras together form the alphabet of stylised theatrical language. Changes may occur in any language. Main causes for these changes are - 1. Regional variations 120 2. Eg: Varuna, mudras for plural. Time-bound variations Eg: Belief, Varuna 3. Character and character type-bound (same character changes in A. 5. different situations) Eg:- Bhima in Rajasuya and in Dussanavadha (in Kathakali) Integration of themes of the mode of lyrical deliberation many a time include new words hiterto unused. This obviously leads to innovations Eg: Karna, Varuna. Due to high or low frequency of words the complete prescription to present a subject /object may become less and less precise just as the suggestion supported by the other components of acting can in many cases transmit the totality of the intended subject/object. Eg:-Night, Kubera

The main changes are:- 1. Addition 2. Eg: Varuna, Belief, Peacock etc Deletion Eg: Demon, Demoness, Varuna 3. Substitution of Structural nature 121 Eg: Demon, Demoness, Varuna A close study of the mudras revealed these changes. The observation and conclusion are not ultimate, as the changes in any language cannot be precisely predicted. It ultimately depends upon the user and the demand of the situation. The known changes can be tabuated as follows:KATHAKALI OBJECT / SUBJECT AS MENTIONED IN THE Hastalaksanadipika AS USED IN KATHAKALI Servant Pataka Buttocks H Vajrayudha Pataka and Pallava Coldness Crooked/curved 11 = Musti No reference Kataka or Tripataka Anjali A crooked minded person is shown in Arala

OBJECT / SUBJECT AS MENTIONED IN THE Hastalaksanadipika Body Like this Messenger Sand bank Tender leaf Heavily intermingled /entangled Defeat A little Ankle Violation Pataka and Pallava " = " " Mudrakhya It Kataka Musti AS USED IN KATHAKALI Hamsapaksa and Kartarimukha No reference Musti Kartarimukha Pallava Anjali Anjali finishing in Musti Mudrakhya or Kartarimukha No reference " Sucimukha Permission "1 Mudrakhya One 11 It Old age Worthiness Sucimukha Urnanabha or Sikhara (Abhinaya-darpana) Beginning with Musti and then Ardhcandra and Mudrakhya 122

OBJECT / SUBJECT AS MENTIONED IN THE Hastalaksanadipika AS USED IN KATHAKALI Forhead of an elephant Hunting Difference in time Plural etc Kartarimukha " Pallava Not popular Mrgasirsa and Mukura Kartarimukha and Kapittha Sucimukha Kartarimukha Guestural exposition of the affirmative, No reference Sukatunda for eg. determination/ resolution/surety Doubt Kapittha Mudrakhya 11 To fold Back People Hamsapaksa To bathe = Popular in Hamsapaksa Pallava When people are being pointed out. Otherwise, Kartarimukha Only a sancari of the action of 123

OBJECT / SUBJECT AS MENTIONED IN THE Hastalaksanadipika AS USED IN KATHAKALI bathing. For 'bath' Kataka is used Club Sage Tortoise To walk Hamsapaksa " " Sucimukha 1 Legs Powerful glance Hamsasya Musti Mudrakhya A variation of Hamsapaksa (Imitative) Kartarimukha, Sikhara and Pataka as the situation demands Pataka To express sense of being stunned, powerful and demonic eyes, gesture similar to Beginning of rain Hair Line Kangula is used Hamsasya Mukula and Anjali " Anjali It Mudrakhya 124

OBJECT / SUBJECT AS MENTIONED IN THE Hastalaksanadipika AS USED IN KATHAKALI 'If so' To set out Veda The fast one Flourishing Anger Ardhacandra Ardhacandra Mukura = 11 "1 Kartarimukha and Musti or Sucimukha Hamsapaksa, Pataka and Mukula Kataka and Kartarimukha Few variations of Lokadharmi Musti Hamsapaksa and Anjali Sucimukha and Anjali 'Good' 11 Negation Hamsapaksa and Musti N.B.Enmity No reference Mukura Umberlla Bhramara Kataka Gandharva " Mudrakhya and Laksmana Sucimukha Musti Bhramara (Natyashastra) or Mayura (Natyashastra) 125

