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Significance of Sorrow

Sorrow, as interpreted in various philosophical and religious contexts, represents a deep emotional state characterized by distress and grief. In Buddhism, it embodies a pervasive emotional response linked to life's challenges. Jainism portrays sorrow through Devaki's complex feelings of loss regarding her sons, while Vaishnavism reflects on the sorrow of characters affected by separation from Krishna. Throughout Purana, Kavya, Vedanta, and other traditions, sorrow is depicted as a profound emotional pain arising from loss, disappointment, or suffering, urging individuals to seek solace and overcome their grief.1
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Synonyms: Sadness, Grief, Anguish, Distress, Misery, Heartache, Regret, Despondency, Gloom, Mourning, Woe, Despair, Melancholy.

In Finnish: Suru; In Spanish: Pena; In Dutch: Verdriet; In German: Kummer; In Swedish: Sorg; In Malay: Kesedihan; In French: Chagrin

The below excerpts are indicatory and do represent direct quotations or translations. It is your responsibility to fact check each reference.

Buddhist concept of 'Sorrow'

Buddhism Books

In Buddhism, Sorrow encapsulates emotional distress rooted in life's impermanence and attachment, stemming from personal loss, compassion for others, or desires, thereby illuminating the nature of suffering and the emotional pain experienced in various contexts.

Significance in Theravada (major branch of Buddhism):
Theravada Books

From: Abhidhamma in Daily Life (by Ashin Janakabhivamsa)

(1) Soka, a mental factor that arises when one feels pity for relatives and friends in trouble, distinguishing it from true pity.[1] (2) Describes a state of unhappiness caused by various life events, linked to feelings of dosa.[2]

From: Visuddhimagga (the pah of purification)

(1) Sorrow manifests as internal anguish, often arising from the loss of loved ones, consuming the individual's mind.[3]

From: Abhidhamma in Daily Life

(1) The experience that arises when one clings to the khandhas, which are impermanent and subject to change.[4]

From: Vinaya Pitaka (3): Khandhaka

(1) Sorrow relates to the emotional pain experienced by Suddhodana when his son Rahula and others went forth as monks.[5]

From: Dhammapada (Illustrated)

(1) An emotional response that is said to be born from lust, highlighting the Buddha鈥檚 teachings on the nature of suffering.[6]

From: Jataka tales [English], Volume 1-6

(1) A feeling of deep distress or sadness, which the Bodhisatta identifies as something that dwells within both conscious and unconscious states.[7]

Theravada is a major branch of Buddhism having the the Pali canon (tipitaka) as their canonical literature, which includes the vinaya-pitaka (monastic rules), the sutta-pitaka (Buddhist sermons) and the abhidhamma-pitaka (philosophy and psychology).

Significance in Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism):
Mahayana Books

From: Mahavastu (great story)

(1) The emotion experienced by merchants as they reflect on their losses and seek consolation.[8]

From: Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra

(1) The deep emotional pain felt by the damned due to their suffering and separation from goodness.[9]

Mahayana is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sutras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajnaparamita sutras.

Significance in Buddhism (general):

From: The Fo-Sho-Hing-Tsan-King (A Life of Buddha)

(1) An emotional state characterized by distress and grief that accumulates throughout life.[10]

Hindu concept of 'Sorrow'

Hinduism Books

In Hinduism, Sorrow encompasses deep emotional pains experienced by various characters, such as King Harishcandra and Queen Kaushalya, reflecting profound grief and distress that highlight the contrast between human suffering and divine grace.

Significance in Purana and Itihasa (epic history):
Purana Books

From: Ramayana of Valmiki (Shastri)

(1) The profound feeling of grief experienced by Rama due to his separation from Sita.[11] (2) Refers to the emotional pain experienced by Rama and Lakshmana due to Sita's absence.[12] (3) The profound sadness experienced by Queen Kaushalya due to the separation from her son, which she is struggling to overcome.[13] (4) The deep sadness Queen Kaushalya feels due to her son's banishment and her uncertainty about the future.[14]

From: Mahabharata (English)