OBJECT / SUBJECT AS MENTIONED IN THE Hastalaksanadipika Kingdom Kala (knowledge) Sucimukha 11 N.B.One by one Long Cylindrical} wooden tiller} Encircling Pledge Cane Different types of grains To bless To give permission to go Poison Ear-rings Knee Ascetic Huge drum No reference Pallava 11 = = 11 11 No reference Sarpasiras Vardhamanaka it 11 = AS USED IN KATHAKALI Pataka and Anjali Kataka and Kartarimukha Sucimukha Musti (weapons in general) Not popular Mudrakhya Musti Hamsasya Tripataka " Vardhamanaka No reference Anjali Not popular Action of beating a 126

OBJECT / SUBJECT AS MENTIONED IN THE Hastalaksanadipika AS USED IN KATHAKALI Mahout 1 Well Horse Fruit, Butter, Snow Very / Many/all superlatives Vardhamanaka huge drum is shown No reference Not popular (Pataka with sancaribhavas is used) Urnanabha Anjali " Varieties of Anjali " " Lotus N.B. Cruel or wild} No reference nature of any being} N.B. 1.To bloom No reference 2. A little Mudrakhya Mukula and Vardhamanaka (Musti and Hamsapaksa is also used) Anjali Mudras like Arala, Umnanabha etc. Mukula Mukula and Kartarimukha also 3. Fire Anjali Mukula (Beginning only) 127

OBJECT / SUBJECT AS MENTIONED IN THE Hastalaksanadipika AS USED IN KATHAKALI Garb Anjali-To show the flames Katakamukha No reference Katakamukha Musti Servant Various " person Wrestler To show the arrow Tie || " Musti and Hamsapaksa 31Yuddhamusti Kataka Yuddhamusti MOST COMMON COMBINATION GESTURES USED IN KATHAKALI AND THEIR VARIATIONS Faith Bana (Balarama-bharata) Isvara (God) Closure to Catura (Abhinaya-darpana), as a variation of Pallava Spear Arjuna Nakula Sahadeva Bharata Musti and Trisula (Abhinaya-darpana) Sucimukha and Bhramara (Balarama-bharata) and Mayura (Balarama-bharata) 11 and Trisula (Natyashastra) Musti and Mayura (Balarama-bharata) Satrughna 11 and Trisula (Natyashastra) 31. Yuddhamusti - A mudra suggested by Sri Kalamandalam Padmanabhan Nair in which the thumb is inserted in between the middle and the ring fingers. 128

MOST COMMON COMBINATION GESTURES USED IN KATHAKALI AND THEIR VARIATIONS Stone Peacock Old age Two Three Four Kangula (Natyashastra) A variation of Hamsapaksa Sikhara (Abhinaya-darpana) Sikhara and Sucimukha Trisula (Natyashastra) and Sucimukha Sikhara (Abhinaya-darpana) and Sucimukha Bana (BB) and Sucimukha Catura (Abhinaya-darpana) and Sucimukha Yuddhamusti and Arala Six Nine Kali Duryodhana Pataka and Kartarimukha Dussasana Vidura Pataka and Arala Musti and Mudrakhya Musti and Hamsapaksa Hamsasya and Kataka Parasurama Pancaly Hard material like sealing wax (Jatu) Musti White water lilly Defect Touch ring fingers in 'Lotus' Kapittha Garment made up of bark Karkata (Balarama-bharata) Meat Kataka Sikhara To enter Pride Pride over one's own power Identity Arala Yuddhamusti Kapittha 129

KUTIYATTOM OBJECT / SUBJECT AS MENTIONED IN THE Hastalaksanadipika Ox Pataka Cloud Ant-hill " " Santam " Mattress Going Body Sound The Heaven Densed/heavily intermingled Forgetting Straight/Truth Creation That which is 11 Mudrakhya II AS USED IN KUTIYATTOM Pataka and Katakamukha Kapittha No reference Hamsapaksa and Musti Kartarimukha Sikhara Kartarimukha Bhramara Ardhacandra Hamsapaksa " Mukula " coming into being it Balabhadra Kataka Vina H Star 11 Pallava Bhramara Bhramara Musti and Kartarimukha Mukura or Mrgsirsa No reference 130