(1) The deep emotional pain experienced by Gandhari and Dhritarashtra due to the loss of their sons.[15] (2) A feeling of deep distress that the characters are encouraged to overcome, in favor of fortitude and action.[16] (3) The emotion expressed by both Mandapala and Jarita regarding their circumstances and the perceived dangers to their children.[17]

From: Ramayana of Valmiki (Griffith)

(1) Sorrow is a deep emotional state experienced by Sugriva upon witnessing the queen's weeping and the tragic circumstances surrounding the fallen king, causing him significant emotional distress.[18] (2) Sorrow鈥檚 is a state of mind that one should not yield to, as it diminishes joy and glory, and the speaker advises against it.[19]

From: Devi Bhagavata Purana

(1) The various deep emotional pains experienced by King Harishcandra during his time in the burial ground.[20]

The Purana refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India鈥檚 vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.

Significance in Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma):
Vaishnavism Books

From: Chaitanya Mangala

(1) The emotional pain experienced by Jagannatha Mishra and Shaci due to Vishvarupa's departure and the uncertainty surrounding their son's well-being.[21] (2) The emotional distress experienced by characters such as Vanamali Acarya over the marriage arrangements.[22]

From: Bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu

(1) A deep feeling of sadness that is expressed by the devatas when they see Krishna entering the stomach of Aghasura.[23]

From: Tiruvaymoli (Thiruvaimozhi): English translation

(1) The human condition that contrasts with divine grace and which magnifies the Lord's greatness when He extends compassion.[24]

From: Garga Samhita (English)

(1) The intense emotional pain that the gopis experience as a result of being apart from Krishna.[25]

Vaishnava or vaishnavism (vaishnavism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (鈥榯en avatars of Vishnu鈥�).

Significance in Kavya (poetry):
Kavya Books

From: Kathasaritsagara (the Ocean of Story)

(1) The deep distress experienced by characters in the story, particularly as expressed by the king after the death of his friend Nagarjuna.[26]

Kavya refers to Sanskrit poetry, a popular ancient Indian tradition of literature. There have been many Sanskrit poets over the ages, hailing from ancient India and beyond. This topic includes mahakavya, or 鈥榚pic poetry鈥� and natya, or 鈥榙ramatic poetry鈥�.

Significance in Vedanta (school of philosophy):
Vedanta Books

From: Chandogya Upanishad (Shankara Bhashya)

(1) A state of mental anguish resulting from lack of self-realization, as expressed by Narada.[27]

Vedanta refers to a school of orthodox Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. There are a number of sub-schools of Vedanta, however all of them expound on the basic teaching of the ultimate reality (brahman) and liberation (moksha) of the individual soul (atman).

Jain concept of 'Sorrow'

Jainism Books

In Jainism, Sorrow is interpreted as a profound emotional state linked to loss or disappointment, contrasting with joy. It can manifest as a deep feeling of distress, illustrated by Devaki's emotional turmoil over her children's status.

Significance in Jainism (general):

From: Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra

(1) The fifth spoke with a duration of twenty-one thousand years.[28] (2) A feeling of deep distress caused by loss or disappointment, which is contrasted with celebration in the text.[29] (3) Devaki's complex emotions about her sons' status, emphasizing her feelings of loss.[30]

From: Tattvartha Sutra (with commentary)

(1) A quasi-passion that arises from loss or grief, causing emotional distress.[31]

Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, 鈥榮elf-reliance鈥�) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.

The concept of Sorrow in local and regional sources

History Books

Sorrow encapsulates the pervasive sadness in Sujata's journey, reflecting her personal struggles and societal burdens, as well as a broader grief linked to Indira Gandhi's assassination, marking a significant national loss.

Significance in India history and geography:

From: Triveni Journal

(1) An emotion that pervades Sujata's experience throughout the narrative, highlighting her struggles and the burdens placed upon her by society and religion.[32] (2) A profound feeling of grief experienced after the assassination of Indira Gandhi and the associated loss in national leadership.[33]

From: Sanskrit Words In Southeast Asian Languages

(1) This noun denotes a feeling of sadness caused by loss, disappointment, or the suffering of others, representing a state of unhappiness.[34]

From: The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda

(1) This is an emotion that is transformed, representing the theme of overcoming hardship, and finding spiritual light.[35]

Plural form: Sorrows.