OBJECT SUBJECT AS MENTIONED IN THE Hastalaksanadipika Iron club (weapons in general) News about Kataka AS USED IN KUTIYATTOM Musti Again Sweat A little 11 " Kataka 11 Mudrakhya and Sucimukha Mudrakhya Musti Mudrakhya and Sucimukha Which 11 Mudrakhya and Ankle Musti Circumambulation Musti Heat Bow We Food Brahmin The forehead 11 "I 11 Kartarimukha Sucimukha Katakamukha Pallava Hamsapaksa Sikhara (Abhinaya-darpana) Kartarimukha Pallava Mrgasirsa " of an elephant Weariness = A variation of Urnanabha Musti 131

OBJECT SUBJECT AS MENTIONED IN THE Hastalaksanadipika Hunting Umnanabha To ascend Kapittha Bed Hamsapaksa Rock Cloth Vehicle Lie Fall 15 11 11 People 11 Both H To follow 11 To protect Obedient Sage White axe To call To oppose/ to defend 11 Softness 11 = 11 AS USED IN KUTIYATTOM Mrgasirsa Sucimukha Kartarimukha Bhramara Hamsasya Kataka Pallava Sucimukha Pataka Kataka Pallava and Sikhara Mukura and Musti Hamsapaksa and Musti Hamsapaksa and Kartarimukha Pataka Kartarimukha Hamsapaksa and Musti Hamsasya Pataka also is used 132

OBJECT / SUBJECT AS MENTIONED IN THE Hastalaksanadipika Beginning of rain Horse Hamsasya Anjali AS USED IN KUTIYATTOM No reference Urnanabha Harsh voice 11 Sukatunda and Always Blood Branch Divine luck Virtuous Remembrance To set out Ankle Hip Pillar A fast one Devil Well-nourished Anger Good = " Ardhacandra 11 Sucimukha also Mudrakhya Musti Musti and Anjali Anjali Sikhara (Abhinaya-darpana), Mudrakhya and Ardhacandra Mudrakhya Hamsapaksa Mukura Hamsapaksa " Kartarimukha 11 = = "1 = II = 11 133 Pataka No reference No reference Mudrakhya for increase and Hamsapaksa for "fat" Musti and Hamsapaksa Hamsapaksa

OBJECT / SUBJECT AS MENTIONED IN THE Hastalaksanadipika Bangle Mukura Neck Negation N.B. Light or = = AS USED IN KUTIYATTOM No reference (But wearing bangles is shown in Mukula) Hamsapaksa Hamsapaksa lighting the lamp 2. Younger brother 3. Elder brother Umbrella No reference Mukura (for brother) " Bhramara To jump high Sucimukha " Mukura Mayura (Balarama-bharata) and Ardhacandra Mudrakhya and Ardhacandra Musti Sucimukha and Musti Pataka World N.BWorlds (Trailokyam) No reference Sucimukha Laksmana Sucimukha Month Tail The other one $1 Bhramara (Natyashastra) and Sucimukha Sucimukha and Pataka Pallava Sucimukha and Kartarimukha 134

OBJECT / SUBJECT AS MENTIONED IN THE Hastalaksanadipika AS USED IN KUTIYATTOM Ago Kala (knowledge)} Sucimukha Mudrakhya or crescent moon} 11 Ardhacandra A little " Mudrakhya and Vajrayuadha Pallava Peak Ears of a cow Weapons Pledge Smoke Cane 11 = = 11 Sucimukha (with movements) Pataka Mudrakhya and Sucimukha Bhramara Musti No reference = = Grains N.B. Sula No reference Sunset Drinking Tripataka 11 135 Musti and Sucimukha (with movement) Hamsapaksa Bana (Balarama-bharata) Pataka Sikhara and Kapittha Kartarimukha " Body Serpent Sarpasiras Kartarimukha

OBJECT / SUBJECT AS MENTIONED IN THE Hastalaksanadipika AS USED IN KUTIYATTOM Ear-ring Sarpasiras Vardhamanaka and a variation of Anjali and Kataka Knee Ascetic 11 Vardhamanaka Mahout N.BWriting No reference Very/Many Valiant Valour Urnanabha Katakamukha Musti Mudrakhya No reference Arala Musti No reference No reference Musti and Hamsapaksa A person of divine qualities and traits Pataka 11 Country Bed Hamsapaksa Hamsapaksa and Musti Hamsapaksa Kartarimukha Cow Pataka and Kataka Kataka and Pallava $1 South Pallava and Hamsapaksa Vidyadhara Kartarimukha Mrgasirsa 136